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高中英语语法“虚拟语气”精讲精练 虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、猜测建议或与事实不符的假设。虚拟语气可分为三种:(1)一般虚拟(2)混合虚拟(3)特殊句式 一.一般虚拟的构成:(省略if,要将should/were/had提到句首) (1).对现在的虚拟:If+S.+did/weresth.,S.+would/could/should+do IfIhadtime,Iwouldattendthemeeting. IfIwereyou,Iwouldseizethechancetogoabroad. (2)对过去的虚拟:If+S.+had+p.p,S.+would/could/shouldhave+p.p Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldnothavefailedintheexam. (3)对将来的虚拟: If+S.+did/were/shoulddo/weretodo,S+would/should/coulddosth. Ifyoucametomorrow,wewouldhavethemeeting. Ifitweretoraintomorrow,thesportsmeetingwouldbeputoff.\n Ifheshouldnotcometomorrow,weshouldputoffthemeetingtillnextday. 注意:Hadwemadegoodpreparations,wemighthavesucceeded. Haditnotrained,wewouldhavegoneoutforawalk. WereIyou,Iwouldnotdosuchathing. 二.混合虚拟: (1)不同时间的虚拟:Ifhehadlistenedtome,hewouldnotbeintroublenow. Ifhehadtoldmeyesterday,Ishouldknowwhattodonow. (2)虚拟与陈述的混合: Hecouldhavepassedtheexam,buthewasn’tcarefulenough. Youshouldhavecomeearlier,thebusleftamomentago. 三.特殊句式: (1).suggest,advise,recommend,propose,order,command,request,require,demand+that–clause(shoulddo/do) Hesuggestedthatwe(should)savemoneyforthe\nfuture.(insist的判断) (2)Itissuggested/advised/ordered/requested/requiredthat–clause(shoulddo/do)(主语从句) (3)Myadvice/suggestion/request/requirementisthat-clause(shoulddo/do)(表语从句) Hissuggestion/advice/request/requirementthat–clause(shoulddo/do)is..(同位语从句) (4)Itisnatural/necessary/strangethat-clause(shoulddo/do)表惊奇、怀疑、惋惜、不满、理应如此等。 It’sstrangethatheshouldhavemissedthetrain.(表竟然) Itisimportantthatweshouldlearnfromothers.(表理应如此) Itisapitythatheshouldnotgowithus.(表惊讶、不满) (5)wish+thatclause(did/were与现在相反) wish+thatclause(would/could/might+do与将来相反) wish+thatclause(haddone与过去相反) IwishIcouldgowiththemtomorrow.\n IwishIhadnevermethim. (6)Itis(high/about)time+clause(did,shoulddo) Itis(high/about)timewewenthome. (7)wouldrather+clause(did与现在或将来相反);(haddone与过去相反) Iwouldratheryoucametomorrow.Iwouldratheryouhadn’ttoldherthenews. (8)Ifonly+clause(did/were与现在相反)((would/could/might+do与将来相反) (haddone与过去相反)“要是。。。就好了“ Ifonlyhewouldcometomorrow!IfonlyIhadtakenheradvice! IfonlyIweretenyearsyounger! (9)asif+clause(did/were与现在相反)(would/could/might+do与将来相反) (haddone与过去相反) ShetreatsKateasifshewereherowndaughter. Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears. (10)wouldlike/was/weretohavedonesomething Iwouldliketohaveattendedtheparty,butoneofmyfriendscametoseeme.\n (11)without/butfor+n.=ifitwerenotfor+n./ifithadn’tbeenfor+n.(otherwise后从句同) Iwouldnothavepassedtheexamwithoutyourhelp.(=ifithadn’tbeenforyourhelp) 四。虚拟巩固练习: 1.Theplantisdead.I___morewater. A.willgiveB.wouldhavegivenC.mustgiveD.shouldhavegiven 2.Iinsistthatadoctor___immediately. A.hasbeensentforB.sendforC.willbesentforD.besentfor 3.Ifyouthedoctorsadvice,youwouldhavealreadyrecovered. A.followB.followedC.wouldfollowD.hadfollowed 4.IwishI___youyesterday.高考常见语法—虚拟语气一.语气的定义和种类。1语气(mood)语气是动词的一种形式,表示说话人对某一行为或事\n情的看法和态度。2语气的种类a.陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如:Therearetwosidestoeveryquestion.每个问题都有两个方面。Wereyoubusyalldayyesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗?Howgoodateachersheis!她是多好的一位老师啊!b.祈使语气:表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如:Neverbelateagain!