高中英语——句子结构x 69页

句子结构-----英语的五种基本句型\n为什么要学习英语的句子结构？—学好句子结构是学好英语的前提帮助我们学好其他英语语法知识。帮助我们写出正确的英语句子，形成并提高英语书面表达的能力。帮助我们正确使用英语单词，提高单词拼写及选词填空等用词能力。有助于我们提高阅读能力和其他英语应用能力。\n英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。基本句型一：主＋谓基本句型二：主＋系＋表基本句型三：主＋谓＋宾基本句型四：主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾基本句型五：主＋谓＋宾＋宾补■定语和状语是句子中的修饰成份，不列入基本句型中\n主语：动作发出者谓语：主语发出的动作宾语：动作的承受者补语：补充说明主语或宾语状语：表示时间、地点、方式、原因、目的、程度、比较和伴随成分\n基本句型一主＋谓此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。\nＳＶ（不及物动词）1.Time2.Themoon3.Theman4.Weall5.Everybody6.I7.They8.He9.He10.Theyflies.rose.cooked.eat,anddrink.laughed?woke.talkedforhalfanhour.walkedyesterdayisplayinghavegone\nYourfatherisstandingthere.Histeachercameinwithabookinhishand.Thebusstartedandarrivedthereateighto’clock.\nFlowerscomeoutinspring.Theplanehasalreadyleft.Isthebabydogsleeping?\n练习鸟在飞翔。她的宝宝在哭。太阳正在落山。谁也没笑。Birdsareflying.Herbabyiscrying.Thesunissetting.Noonelaughed.\n练习你唱得很美。我咳了一夜。我们很少在外边吃饭。昨天发生了事故。Yousingbeautifully.Icoughedallnight.Weseldomdineout.Theaccidentoccurredyesterday.\n练习一个来自美国的老人午夜时分在他宽大的卧室里快乐地跳着舞。Atmidnight,anoldmanwhocomesfromAmericawasdancinghappilyinhisownbigbedroom.\n基本句型二基本句型二主＋系＋表此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be,look,feel,smell,taste,sound等属一类，表示情况；get,grow,become,turn,go等属另一类，表示变化。be本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义，如：stay,prove,remain,stand\nMr.BrownisanEnglishteacher.︳︳︳主语系动词表语︳1).be动词解释说明主语的性质或特征等2).感官动词：look,sound,feel,taste,smell等3).表”变化”的词：become,get,turn等；还有seem,keep,stay等。\nＳＶ（是系动词）Ｐ(表语)1.This2.Thedinner3.He4.Everything5.He6.Thebook7.Theweather8.Hisfaceissmells(闻)felllooksisisbecameturnedanEnglishdictionary.good.happy.different.tallandstrong.interesting.warmer.red.\n1).Hisparentsareinthekitchennow.2).Youlookedhappyyesterday.3).Thissongdoesn’tsoundbeautiful.4).Didyourfathergetangry?\n找出下列句子中的表语：Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.A           B       C              D②Whyisheworried?A        B③Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.A          B       C        D④Theyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.A          B             C             D⑤Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.ABCD\n练习今天我感觉不太舒服。他看上去很累。你的汤味道很好。她似乎对计划不感兴趣。Idon’tfeelverywelltoday.Helooksverytired.Yoursouptastesverygood.Shedoesn’tseemveryinterestedintheplan.\n练习天越来越冷了。孩子不久就睡着了。他长得相当高了。听到这消息她脸色变得苍白。It’sgettingcold.Soonthechildfellasleep.Shewentpaleatthenews.Hehasgrownquitetall.\n基本句型三主＋谓＋宾此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。\nＳＶ（实义动词）Ｏ(宾语)1.Who2.She3.He8.He5.They6.Danny7.I4.Heknowslaughedatunderstandsmadeatelikeswantsaidtheanswer?her.English.cakes.someapples.donuts.tohaveacupoftea."Goodmorning."\n①Mybrotherdidn’tdohishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.③Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?c\n④Theydon'tknowwho"FatherChristmas"is.⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming.⑥Theoldmansaidhewasill.⑦Youwillfinditwhenyougethome.\n过去二十年我们取得了很大的成就。他们很快控制了病情。他们只是在建空中楼阁。We’veachievedalotinthepasttwentyyears.Theysooncontrolledthedisease.Theyarejustbuildingcastlesintheair.练习\n我十分欣赏你们的表演。顾客要求退款。这会造成错误的印象。我们总是交换圣诞节礼物的。Ienjoyedeveryminuteofyourperformance.Thecustomerdemandedarefund.WealwaysexchangeChristmasgifts.Thatwillcreateawrongimpression.练习\n基本句型四主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。\nShegavemehertelephonenumber.