高中英语特训-语法 43页

动词的时态时间状态一般进行完成完成进行现在√√√√过去√√√√将来√√√×过去将来√×××一、一般现在时1.①表示经常、普通的动作或状态T(时间)nowHeoftengoestoseehisgrandfather.②表示客观事实或真理Theearthmovesroundthesun.Heatrises③按时刻表发生的动作(飞机/火车/轮船/学校/商店等)用现在时代替将来时Theshopopensat8:00.Thetidesadvance；thetidesrecede.Wintergoesandsummercomes.Summerwanesandcoldincreases.Thesunrises;thesunsets.Themoonisfull;themoonisblack.Thebirdsarrive;thebirdsdepart.\nFlowersbloom;flowersfade.AllnatureisacircleofmoodsandIampartofnatureandso,likethetides,mymoodwillrise;mymoodwillfall.2.表示广义现在Iamateacher.T(时间)3.一般现在时表示将来 例：We'llstarttheclassassoonastheteachercomes. 错误：We'llstarttheclassassoonastheteacherwillcome. 在时间（when/while/as/before/after/until/thetime/themoment）、条件（if/unless/once）和让步（whatever/however）状语从句中，一般用现在时代替将来时。1.—Whenwillyoucometoseeme,Dad?—Iwillgotoseeyouwhenyou________thetrainingcourse.A.willhavefinishedB.willfinishC.arefinishingD.finish2.Thenewsecretaryissupposedtoreporttothemanagerassoonashe________.A.willarriveB.arrivesC.isgoingtoarriveD.isarriving3.Wouldyoupleasegivehimthismessagethemomenthe________?A.arrivesB.arrivedC.willarriveD.willbearriving4.Theprofessor________hissontowatchTVuntilhissonhasfinishedreviewinghislessons. A.willbeallowedB.won'tallowC.willallowD.won'tbeallowed5.—Willyougonow? —NotuntilI________myexperiments. A.havefinishedB.willfinishC.willhavefinishedD.hadfinished\n二、现在进行时（狭义现在、动感）1.表示现在某时刻正在进行的动作●T(时间)now2.表示现在某时段正在进行的动作 I'mwritingabookrecently. IteachEnglish.职业感比较强 I'mteachingEnglish.3.当进行时态与always/constantly/forever等连用“...总是...”，常带有 感情色彩（偏负面如抱怨、责怪等） Heisalwaystalkingabouthisrichfather. Healwaystalksabouthisrichfather.(描述) Leifengwasalwayshelpingothers.4.进行时态在口语中常表示将来，动作往往已经安排好、计划好。 （comegogethavetakeleavearrive） I'mgettingmarriednextmonth. will情态动词，表示意愿1.Ididn'tlikeauntLucy,who________withoutwarningandbringinguspresents.A.alwaysturnedupB.hasalwaysturnedupC.hasalwaysturnedupD.wasalwaysturningup\n2.Mymoney________,ImustgotothebanktodrawsomeofmysavingsoutbeforeI'venoneinhand. A.hasrunoutB.isrunningoutC.hasbeenrunoutD.isbeingrunout3.You________thingsabout.Look,whatamessinyourroom! A.alwaysthrowB.havealwaysthrownC.arealwaysthrowingD.havealwaysbeenthrowing4.Mybicycle________downjustwhenIneeditmost. A.alwaysbreaksB.alwaysbrokeC.isalwaysbreakingD.hasalwaysbroken5.Selectingamobilephoneforpersonaluseisnoeasytaskbecause technology________sorapidly. A.ischangingB.haschangedC.willhavechangedD.willchange三、一般过去时1.描述过去的动作或状态 2.典型的时间状语 yesterday/last.../in1998/before.../...agoT(时间)now和现在没有任何联系四、现在完成时1.有表示延续的时间状语（for.../\nsince），表示动作从过去开始，持续到现在，有可能继续持续。 IhavelearnedEnglishfor10years.T(时间)nowIlearnedEnglishfor10years. 我曾经学过十年英语。（现在不学了）典型时间状语 1.for+时间段 2.since+时间点/从句 3.到目前为止sofar/untilnow/uptonow...... 4.在过去的几年里/在最近的几年几月几日...... forthepastfewyears inthelastfewdays/weeks Ihaveseenthemovielastnight.错误 Isawthemovielastnight. Ihaveseenthemovie.2.没有表示延续的时间状语，表示动作从过去开始，在过去结束，但对现在造成影响。T(时间)nowIsawthemovielastnight.（描述） Ihaveseenthemovie.（强调完成动作对现在的影响）\nAllmorningasshewaitedforthemedicalreportfromthedoctor,hernervousness_______. A.hasgrownB.isgrowingC.grewD.hadgrown3.在完成时态中，短暂动词在肯定句中不能与一段时间连用 Ihavelefttheclassroomforfiveminutes.错误 表示leave这个动作持续五分钟 leave是不可延续动词 短暂动词：come/go/leave/start/die/buy/begin/marry/kill/jion等 IhaveleftBeijingforfiveyears.错误 IhaveleftBeijing.Ihaven’tleftBeijingforfiveyears五、现在完成进行时1.基本形式 has/havebeendoing 2.定义：具有完成和进行两方面的特点，表示一个动作在一段时间里一直在 进行，强调动作的一直性、专一性、常用时间状语： allday/morning/night/year thewholeday/morning/week等 Ihavewaitedforyoufor5years. Ihavebeenwaitingforyoufor5years.3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别 （1）IhavelearnedEnglishfor10years. IhavebeenlearningEnglishfor10years. IhavelearnedEnglish.我学过英语了（现在不学了） IhavebeenlearningEnglish.\n我一直在学英语（现在还在学） （2）现在完成时强调结果，现在完成进行时强调过程1.Ican’tsleep.Thepeopleinthenextapartment______alotofnoise.AhavemadeBhavebeenmaking2.He’sbeensickallweek.He____inbed.AhasstayedBhasbeenstaying3.Sheisunhappy.She______lostherjob.AhasjustlostBhasbeenlosing4.Shelostherjobthreeweeksago.Shehasn’thadmuchfreetimelatelybecauseshe______foranewjob.AhaslookedBhasbeenlooking5.NowIcanpayformycarrepairbecauseI______acheckfrommyinsurancecompany.AhavereceivedBhavebeenreceiving6.Ididn’thavetimetowatchTVtodaybecauseI______onmycomposition.AhaveworkedBhavebeenworking7.Twoyearsago,Iretired.I______ataxifor25years.AhavedrivenBhavebeendrivingCdrove（3）现在完成进行时强调动作的一直性、专一性，一般不可以间断，当表示 ......