再也不要迟到了。Don’tforgettoturnoffthelight.别忘了关灯。c.虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如:IfIwereabird,Icouldflyintheair.如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。IwishIcouldpasstheexamination.我希望我能通过\n考试。Mayyousucceed!祝您成功!二.虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法。三.条件从句有两类,一是真实条件句,另一是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生,是真实条件句,这种情况下谓语用陈述语气。如:Iftimepermits,we’llgofishingtogether.如果时间允许,我们就一起去钓鱼。如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句。如:Ifyouhadcomeyesterday,youwouldhavemetthatfamousprofessor.如果你昨天来,你就会见到那位著名的教授了。(隐含的事实是:你昨天没来,也没见到那位著名教授)。在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中,主从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气,现将其形式列表如下:动词形式时间从句主句与现在事实相反动词过去式(be的过去式用were)would(could/should/might)+动词原形\n与过去事实相反had+动词过去分词would(could/should/might)+have过去分词与将来事实可能相反动词过去式should+动词原形wereto+动词原形would(could/should/might)+动词原形注:主句中的should只用于第一人称,但在美国英语中,should常被would代替;从句中的should可用于各种人称。1.表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如:IfIwereyou,Ishould(would,could,might)tellhimthetruth.要是我是你,我就会告诉他真相了。(事实上我不是你)Ifshehadtime,shewould(could,might)helpme.如果她有时间,她就会帮我了。(事实上她没有时间)\n2表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如:IfIhadknownyourtelephonenumberyesterday,Ishould(would,could,might)havetelephonedyou.如果昨天我知道了你的电话号码,我就会给你打电话了。(事实上我昨天不知道你的电话号码。)Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldn’t(couldn’t)havefailedintheexam.如果你听了我的建议,你就不会考试不及格。(事实上你根本没听我的。3表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如:Ifitshouldrain,thecropswould(could,might)besaved.假如天下雨,庄稼可能就收获了。---WhatwouldhappenifIputthepaperonthefire?---Itwouldburn.---我若把只放在火上会怎么样?---纸会烧着。\n注:在表示与将来事实可能相反的条件从句中,wereto+动词原形比较正式,常用于书面语中。如:IfyouweretogotoBeijing,youwould(could,might)haveachancetovisitTianAnMenSquare.三.虚拟语气的其它用法。1虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法。在“Itisimportant(strange,natural,necessary)that…”这类句型中,that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should)+动词原形”结构,表示某事是“重要”,“奇怪”,“自然”,“必要”等意义。如ItisimportantthateveryBeijinger(should)beabletospeakEnglish.重要的是每个北京人能说英语。Itisnecessarythathe(should)besenttohospitalatonce.有必要马上把他送医院。2虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法。\n(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中,表示与现在或过去的事实相反,或对将来的主观愿望,从句通常省略连词that。a.表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be的过去式用were)表示。如:IwishIknewtheanswertothequestion.我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道。)Iwishitwerespringinmyhometownalltheyeararound.但愿我的家乡四季如春。(只是愿望,实际根本不可能实现。)b.表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词用had+过去分词。如Iwish(that)Ihadn’twastedsomuchtime.我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(实际上已经浪费掉了。)Hewishes(wished)hehadn’tlostthechance.他真希望没有失去机会。(事实上机会已经失去了,他感到惋惜。)c.表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为“would/should/could/might+动词原形”,此时要注意,主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同,因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现,取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动作名词除外)。如:Iwishitwouldstopraining.但愿雨能停止。Iwishyouwouldbe\nquiet.我希望你安静一些。(2)在suggest(建议),demand(要求),order(命令),propose(建议),insist(坚持要做),command(命令),request(要求),desire(希望)等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形”,表示建议,要求,命令等。