主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语或：Shegavehertelephonenumbertome.主语谓语直接宾语间接宾语◆间接宾语放后面时要在其前加”to”或“for”\n1）Ishowedhimthephotoyesterday.Ishowedthephototohimyesterday.2）Hepassedusthepapers.=Hepassedthepaperstous.\nMyparentsboughtmeanewbag.=Myparentsboughtanewbagforme.2）Shecookedusabigmeal.=Shecookedabigmealforus.\n常带双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的动词（分为A、B两类）A：动词后加togive,show,send,bring,read,pass,lend,leave,hand,tell,return,write,throw,promise…B：动词后加formake,buy,do,get,play,order,sing,pay…\n她给我们唱了一首英文歌曲。我去给你沏点新鲜茶。这会省去你很多麻烦。请帮我把今天的报纸拿来。ShesangusanEnglishsong.I’llmakeyousomefreshtea.Thatwillsaveyoualotoftrouble.Pleasefetchmetoday’spaper.练习\n把车钥匙递给我。把你们的计划用传真发给我们。你可否把书单用电子邮件发给我？把那本书扔给我。Handmethecarkey.Pleasefaxusyourplans.Throwmethatbook.Canyoue-mailmethebooklist?练习\n基本句型五主＋谓＋宾＋宾补此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。\n补语补语是用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份或特征。可以用做补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语等.EveryonecallshimJack.（宾补）HeiscalledJack.（主补）\n主语及物动词宾语宾补1.We2.They3.They4.They5.What6.We7.He8.Ikeeppaintedcallfoundmakessawaskedsawthetablethedoorsupperthehousehimhimmethemclean.green.dinner.dirty.sad?out.tocomebacksoon.gettingonthebus.\nTheyelectedmecaptainoftheteam.Wetrytomakeourcountrystrong.Wefoundeverythingingoodorderthere.Ishouldadviseyoutogetthechance.Isawhimgoingupstairs.Theyfoundthehousebrokenin.名词形容词介词短语todo不定式现在分词doingdone过去分词\n主语补足语如果上述结构变成被动语态，原宾语成为主语，原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语Iwaselectedcaptainoftheteam.Ourcountrywillbemadestrong.\nTheycalledtheirdaughterAlice.Hisnewjobwasfoundboring.ShewasseenchattingwithNancy.Iwantyoutohelpmewiththehousework.宾语补足语宾语补足语主语补足语主语补足语\n我们把窗框漆成了黄色。她把连衣裙染成淡蓝色。3他发现这工作很有意思。4什么使你这样生气？Wepaintedthewindowframesyellow.Shedyedherdresslightblue.Hefoundthejobquiteinteresting.Whatmadeyousoangry?练习\n我们必须在半小时内把晚饭做好你们必须保持房间干净。我认为这没有必要。不久他们就把她释放了。Wemustgetthesupperreadyinhalfanhour.Youmustkeeptheroomclean.Soontheysetherfree.Idon’tthinkitnecessary.练习\n在此句型中有时可以有“it”作形式宾语，把真正的宾语放到最后。此时作宾语的常是动词不定式“todo”,动词的“ing”形式或宾语从句;Istillfindithardtomakegoodfriendswithher.Wethoughtitnousedoingthat.Didn'tImakeitcleartoyouthatIwasnotcoming?\nHefounditdifficulttostopsmokingIthinkitbestthatyoushoulddomoreexercise.Shethoughtitnogoodworryingabouthim\nit用作形式宾语当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在句子中作宾语时，为保持平衡，避免句式结构的混乱，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句尾。此时it只起引导作用，无意义。S+v+it+adj.n(forsb)todosth..从句doingsth+\n……findpossibleS+think+it+necessary+(forsb.)todosth./clause.feelimportant……Sentencepatterns:形式宾语…arule2.S+V+it+one’sduty+(forsb.)todosth./clauseanhonour…3.S+V+it+nogood+doingsth.nouse\n完成句子（1）They________________（发觉……难）tofinishtheirworkintwodays.（2）We________________（认为……是我们的职责）tocleanourclassroomeveryday.（3）Itisimportant_______（对她来说）tocome totheparty.founditdifficultthinkitourdutyforher\n为了记忆方便我们把该句型总结为"6123结构"。6指主句中常用的动词：think,believe,make,find,consider,feel；1指的是形式宾语it；2指的是宾补的两种形式：形容词或名词；3指的是真正宾语的三种形式：todo，v-ing或从句Wethinkitourdutytocleanourclassroomeveryday.HefeltitimportantlearningEnglishwell.Theyfounditdifficultthattheywouldfinishtheirworkintwodays.\n缺乏耐心使得她很难在英语上取得进步。我认为掌握一门外语没有足够的练习是不可能的。LackingpatiencemadeitdifficultforhertomakeprogressinEnglishlearning.Idon’tthinkitpossibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithoutenoughpractice.\n1.Theyworkhard.主+谓2.Theflowerisdead.主+系+表3.Plantsneedwater.