已经几次时只能用现在完成时。 Ihavebeenreadingthebook. Ihavereadthebooktwice.1.—Youhaven'tfinishedyourhomeworkyet,haveyou? —No,I________itthewholemorning. A.havebeendoingB.havedoneC.haddoneD.did2.—Hi,Tracy,youlooktired. —Iamtired.I________thelivingroomallday. A.paintedB.hadpaintedC.havebeenpaintingD.havepainted3.Thetelephone________fourtimesthishour,andeachtimeit________formyroommate. \nA.hasrung;wasB.hasbeenringing;isC.hadrung;wasD.rang;hasbeen六、过去进行时（对照现在进行时）1.表示过去某时刻正在进行的动作。常用时间状语： atthistimeyesterday/at7o'clockyesterday 当两个动作同时发生，常用when/while/as等连接，短暂性动词常用一般 过去时，可延续动词常用过去进行时。 WhenIenteredtheroom,hewassinging. 2.表示过去某时段正在进行的动作。动作往往没有结束。 Iwaswritingabooklastyear.我去年在写一本书。（没写完） Iwroteabooklastyear.去年我写了一本书。（写完了）3.当进行时态与always/constantly/forever等连用“...总是...”，常带有 感情色彩 Leifengwasalwayshelpingothers.七、过去完成时（过去的过去）当强调在过去某时间或某个动作之前就已经完成的动作，过去的过去。 WhenIwasintheuniversity,I________French.(learn) BeforeIwasintheuniversity,IhadlearnedFrench.总结：过去时态的判断1.判断现在和过去时态 2.区别过去时态，比较提示句和考察句里两个动词的关系。\n1.Allmorningasshewaitedforthemedicalreportfromthedoctor,hernervousness________.A.hasgrownB.isgrowingC.grewD.hadgrown2.—Haveyoueverworkedwithataperecorder? —I________italotwhenIwasstudyingFrenchinschool. A.usedB.wasusedC.haveusedD.hadused3.WhenIenteredthestep-classroom,thelecture________andthe audience________attentively. A.began;listenedB.wasbegun;waslisteningC.hadalreadybegun;listeningD.hadbegun;werelistening八、一般将来时will和begoingto 1.只能用begoingto的情况 （1）表示打算、准备时，不确定 I'mgoingtostayathometonight. （2）当动作的发生已经不可避免的 Look,it'scloudynow.I'msureit'sgoingtorain. 2.只能用will的情况，当动作瞬间决定（第一反应）时1.—You'veleftthelighton.—Oh,soIhave.________andturnitoff.A.I'llgoB.I'vegoneC.IgoD.I'mgoing\n九、将来进行时形式：will/shallbedoing 表示将来某时刻正在进行的动作，典型时间状语： atthistimetomorrow/atthismomenttomorrow/at8o'clocktomorrownight十、将来完成时形式：will/shallhavedone Ihadlearned1000Englishwordsbytheendof2000.(learn) Ihavelearned5000Englishwordsbynow. Iwillhavelearned10000Englishwordsby2008. 表示到将来某时刻已经完成的动作，典型时间状语： by2008/bytheendofnextyear1.Atthistimetomorrow________overtheAtlantic. A.we'regoingtoflyB.we'llbeflyingC.we'llflyD.we'retofly2.Bythistimetomorrowwe________themachine. A.haverepairedB.shallhaverepairedC.willrepairD.wouldrepair\n定语从句IthinkthatIamright. bluesky atalltree/building GaoChengisahandsomeman. Thestandingonthestagemanisateacher.× Themanwhoisstandingonthestageisateacher.关系词： 关系代词 关系副词一、关系代词指人：who/whom（宾语）/\nthat 指物：that/which 指......的：whose 0.5：as1、Jackliveshere. Jackismyfriend. Jackwho/thatliveshereismyfriend.2、They'relookingforamissingboy. Themissingboyismybrother. Themissingboywho/that/whomtheyarelookingforismybrother.Themissingboytheyarelookingforismybrother.3、They'rethebirds. Ifedthebirdsthismorning. They'rethebirdsthat/whichIfedthismorning. They'rethebirdsIfedthismorning.4、whose 代替his/her/my/your/its等 1）Sheisanovelist. Herbookwonseveralprizes. Sheisanovelist,whosebookwonseveralprizes.2）Heisanexpert. Wewanthisadvice. Heisanexpert,wewantwhoseadvice.× whosewewantadvice.× whoseadvicewewant.√3）Thisisthehouse. Itswindowswerebroken. Thewindowsofthehousewerebroken. Thisisthehouse,whosewindowswerebroken. Thisisthehouse,thewindowsofwhichwerebroken. Thisisthehouse,ofwhichthewindowswerebroken. 用X代替任意名词： \nwhoseX=theXofwhich(whom)=ofwhich(whom)theX29.Wearestudyinginareading-room,thedoors________aremadeofglass.A.ofthatB.thatC.ofwhichD.which7.RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase,________wasveryreasonable. A.whichpriceB.thepriceofwhich C.itspriceD.thepriceofwhose 22.Thebook,________isyellow,ismine.A.thecoverofitB.thecoverofwhichC.whosethecoverD.ofwhichcoverthat和which的区别： 1、当先行词为all/everything/anything/nothing/theone/little/much等或有人有物时，一般只用thatThisisallthatIwanttosay. Theytalkedforaboutanhourofthingsandpersonsthattheyrememberedintheschool. 2、当先行词被all/any/every/no/some/little/much/theonly/thevery/thelast/序数词及最高级修饰时，一般只用thatYoucantakehomeany/everybookthatyoulike. ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.1、介词+which 2、非限制性定语从句中，逗号后面用which31.Wetalkedaboutthebooksandwriters________weknew.A.whichB.whoC.whomD.that\n7.Thisistheverybook________Iwantoffind.A.thatB.whichC.itD.withwhich11.Themostimportantthing________weshouldpayattentiontoisthelastpartofthereport________hasbeencapitalized.A.which,thatB.that,whichC.which,whichD.that,that19.Whichofthebuildings________arebeingbuiltwillbethehospital?A.thatB.whichC./D.it二、介词+which结构和关系副词关系副词：when/where/why 介词后面只能接which，不能接that1、 Istillremembertheday. Ifirstmetherontheday. Istillrememberthedaythat/whichIfirstmetheron. IstillrememberthedayonwhichIfirstmether. IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstmether.Februaryistheonlymonth__that__hasfewerthan30days. September18,1931istheday__(that/which)__we'llneverforget. Iwillneverforgettheday__when__IjoinedtheParty.2、 Thisisthecity. Iliveinthecity. Thisisthecitythat/whichIlivein. ThisisthecityinwhichIlive. \nThisisthecitywhereIlive.Iliketoshopatstores__that/which__haveproductsfromdifferentcountries. Iliketoshopatstores__where__Icanfindproductsfromdifferentcountries.3、thereasonwhy结构 Doyouknowthereason? Hewaslateforthereason. Doyouknowthereasonwhichhewaslatefor? Doyouknowthereasonforwhichhewaslate? Doyouknowthereasonwhyhewaslate?thereason在从句中不做主语或宾语时（只做原因状语forthereason时），可以用thereasonwhy/forwhich/()Doyouknowthereason__that/which__mayexplainhisabsence.三、介词+which/whom结构1、 Stephenistheperson. Iworkwiththeperson. StephenisthepersonwhomIworkwith. StephenisthepersonwithwhomIwork.2、 Thisisthepan. Iboilthemilkinthepan. ThisisthepanwhichIboilthemilkin. ThisisthepaninwhichIboilthemilk.Couldyoulendmetheknife__withwhich__Icancut\nit. Thenovel,__onwhich__thefilmisbased,isverymoving. Doyouhaveatelescope__throughwhich__wecanstudythesky. Pleasepassmethenotebook__inwhich__youfoundthelyrics.Isthisfactory__theone__wevisitedlastyear? Isthisthefactory__which/that__wevisitedlastyear?Isthisbook____youwanttoborrow? A.thatB.whichC.theoneD.\四、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1、定义 1）限制性定语从句： 一般无逗号分隔，对先行词严格限制 2）非限制性定语从句： 一般有逗号分隔，对先行词做补充说明2、非限制性定语从句中的关系词 1）非限制性定语从句中无that,why7."WhoMovedMyCheese?",________isabest-sellingbook,iswrittenbySpencerJohnson.A.whichB.thatC.itD.what.Mr.Wu,________everybodylikes,isgoingtogiveusatalkonchemistry.A.whomB.thatC.whichD./2）非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不准省略3、非限制性定语从句中的which（这一点）和as（正如） 1）在非限制性定语从句中，which不仅可以替代名词或代词，还可以替代逗号前的一句话，译为“这一点”\nThisisashop,whichsellsPC. ShemarriedG.C.,whichsurprisedeveryone.2）as也可以替代一句话，译为“正如”，常用于固定结构asiswellknown,asisknowntoall,aseverybodyknows,众所周知 asisexpected,ashappenedbefore,ashasbeenpointedout,.________isknowntoeveryone,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What.Sometimestheearthquakeissoviolentthatitcandestroythewholecity,________happenedinTangshan,in1976.A.asB.thatC.whereD.like.Thewriterhaswrittenquiteafewbooksnow,________histeachersandparentsdidn'texpect.A.thatB.asC.ofwhichD.which16.________hasbeenannounced,weshallhaveourfinalexamnextterm.A.ThatB.AsC.ItD.What13.Inonenight,thecitywascompletelydestroyedbyaterribleearthquake,________about240000peopledied.A.whichB.whenC.inwhichD.inthat1、ofwhich/whom结构： 在非限制性定语从句中，下列词可以和ofwhich/whom连用，表示比例关系： each,some,any,several,many,much,afew,half,most,all 分数，百分数，数词及最高级等Iboughtmanybooks,whichareaboutEnglishlearning. 2ofwhich... \nhalfofwhich... mostofwhich... someofwhich... noneofwhich....Theoldmanhastwosons,________isasoldier.A.oneofwhomB.bothofthemC.allofwhomD.noneofthem27.NewYorkisfamousforitssky-scrapers,________hasmorethan100storeys.A.thehigherofthemB.thehighestofwhichC.thehighestofthemD.someofwhich71.Hehastwosons,________workaschemists.A.twoofwhomB.bothofwhomC.bothofwhichD.allofwhom2、think/say/believe型： 1） Jackliveshere. Jackismyfriend. Jackwholiveshereismyfriend. 2） IthinkJackliveshere. Jackismyfriend. JackwhoIthinkliveshereismyfriend..Heoftenhelpsthestudents________hethinksarenotquickattheirstudies.A.whomB.whoC.whenD.because75.ThisisMr.Smith,________Ithinkhassomethinginterestingtotellus.A.whoB.whomC.thatD./\n82.Iwillhiretheman________theysayisagoodEnglishspeaker.A.whoB.thatC.whichD.whom3、theway 当theway表示“......方式”时，可以用thewaythat/inwhich/()Idon'tliketheway____youspeaktoher. A.