如Isuggestthatwe(should)startthemeetingatonce.我建议马上开会。Theundergraduateinsistedthathe(should)gotoworkinthesouth.这位即将毕业的学生坚持要到南方去工作。注:当suggest表示暗示,主语为something;insist表示坚持观点时,后接的宾语从句当用真实语气。比较Hissilencesuggestedthatheagreedwithmydecision.他的沉默暗示着他赞成我的决定。HesuggestedthatI(should)sticktomydecision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。Heinsiststhatdoingmorningexercisesdoesgoodtopeople’shealth.他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。Heinsiststhathe(should)domorningexerciseseveryday.他坚持他每天都要早操3虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法。当主语为advice,suggestion,order,\nproposal等词时后接表语从句,表语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should)+动词原形”结构,表示某人建议、劝告、命令等的内容。如:MyadviceisthatyoushouldpractisespeakingEnglishasoftenaspossible.我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。Theorderfromthecommanderwasthatthetroopsshouldsetoffforthefrontimmediately.司令官的命令是部队立即开拔去前线。4.特殊的虚拟语气结构。(1)虚拟语气用在状语从句中由asif或as,though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时,从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气。动词形式用动词的过去式(be→were)或had+过去分词。如:Theteachertreatsthestudentasifhewereherownchild.这位老师带这位学生就象她的亲生孩子一样。HespeaksasifhehadbeentotheUnitedStates.他说得好象他真的到过美国似的。(2)在Itistime(that)…;I’drather(that)…句型中从句的谓语动词常用动词的过去式表示虚拟语气,意思是“该干某事了,时间已经有些晚了”“我宁愿/希望”。如:Itistimethatwedid\nsomethingtostoppollution.该我们做些什么制止污染的时候了。ItistimethatFatherpickedupLilyfromthekindergarten.该父亲去幼儿园接莉莉的时候了。I’dratheryoutoldmethetruth.我真希望你告诉我真相。I’dratherIdidn’tseeyouagain.我宁愿不再见着你。3)虚拟语气用在简单句中a情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气,常用于日常会话中。如Wouldyoubekindenoughtoshowmethewaytothepostoffice?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗?Itwouldbebetterforyounottostayuptoolate.你最好别熬夜到很晚。b在一些习惯表达中。如:You’dbettersetoffnow.你最好现在就出发。I’drathernottellyouthesecret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。c用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿,但愿,此时may须置于句首(多用于正式文体中)。如:Maygoodluckbeyours!祝你好运!Mayyoubehappy!祝你快乐!\nMayyoudoevenbetter!祝你取得更大成就!用动词原形。例Longlivethepeople!人民万岁!“Godblessyou,”saidthepriest.牧师说:“愿上帝保佑你!”5.虚拟语气在同位语从句中的用法在名词advice,suggestion,order,proposal等后接的同位语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气,起形式为“(should)+动词原形”,说明“建议”,“劝告”,“命令”等的具体内容。如:Theordercamethattheworkshouldbefinishedtwodaysaheadoftime.提前两天完成工作的命令传来了。Reluctantlysheacceptedtheirproposalthatsheshouldbeoperatedon.她勉强接受了他们要她去接受手术的建议(一)主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气(混合条件句)(二)有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作,发生的时间不一致,这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如:Ifyouhadfollowedmyadvice,youwouldbeableto\nfinishtheworknow.如果你当时听了我的话,现在就能完成这份工作了。(从句说明过去,主句说明现在。)IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavegonetoherbirthdayparty.如果我是你,我就去参加她的生日晚会了。(从句说明现在,主句说明过去。)Ifyouhadn’tlentmesomemoney,Icouldn’thaveboughtthenewhouseandmostlikelyIwouldbestilllivinginthedangeroushousenow.假若你不借钱给我,我不可能买下这幢新房,很可能现在还住在危房里。(从句说明过去,主句说明过去和现在。)(二)含蓄条件句\非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来,只暗含在上下文中,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况;1.条件暗含在短语中。如:(1)WhatwouldIhavedonewithoutyou?如没有你,我会怎么办呢?