主+谓+宾4.Hegivesmesomeseeds.主+谓+直宾+间宾5.Weshouldkeeptheplantsintheshade.主+谓+宾+宾补6.Manyanimalsliveintrees.主+谓\n7.Hekeptmeadictionary.主+谓+间宾+直宾8.ShallIleaveyouthecamera?主+谓+间宾+直宾9.Wefindthebookveryinteresting.主+谓+宾+宾补10.Myuncleboughtmeane-dictionary.主+谓+间宾+直宾11.Singingmakesmehappy.主+谓+宾+宾补12.DamingcallshiscatMimi.主+谓+宾+宾补13.Youmust listen to her.主+谓+宾14.Heis a scientist.主+系+表\n7. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.主+谓+间宾+直宾8. He brought a dictionaryforyou.主+谓+直宾+间宾9. They appointed him manager.主+谓+宾+宾补10. He found it important to master English.主+谓+形式宾语+宾补+宾语11. The boy in the classroom sattherequietly.主+谓12. Learning new words is very useful .主+系+表\n定语：用来修饰限定_____.用来修饰名词或代词的，形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语都可以担任定语。定语的位置很灵活。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之后。定语名词\nTheyarewomanworkers.Tom'sfatherdidn'twritehomeuntilyesterday.Maryisabeautifulgirl.Theplayhasthreeacts.ThisisherfirsttriptoEurope.Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Ihavenothingtoeat.ThosewhowanttogotoTibetaretosigntheirnameshere.名词名词所有格形容词adj数词形容词/序数词/todo不定式现在分词doingtodo不定式从句\n1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.\n5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.8.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.\n用来修饰动词、形容词或副词.一般表示发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义。一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。状语\n9种状语种类如下：1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）\n5.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.9.Iamtallerthanheis.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）\n1.Thebestfishswimnearthebottom.2.Ileftthevillagefiveyearsago.3.Iarrivedlatebecauseofthetrafficjam.4.We'llsendacartofetchyou.5.Thefishcaneatapersonintwominutes,leavingonlybones6.Thestudentscameintotheclassroom,singinganddancing.7.Ifhegoes,sowillI.8.Thoughheisachild,heknowsalot.地点状语时间状语原因状语目的状语结果状语伴随状语条件状语让步状语\n对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任;ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.ThepresidentofAmerica,Obama,willvisitChinanextmonth.同位语（Appositive）\n对一句话做一些附加的解释，不影响句子成分；通常有tobehonest,Ithink/suppose/believe…)等;Tobefrank,Idon’tquiteagreewithyou.插入语（Parenthesis）\n一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.主语定语间接宾语谓语状语定语状语状语\n6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.定语表语宾语状语主语\n9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.谓语主语表语谓语宾语状语形式宾语真正宾语\n14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest;yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.宾语定语插入语状语宾语（间宾+直宾）状语状语\n18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.形式主语表语宾补宾补表语\n找出句子基本结构。1.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.2.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou.3.Allofusconsideredhimhonest.4.Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairofsportsshoes.5.Hebrokeapieceofglass.主+系+表主+系+表主+谓+宾+宾补主+谓+间宾+直宾主+谓+宾\n6.Hemadeitclearthathewouldleavethecity．7.Atlasthegothome,tiredandhungry.8.Treesturngreenwhenspringcomes.主+谓+形式宾语+宾补+真正的宾语主+谓主+系+表\n9.Theypushedthedooropen.10.Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.11.Hewrotecarefullysomeletterstohisfriends.12.Allthestudentsthinkhighlyofhisteaching主+谓+宾+宾补主+谓+间宾+直宾主+谓+间宾+直宾主+谓+宾\n13.Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.14.HeaskedustosinganEnglishsong.15.Don’tgetnervous.Helpyourselftowhatyoulike．主+谓+宾主+谓+宾+宾补主+系+表\nBye-bye!