\B.thatC.inwhichD.AllA,BandC 1.Canyoutellmethenameofthefactory________youpaidavisitlastweek?A.whatB.whichC.towhichD.tothat3.Didn'tyouseetheman________?A.InoddedjustnowB.whomInoddedjustnowC.InoddedtohimjustnowD.Inoddedtojustnow25.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasingleperson________shecouldturnforhelp.A.thatB.whoC.fromwhomD.towhom小飞迷途知返吧MaybeIfeltanimmediatesenseofconnectionwithhimbecausehecameinmid-yeartoanewschoolwherehedidnotknowanybody,ormaybeitwasbecausehehadcometoBeijingfromHeilongjiang.IenjoytellingpeoplethatthefirstplaceIliveinChinawasactuallynotBeijingorShanghai,butHarbin.Overthenextsevenmonths,MaxiaofeibecamethestudentIlookedforwhenIwenttoschool,andthestudentIworriedaboutwhenIcamehomefromwork------andnowheismissing!\nThisisaconversationbetweentwofriends.Onejustcamebackfromanislandvacationwherehehadterribletime.A:Howwasyourtrip?B:Terrible.A:Whathappened?Didn’tyourtravelagentchooseagoodhotelforyou?B:Thehotelhechoseforme(他为我选的饭店)didn’thaveairconditioning.Itwastoohot.A:Whatkindoffooddidtheyserve?B:Thefoodtheyserved（他们提供的东西）mademesick.A:Didyoumeetanyinterestingtravelers?B:Ididn’tliketheothertravelerImet我遇到的旅游者）.Theywereunfriendly.A:Didyoutravelwithaninterestingcompanion?B:ThepersonItraveledwith（和我一起旅游的那个人）wasboring.Weweren’tinterestedinthesamethings.Thethingshewasinterestedin（他感兴趣的东东）weredifferentfromthethingsIwasinterestedin（我感兴趣的东东）.非谓语动词引子： Thisisafamilyof8children,allof__whom__areworkers. Thisisafamilyof8children,allof__them__areworkers.错 Thisisafamilyof8children.Allof__them__areworkers. Thisisafamilyof8children,andallofthemareworkers.核心： 英语中一句话只能有一个谓语，如果出现更多动词： 1、加连词（and/but/so） 2、放入从句 3、变为非谓语动词\n得知Jack要结婚了，我们都很高兴。 1、加连词 WeknowthatJackwillgetmarried,andweareveryhappy. 2、放入从句 WhenweknowthatJackwillgetmarried,weareveryhappy. 3、变为非谓语动词 KnowingthatJackwillgetmarried,weareveryhappy.非谓语动词的形式（do）： ving:doing/beingdone/havingdone/havingbeendone p.p.:done todo:todo/tobedone/tohavedone/tobedoing一、基础1、常接ving的动词和词组：（14＋4） 动词： admit（承认）/appreciate（感激）/avoid（避免）/consider（考虑） delay（耽误）/enjoy/escape（逃脱）/finish/imagine/keep mind（介意）/miss（错过）/practise/risk（冒险） 词组： devotetodoing把......奉献给 be/getusedtodoing习惯做...... lookforwardtodoing期望...... thekeytodoing做......的关键5.Helooksforwardto________abroad.A.studyB.havestudiedC.studiedD.studying11.Weconsidered________theoldscientistthenextSunday.A.visitB.tovisitC.payavisitD.visiting59.Mr.Reedmadeuphismindtodevoteallhehadto________someschoolsforpoorchildren.\nA.setupB.settingupC.havesetupD.havingsetup23.Hewasnotusedto________byair,sohefeltunwell.A.travelB.traveledC.havetraveledD.traveling2、后面既可以接doing，又可以接todo的动词 remember/forget/goon/regret/stop/try remembertodo记得去做...... rememberdoing记得做过...... forgettodo忘记去做 forgetdoing忘记做过 goontodo（停下一件事）去做另一件事 goondoing继续做同一件事 regrettodo遗憾去做...... regretdoing后悔做过......stoptodo（停下一件事）去做另一件事 stopdoing停下做某事 trytodo努力去做...... trydoing尝试做......4.Shesearchedthetopofthehillandstopped________onabigrockbythesideofthepath.A.tohaverestedB.restingC.torestD.rest13.—Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.—Well,nowIregret________that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone14.—Letmetellyousomethingaboutthejournalists.—Don'tyouremember________methestoryyesterday?A.toldB.tellingC.totellD.tohavetold\n我记得2000年带着儿子去了香港。 IremembertakingmysontoHKin2000. 我记得2000年被带到香港。 IrememberbeingtakentoHKin2000.6.Whileshopping,peoplesometimescan'thelp________intobuyingsomethingtheydon'trealtyneed.A.topersuadeB.persuadingC.beingpersuadedD.bepersuaded3、感官动词see/watch/listento/hear/feel/notice seesb.doing主动 do主动 done被动 Isawhercrossing/crosstheroadthismorning. Isawhimbeatenbyhisgirlfriendthismorning.68.Havingpassedallthetests,shefeltagreatweight________offhermind.A.takingB.takenC.takeD.tobetaken33.Stoprunningandyouwillfeelyourheart________fasterthanever.A.beatB.beatingC.beatsD.wasbeating44.Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee________thenextyear.A.carryoutB.carryingoutC.carriedoutD.tocarryout二、做后置定语，相当于省略的定语从句（无havingdone形式）1、 Themanwhoisstandingonthestageisateacher. Themanisstandingonthestageisateacher. \nThemanstandingonthestageisateacher.2、 Wevisitedatemplewhichwasbuilt200yearsago. Wevisitedatemplewasbuilt200yearsago. Wevisitedatemplebuilt200yearsago.Theplanewhichisflyingoverheadistravelingnorth. Theplaneflyingoverheadistravelingnorth. Thecandidateswhoaresittingfortheexamareallgraduates. Thecandidatessittingfortheexamareallgraduates. Whatcanyoudoaboutadogwhichwasbarkingallnight? Whatcanyoudoaboutadogbarkingallnight? Passengerswhotravelonplanesshouldn'tsmoke. Passengerstravelingonplanesshouldn'tsmoke.Customerswhocomplainabouttheserviceshouldseethemanager. Customerscomplainingabouttheserviceshouldseethemanager. Thesystemwhichisusedinthisschoolisverysuccessful. Thesystemusedinthisschoolisverysuccessful. Thevegetableswhicharesoldinthisshoparegrownwithoutchemicals. Thevegetablessoldinthisshoparegrownwithoutchemicals.3、beingdone做后置定语表示“正在被......” Thebuildingwhichisbeingbuiltwillbeahospital. Thebuildingbeingbuiltwillbeahospital.注意：非谓语动词的后置定语无havingdone形式 Thegirlwhohaspassedtheexamismysister. Thegirlhavingpassedtheexamismysister.错31.Thenewbridge________inourdistrictisforusBeijingers.Thoughthere's\nnoisemostoftheday,westillfeelhappyaboutit.A.builtB.hasbeenbuiltC.beingbuiltD.tobebuilt35.Thepicture________onthewallispaintedbymynephew.A.havinghungB.hangingC.hangsD.beinghung59.Pricesofdailygoods________throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.A.areboughtB.boughtC.havebeenboughtD.buying17.—Howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers?—Thekey________theproblemistomeetthedemand________bythecustomers.A.tosolving;makingB.tosolving;madeC.tosolve;makingD.tosolve;made三、非谓语动词做伴随状语1.放在句首 （1）Iwalkeddownthestreet.ImetJenny. Walkingdownthestreet,ImetJenny(I)Walkingdownthestreet,ImetJenny.逻辑主语分词句子主语谓语 doing表伴随状语时，两个动作可以看做同时发生。 （2）Eatinghisdinner,herushedoutoftheroom.√逻辑不符 Hehadeatenhisdinner.Herushedoutoftheroom. Havingeatenhisdinner,herushedoutoftheroom. havingdone做伴随状语时，两动作明显有先后。\n（3）Thecityisseenfromthehill.Thecitylooksmorebeautiful. Seenfromthehill,thecitylooksmorebeautiful.2.在句尾 （1）Thechildfell.Thechildstruckhisheadagainstthedoor. Thechildfell,strickinghisheadagainstthedoor. Falling,thechildstruckhisheadagainstthedoor. （2）Sheentered.Shewasaccompaniedbyherboyfriend. Sheentered,accompaniedbyherboyfriend.1.Themanager,________hisfactory'sproductswerepoorinquality,decided togivehisworkersfurthertraining. A.knowingB.knownC.toknowD.beingknown2.Hesentmeane—mail,________togetfurtherinformation.A.hopedB.hopingC.tohopeD.hope3.________fullpreparations,wedecidedtoputoffthemeetingtillnextweek.A.WedidnotmakeB.HavingnotmadeC.WehadnotmadeD.Nothavingmade4.________in1636,HarvardisoneofthemostfamousuniversitiesintheUnitedStates.A.BeingfoundedB.ItwasfoundedC.FoundedD.Founding5.________fromhearttroubleforyears,ProfessorWhitehastotakesomemedicinewithhimwhereverhegoes.A.SufferedB.SufferingC.HavingsufferedD.Beingsuffered3.放在连词后 分词结构还可以放在when、while、before、after、until、if、unless、once、 though、although等连词后。 （1）TheygotengagedwhentheytravelledinBeijing. TheygotengagedwhentravellinginBeijing.（2）Ifheisasked,hewillcome. Ifasked,hewillcome.\n1.Thoughherefusedtoeat,headmittedhewasveryhungry. Thoughrefusingtoeat,headmittedhewasveryhungry. 2.IdamagedthecarwhileIwastryingtoparkit. Idamagedthecarwhiletryingtoparkit. 3.Afterwelookedatthemap,wetriedtofindtherightstreet. Afterlookingatthemap,wetriedtofindtherightstreet. 4.Ifthepictureisseenfromthisangle,itlooksrathergood. Ifseenfromthisangle,itlooksrathergood.5.Whenthepoemisreadalot,itisveryeffective. Whenreadalot,itisveryeffective.1.When________,icechangesintowater. A."toheatB.heatingC.heatedD.theyareheated2.Unless________tospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference. A.invitedB.invitingC.beinginvitedD.havinginvitedIt用法一、基本用法：it可以表示时间、天气、距离、温度等1.It's7o'clock.It'sSunday.（表时间） 2.It'shot.It'sraining.（表天气） 3.It's135kmfromTianjin.（表距离） 4.It's20centigrade.（表温度）\n二、形式主语和形式宾语（不用this或that）1.形式主语 Itisimportant/possible/naturalthat/todo…… ThatwelearnEnglishisimportant.主语ItisimportantthatwelearnEnglish.Itissaidthat…… Itisafactthat……形式主语和形式宾语的产生原因：平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻。（1）Itis+形容词+todo/that从句 Itiseasy/important/possible/natural/likelythat/todo…… （2）Itis+过去分词+that从句 Itisbelieved/reported/said/generallythoughtthat…… （3）Itis+名词短语+that从句 Itisapity/afact/goodnews/nowonder/ashamethat…… （4）It+不及物动词+that从句 Itseems/happens/turnsout/looksthat……两个特殊的用法： （1）Itoccurstosb.that……某人突然想起…… （2）Itmattersthat…………很有关系，……事关重要 Itmatterstomewhetheryoucomeornot.Does________matterifhecan'tfinishthejobontime? A.thisB.thatC.heD.it2.