(条件暗含在分词短语withoutyou中)\n(2)Itwouldbeeasiertodoitthisway.这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语todoitthisway中)(3)Thissamething,happeninginwartime,wouldleadtoadisaster.同样的事,如发生在战时,就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happeninginwartime中)(4)Butforyourhelpwecouldn’thavesucceededintheexperiment.如果没有你的帮助,我们的实验是不会成功。(暗含条件是butforyourhelp)(5)Hemusthavethestrengthofahippopotamus,orhenevercouldhavevanquishedthatgreatbeast.他一定是力大如河马,否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or)(6)Alone,hewouldhavebeenterrified.如是单独一人,他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone)2.条件暗含在上下文中。如:(7)Youmightstayherforever.你可以永远待在这儿。(可能暗含ifyouwantedto)\n(8)Wewouldhavesucceeded.我们本来是会成功的。(可能暗含ifwehadkepttrying)(9)Yourreputationwouldberuined.你的名誉会败坏的。(可能暗含ifyoushouldacceptit)(10)Iwouldappreciatealittleofyourtime.谢谢你给我一点时间吧。(可能暗含ifyouweresokindastogivemealittleofyourtime)3.在不少情况下,虚拟式已变成习惯说法,很难找出其暗含的条件。如:(11)Youwouldn’tknow.你不会知道。(12)Iwouldliketocome.我愿意来。13)Iwouldn’thavedreamedofit.这是我做梦也不会想到的。(14)Hetoldthestoryinsuchminutedetailthathemighthimselfhavebeenaneye-witness.他将那事讲的非常仔细,简直就象他亲眼看见一样。(三)条件从句中省去if的情况在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中,常可以省略if,将had,were或should提至句首。如:\nHadIseenthefilm,Iwouldhavediscusseditwiththemlastnight.假如我看了那部电影,昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。WereIabird,Icouldflyfreely.假如我是一只小鸟,我就能自由翱翔。Shoulditrainnextweekthefarmerswouldhaveagoodharvest.要是下周能下雨的话,农民们就能有个好收成了。1Hesuggestedthatthemeeting——putoff.A.notbeB.shouldnotC.wouldn’tD.benot2Whatwouldhavehappenedifyou——herchild?A.hadn’thelpedB.couldn’thelpC.wouldn’thelpD.didn’thelp3Itisstrangethathe——so.A.thinksB.thinkC.thoughtD.willthink4IfI——withherlastsummer,I——withher\nnow.A.worked…amgettingonverywellB.hadworked…wouldgetonverywellC.hadworked…wouldhavegotonverywellD.hadworked…willgetonverywell5IwishI——myuncleyesterday.A.metB.havemetC.wouldmeetD.hadmet6Theoldprofessorgaveordersthattheexperiment——before6.A.wasfinishedB.willfinishC.befinishedD.shallbefinished7It’shightimehe———home.A.goesB.wentC.willgoD.isgoingtogo8——yousucceedand———youbehealthy.\nA.May…mayB.Wish…wishCHope…hopeD.Should…may9Galileoinsistedthattheearth——roundthesun.A.shouldmoveB.moveC.movesD.AorB10Iwasverybusyyesterday,otherwiseI____tothemeeting.A.cameB.wouldcomeC.hadcomeD.wouldhavecome11Supposingtheweather____bad,wherewouldtheygo?A.willbeB.isC.wereD.be12____yourletter,Iwouldhavestartedofftwodaysago.A.IfIreceivedB.ShouldIreceiveC.IfIcouldhavereceivedD.HadIreceived13IfonlyI____tomyparents’advice!\nA.listeningB.listenC.amlisteningD.hadlistened14Ifit____rainnextweek,thefarmerscouldstillhaveagoodharvest.A.shouldB.couldC.wouldD.might15---Whydidn’tyoucometothepartyyesterday?---I___,butanunexpectedvisitorcametoseeme.A.didB.wouldC.hadD.wasgoingto16I’dratheryou____methenews.A.nottellB.nottotellC.didn’ttellD.hadn’ttold17I____tostaythereforonemoreweek,butIchangedmymind.A.wouldhavehopedB.washopingChadhopedD.hoped18Hissilenceatthemeetingsuggestedthathe\n____toyourplan.A.shouldn’tagreeB.wouldn’tagreeChadn’tagreedD.didn’tagree19He____thejobwell,buthe____socareless.A.hadn’tdone,hadbeenB.couldhavedone,wasC.coulddo,wasD.haddone,hadbeen20LiLingactedthatwayasthoughhe____aforeigner.A.wereB.hadbeenC.shouldbeD.IsKeys:1-5AABBD6-10CBACD11-15CDDAD16-20CCDBA