形式宾语 Youmakemehappy. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 ImakethatIdon'twanttogowithyouveryclear. ImakeitveryclearthatIdon'twanttogowithyou.（1）高中时特别常用的四个单词：make,think,find,feel somebodymake/think/find/feel+it+形容词+todo/that…… Timfindsitdifficulttoconcentrate. Wefinditstrangethatnoonecouldtakethemoney.（2）it还可以用在enjoy,hate,like,love等后面作形式宾语。 \nIdon'tlikeitwhenyoushoutatme.________isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage. A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.ItInfact________isahardjobforthepolicetokeeporder,inanimportantfootball match. A.thisB.thatC.thereD.itWethink________usefultolearnaforeignlanguage. A.weareB.thisis C.thatD.itIs________necessarytocompletethedesignbeforeNationalDay? A.thisB.thatC.itD.heIdon'tthink________possibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithoutmuchmemorywork. A.thisB.thatC.itsD.itIhate________whenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull. A.itB.thatC.theseD.them三、强调句型1.形式 Itis/was+强调内容+that/who+剩余句子例：IsawJayinBeijinglastweek. 强调主语I：ItwasIwhosawJayinBeijinglastweek. 强调宾语：ItwasJaywhoIsawinBeijinglastweek. 强调时间状语：ItwaslastweekthatIsawJayinBeijing. 强调地点状语：ItwasinBeijingthatIsawJaylastweek.________wasin1979________Igraduatedfromuniversity. \nA.It,thatB.That,which C.That,whenD.It,thenItwasonlywhenIrereadthispoemsrecently________Ibegantoappreciatetheirbeauty. A.untilB.thatC.thenD.soItisbecauseheistooyoung________hedoesnotunderstandit. A.asB.soC.thatD.what特殊的强调句型 1.变为一般疑问句或否定句例：Itwasn'tlastweekthatIsawJayinBeijing. Itwasn'tJaywhoIsawinBeijinglastweek. Is/Wasit……Was________duringthewar________yougotseparatedfromyourfamily? A.it,whenB.that,then C.it,thatD.which,inwhichWas________duringthewar________yougotseparatedfromyourfamily? A.it,whenB.that,then C.it,thatD.which,inwhich2.与not…until连用 Itis/wasnotuntil…that… 例：Radiobroadcastdidnotbeginuntil1920. Itwasnotuntil1920thatradiobroadcastbegin.Itwasnotuntil1936________baseballbecamearegularpartofOlympicGames. A.thenB.whichC.thatD.whenItwasnot________shetookoffherglasses________Irealizedshewasafamousfilmstar. \nA.when,thatB.until,that C.until,thenD.when,then3.强调主语从句 例：Whathesaidsurprisedme. Itwaswhathesaidthatsurprisedme.Itwashowtheyoungmanhadlearnedfiveforeignlanguages______attractedtheaudience'sinterest. A.sothatB.that C.whatD.inwhich4.强调特殊疑问词 例：Wherewereyouborn? Itwaswherethatyouwereborn. Wherewasitthatyouwereborn. When/Where/Why+is/was+itthat+陈述句Whenwas________theyfirstcametoChina? A.thatB.itwas C.itthatD.thatit_______computersplaysuchanimportantpartinourdailylife? A.WhyitisthatB.Whyisitthat C.WhywasitthatD.Whyisit5.与定语从句联合考查 例：Jackismyfriend.——It'sJackwhoismyfriend. Jackwholivedhereismyfriend. ——ItisJackwholivedherethatismyfriend.三段法还原句子Wasitinthevillage___weusedtolivein___theaccidenthappened? A.where,thatB.which,that C.that,whereD.where,whichItwasinthesmallhouse______wasbuiltwithstonesbyhergrandfather\n______shespentherchildhood. A.that,whereB.which,which C.which,thatD.that,whichItwasinthelab________wastakenchargeofbyProfessorZhang________theydidtheexperiment. A.where,thatB.which,where C.that,whereD.which,that主谓一致l定义谓语动词和主语要在人称和数量上保持一致。不同的主语，其谓语动词在英语中单复数会有差别。1.AbutB结构，谓语动词的单复数是由A来决定。 例子：Noonebutherparentsknowsit.(know) 类似结构：AwithalongwithtogetherwithaswellasbutexceptB\nratherthaninadditiontolikeincludingbesides谓语动词单复数一般由A决定例子：JaneandJone,likeHenty,werelate.例子：Allofus,includingme,aregoingtoslinextmouth.2.NotonlyAbutalsoB/NeitherAnorB/EitherAorB/AorB 谓语动词单复数一般是由B来决定。例子：NeitherJohnnorIamhappy.Eithertheteacherorthestudentsarecorrect.1.Tom,togetherwithMaryandAlice,_______swimthisafternoon. A.isgoingtoB.aregoingtoC.areD.has2.Themanagerorhissecretary_______togiveyouaninterview. A.isB.areC.wasD.were3.NotonlyIbutalsoJane_______tiredofhavingoneexaminationafter another. A.isB.areC.amD.be4.E-mail,aswellastelephones,_______animportantpartindaily communication. A.isplayingB.haveplayedC.areplayingD.play3.and结构 AandB结构作主语，一般说谓语动词用复数例：TomandIarebestfriends.①看清到底是一个人还是两个人，通过定冠词来进行分析 例题：Thepoetandwriterhascome.表示一个人 Apoetandawriterhavecome.\n②eachAandeachB/everyAandeveryB/manyaAandmanyaB/noAandnoB作主语，谓语一般用单数例：Everymanandeverywomanisaskedtohelp.注意：manya表示许多，等于many③成对配套的可数名词后面一般用单数 例：theknifeandfork（刀叉）——>Theknifeandforkhasbeenwashed. aneedleandthread针线adeskandchair桌椅 penandink笔墨alockandkey锁和钥匙练习：1.Asingeranddancer___presentattheparty. A.isB.areC.wasD.were2.Manyaboyandmanyastudent_______lookingforwardtovisitingthe UnitedStatesofAmericapresent. A.areB.wereC.isD.was3.Theengineerandworkerreferredto____todesignsomething. A.begoingB.aregoingC.belikelyD.isgoing4.Nobirdandnobeast_______inthelonelyisland. A.areseenB.isseenC.seeD.sees4.动名词/不定式/主语从句作主语，谓语动词一般用单数 例：Walkingisagoodformofexercise. Toperservemeansvictory. WhatIneedisyourlove. 练习：1.Thattheyhavecheatedtheboys______nowcleartousall. A.isB.areC.wasD.were2.Writingstoriesandarticles______whatsheenjoysmost. A.isB.havebeenC.wasD.were\n5.如果名词被all/some/most/half/part/therest/分数/百分数等修饰时，谓语动词由主语决定。 例：All/Some/Most/Halfofapplesarebad.All/Most/Halfofthehomeworkhasbeenfinished.练习： Halfofthemoney______toyouandhalfofthebooks________tome. A.belong,belongB.belongs,belongs C.belong,belongsD.belongs,belong6.当时间、距离、重量等做主语，谓语一般用单数 例：Twentymilesisalongdistance.7.当集合名词family,audience,team,class,club,army,enemy等用做整体概念时，谓语用单数；用做成员时，谓语用复数。例：Myfamilyissmall,butmyfamilyareallpartymembers.情态动词一、情态动词的使用1.can/could①表示能力、能够（区分现在和过去时态） 例：IcanspeakEnglishnow,butIcouldn'tspeakEnglish2yearsago. can/could和beableto的区别： can有很多意思，beableto只表示能力、能够。 was/wereableto指“过去”\n需要付出努力并往往成功达到...... could有“潜能”的意思 例：Shewasverybrave.Eventhoughshe'dhurtherleg,shewasabletogo backalone. 练习： Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryone_______getout. A.hadtoB.wouldC.couldD.wasableto②表示“可以、允许”之意 例：Excuseme,isthisseattaken?CanIsithere?Yes,youcan./No,youcan't.③表示“可能”例：Hecouldbeateacher. 注意：当表示“可能”时，没有现在时和过去时的区别。can一般不用在肯定句 中表示“可能”，一般用在疑问或否定句。 例： Thispenlookslikemine,yetitisn't.Whose_____itbe? A.mustB.canC.couldD.will2.may/might①表示也许，或许 例：Hemaybeathome.他也许在家。 Hemightbeathome.他或许在家。 注意：mightbe比maybe更不确信②表示“可以、允许”之意，但比can更正式 例：MayIsithere?练习： —Mustwefinishthejobbeforedark? —No.You________leavesomepartsofitfortomorrow. A.mustB.mustn'tC.needD.may\n3.should ①表示“应该”建议的口吻 ②表示“应该”猜测的口吻 例：Heshouldbeathome. hadbetter最好，要慎用you'dbetter 常用做you'dbetter...or...（你最好......否则......），暗含警告的意味 or后面往往加的是一个不好的结果 例：You'dbetterleavenow,orI'llcallthepolice.A:Myapartmentisalwaystoocoldinthewinter.I’vegottomove.B:Youdon’thavetomove.Thelandlordissupposedtogiveenoughheat.A:Buthedoesn’tB:Youshouldtalktohimaboutthisproblem.A:Ididyesterday.ThefirsttimeItalkedtohim,hejusttoldmeIshouldputonasweater.ThesecondtimeIsaid,“You’dbettergiveheatorI’mgoingtomove”.B:Youshouldn’tgetsoangry.That’snotthewaytosolvetheproblem.Youknow,therearelawsaboutheat.Youshouldgetinformationfromthecitysoyoucanknowyourrights.4.must/haveto ①must必须，语气强，主动，反映说话人的意志 haveto必须，被动接受，反映外界意志 例：YoumustpractiseEnglisheveryday.（反映说话人的意志） IhavetopractiseEnglisheveryday.（反映外界的意志） YoushouldpractiseEnglisheveryday.（建议的口吻）mustnot严禁，不许，千万不要，带有一种官方语气 don'thaveto不必，不用非得......L：Hi,youmustbethenewneighbor.Isawthemovingtruckoutfrontthismorning.Letmeintroducemyself.MynameisLisa.Ilivedownstairsofyou.P：Nicetomeetyou,Lisa.mynameisPaula.Wejustmovedin.L：Isawthemovercarryingacribupstairs.Youmusthaveababy.\nP：Wedo.Wehaveaten-month-oldson.He’ssleepingnow.Doyouhaveanykids?L：Yes,Ihavea16-year-olddaughterandan18-year-oldson.P：Itmustbehardtoraiseteenagers.L：Believeme,itis!Oh…Idon’twanttotakeupanymoreofyourtime.Youmustbeverybusy.Ijustwantedtobringyouthesecookies.P：Thanks.That’sveryniceofyou.They’restillwarm.Theymustberightoutoftheoven.L：Theyare.Maybewecantalksomeothertimewhenyou’reallunpacked.用can't/couldn't对must进行否定5.need半情态动词 ①sb.needsth.————sth.needdoing/tobedone 例：Mycoatneedstobewashed.=Mycoatneedswashing.②need后面接动词 A.在肯定句中：sb.needtodo B.在否定句中：sb.needn'tdo/sb.don't(didn't)needtodo 例：Ineedn'tbuytheticket.Idon'tneedtobuytheticket.练习： 1.You_____tothemeetingthismorningifyouhavesomethingimportanttodo. A.needn'ttocomeB.don'tneedcome C.don'tneedcomingD.needn'tcome2.Theelectricshaver________beforeitcanbeused. A.needsrepairingB.shouldbeinrepair C.needberepairedD.mustrepair3.Ihavetodothisexperimentagain,butyou________withme. A.needtonotgoB.donotneedgo C.neednotgoD.needgonot总练习：1.—AreyoucomingtoJeff'sparty? \n—I'mnotsure.I________gototheconcertinstead. A.mustB.wouldC.shouldD.might2.Johnny,you________playwiththeknife,you________hurtyourself. A.won't;can'tB.mustn't;may C.shouldn't;mustD.can't;shouldn't二、情态动词+havedone(事情发生在过去)1.musthavedone（过去一定/肯定......） 否定：can't/couldn'thavedone（过去一定不会/不可能是）对过去表示一种猜测： could/may/mighthavedone（过去可能/也许/或许......）例：Theflooriswet.Itmusthaverainedlastnight.Itcan't/couldn'thaverainedlastnight.Itcould/may/mighthaverainedlastnight.2.couldhavedone①表示过去“可能......” ②表示“本来能......而实际没有......”例：Youcouldhavepassedtheexamifyouhadstudiedharder.如果你当初更努力学习，你本来能通过考试的。（实际没有通过）3.shouldhavedone&shouldn'thavedone shouldhavedone:本应该做...而实际未做... 例：Youshouldhavestoppedattheintersection.intersection十字路口，路口 你应该在路口停下的（而没停） shouldn'thavedone:本不该做...而实际做了 \n例：Thedoorshouldn'thavebeenlocked. 门本不应该锁上的（实际被锁上了）4.needn'thavedone&didn'tneedtodo needn'thavedone:本没必要做...而多余做了 didn'tneedtodo:没必要做某事，所以也没做 例：Youneedn'thavewrittensuchalongstory.Theteacheraskedfor300words, andyouhavewritten10,000words. 你没必要写这么长的一个故事。老师要求写300字，你却写了10,000字。 Theteacheraskedfor300words,soIdidn'tneedtowritealongstory. 老师就要求300字，所以我没必要写这么长的故事。练习You________me.Butsinceyouhave,I'llkeepthesecretfromothers.A.needn'thavetoldB.didn'tneedtotellC.wouldn'thavetoldD.couldn'thavetoldItiskindofyoutodothewashing-up,butyou________it.A.mustn'thavedoneB.wouldn'thavedoneC.mightn'thavedoneD.needn'thavedone回忆复习首先可以表示对过去的一个猜测或推测 musthavedone:过去肯定... can't/couldn'thavedone:过去不可能... could/may/mighthavedone:对过去的推测，过去可能/也许... couldhavedone:1.对过去的猜测，可能... 2.本来能...而实际没有 shouldhavedone&shouldn'thavedone 本应该...而实际没有&本不应该...而实际做了 needn'thavedone:没必要做...而多余做了 didn'tneedtodo:没必要做...而实际也没做补充文章\nTheAssassinationofPresidentJohnF.KennedyOnNovember22,1963,PresidentJohnF.Kennedy,thethirty-fifthPresidentoftheUnitedStates,wasassassinatedinDallas,Texas,whilehewasridinginanopencar.Manypeoplethinkitwasfoolishofhimtobeinanopencar.Heshouldhavehadabulletproofcar,asmostworldleadersdotoday.Hisdeathcouldhavebeenprevented.Immediatelyaftertheassassination,asuspect,LeeHarveyOswald,wasarrested.Twodayslater,asOswaldwasbeingtransferredtoajail,hehimselfwaskilledbyagunmaninthecrowd.Aninvestigationtookplacetofindoutthetruthbehindtheassassination.Afterexaminingalotofevidenceandquestioningmanypeople,theinvestigatingcommitteedeterminedthatLeeHarveyOswaldmusthavebeenthepersonwhoshotKennedy.However,manytheorieshavebeenmadeaboutwhyhedidit.SomepeoplethinkOswaldmighthavebeenacrazypersonwhothoughthecouldgetattentionbykillingafamousman.Anothertheorystatesthathemighthavebeentheagentofanothergovernment,possiblyRussiaorCuba.Accordingtoanothertheory,organizedcrime(theMafia)mayhavebeenbehindtheassassination.Somewitnessesreportgunshotscomingfromtwodifferentdirections.Ifthisistrue,Oswaldcouldnothaveactedalone;Theremusthavebeenmorethanonegunman.练习1.—IsawLilyintheteacher'sofficejustnow.—You________her,shehasgonebackhome.A.mustnotseeB.mustn'thaveseenC.can'thaveseenD.couldn'tsee2.MysistermethimattheGrandTheatreyesterdayafternoon,sohe________yourlecture.A.couldn'thaveattendedB.needn'thaveattendedC.mustn'thaveattendedD.shouldn'thaveattended3.You________thismorningifyoureallywantedtoseeityourself.A.oughttocomeB.mayhave\ncomeC.oughttohavecomeD.couldcome4.—Showmeyourpermit,please.—Oh,it'snotinmypocket.It________.A.mightfalloutB.couldfalloutC.shouldhavefallenoutD.musthavefallenout5.—Didyouhearmecomeinlastnight?—No.I________asleep.A.can'tbeB.mustbeC.musthavebeenD.couldn'thavebeen特殊题型1.You________paytoomuchattentiontoyourreadingskill,asitissoimportant.A.cannotB.shouldC.mustD.needn't2.—CouldIborrowyourdictionary?—Ofcourse,you.A.canB.mayC.couldD.might3.—CouldIborrowyourmp3,please?—I'mafraidyou________.A.couldB.canC.couldn'tD.can't总复习一、动词的时态 \n现在：一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时 过去：一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时 将来：一般将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时 二、定语从句 关系词：关系代词：指人whom、who、that；指物that、which；...的whose 关系副词：when、where、why 介词＋which/whom结构 限制性与非限制性定语从句 三、非谓语动词 核心：英语中一句话只能有一个谓语动词 多谓语动词解决办法：1.加连词；2.加从属连词；3.非谓语动词四、It用法 1.It的基本用法 2.It作为形式主语和形式宾语 3.强调句型 五、主谓一致 六、情态动词