高中英语必备语法 53页

高中英语语法第一章名词性从句　　在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(NounClauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语.宾语.表语.同位语.介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句.宾语从句.表语从句和同位语从句。一．主语从句　　主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1.It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：a)Itisapitythatyoudidn’tgotoseethefilm.你不去看那场电影真可惜。b)Itdoesn’tinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot.　我对你成功与否不感兴趣。c)Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.　谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型）d)ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.　是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型）2.用it作形式主语的结构(1)Itis＋名词＋从句Itisafactthat…事实是…Itisanhonorthat…非常荣幸Itiscommonknowledgethat…是常识(2)Itis＋形容词＋从句Itisnaturalthat…很自然…Itisstrangethat…奇怪的是…(3)Itis＋不及物动词＋从句Itseemsthat…似乎…Ithappenedthat…碰巧…Itappearsthat…似乎…(4)It＋过去分词＋从句Itisreportedthat…据报道…Ithasbeenprovedthat…已证实…Itissaidthat…据说…3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况\n（1）if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。（2）Itissaid/reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：ItissaidthatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweek.错误表达：ThatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweekissaid.（3）Ithappens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination.错误表达：Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim.（4）Itdoesn’tmatterhow/whether…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.错误表达：Whetherheiswrongornotdoesn’tmatter.（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：Isitlikelythatitwillrainintheevening?错误表达：Isthatwillrainintheeveninglikely?4.what与that在引导主语从句时的区别what引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that则不然。例如：a)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.b)Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation二．宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。1.作动词的宾语(1)由that引导的宾语从句(that通常可以省略),例如：Iheardthatbejoinedthearmy.我听说他参军了。(2)由what,whether(if)引导的宾语从句，例如：a)Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.　她不知道发生了什么。b)Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme.　我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。(3)动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.　她对我说她会接受我的邀请。2.作介词的宾语Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother.　我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。3.作形容词的宾语Iamafraid(that)I’vemadeamistake.　我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。\n注意：that引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content等。也可以将此类词后的that从句的看作原因状语从句。4.it可以作为形式宾语it不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如：Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。5.后边不能直接跟that从句的动词这类动词有allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,condemn,celebrate,dislike,love,help,take,forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：正确表达：Iadmiretheirwinningthematch.错误表达：Iadmirethattheywonthematch.6.不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy,order,accuse,refuse,impress,forgive,blame,denounce,advise,congratulate等。例如：正确表达：Heimpressedthemanagerasanhonestman.错误表达：Heimpressedthemanagerthathewasanhonestman.7.否定的转移若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。三.表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有thereasonisthat…和Itisbecause等结构。例如：1)Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.2)Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople.3)Butthefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.4)Thereasonheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.四.同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。\n1.同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：1)Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.2)Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.2.同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetingwasputoff.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。(2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：1)ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）2)ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）名词性从句专项练习1.______hedoeshasnothingtodowithme.A.whateverB.NomatterwhatC.ThatD.If2.Themanagercameoverandaskedthecustomerhow______A.didthequarrelcameaboutB.thequarrelhadcomeaboutC.hadthequarrelcomeaboutD.hadthequarrelcomeabout3.Energyis______makesthingwork..A.whatB.somethingC.anythingD.that4.Informationhasbeenputforward______moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.A.whileB.thatC.whenD.as5.Thisis______theShenzhouVSpaceshiplanded.A.thereB.inwhichC.whereD.\nwhen6.Theyhavenoideaatall______.A.wherehehasgoneB.wheredidhegoC.whichplacehashegoneD.wherehashegone7.Thedoctordidalottoreducethepatient’sfear______hewoulddieofthedisease.A.thatB.whichC.ofwhichD.ofthat8.Theordercame______thesoldiers______thesmallvillagethenextmorning.A.that;hadtoleaveB.that;shouldleaveC./;mustleaveD.when;shouldleave9.______isnopossibility______Bobcanwinthefirstprizeinthematch.A.There;thatB.It;thatC.there;whetherD.It;whether10.Thequestioncameupatthemeeting______wehadenoughmoneyforourresearch.A.thatB.whichC.whetherD.if11.Is______hesaidreallytrue?A.thatB.whatC.whyD.whether12.______themeetingshouldlasttwodaysorthreedaysdoesn’tmatter.A.ThatB.WhetherC.IfD.Where13.Itworriedherabit______herhairwasturninggray.A.whileB.ifC.thatD.for14.______morecountriescanusenaturalenergyinthefutureremainstobeseen.A.WhetherB.ThisC.whoD.If15.______hewillgotoworkinamountainvillagesurprisesallofus.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhetherD.If16.____youdon’tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhoD.How17.____alltheinventionshaveincommonis____theyhavesucceeded.A.What;whatB.That;thatC.what;thatD.That;what18.____appearedtomethatheenjoyedthefoodverymuch.A.WhatB.ItC.AllthatD.That19.Itiswidely______thatsmokingcancausecancer.\nA.believedB.thinkC.sayD.hoped20.______causedtheaccidentisstillacompletemystery.A.WhatB.ThatC.HowD.Where21.Thelimitsofaperson’sintelligence,generallyspeaking,arefixedatbirth,but________hereachestheselimitswilldependonhisenvironment.A.whereB.whetherC.thatD.why22.Evidencehasbeenfoundthroughyearsofstudy______children’searlysleepingproblemsarelikelytocontinuewhentheygrowup.A.whyB.howC.whetherD.that23.Itisbynomeansclearthepresidentcandotoendthestrike.A.howB.whichC.thatD.what24.Jerrydidnotregretgivingthecommentbutfelt______hecouldhaveexpresseditdifferently.A.whyB.howC.thatD.whether25.Wepromise_____attendsthepartyachancetohaveaphototakenwiththemoviestar.A.whoB.whomC.whoeverD.whomever26.Asmanyasfivecoursesareprovided,andyouarefreetochoose_____suitsyoubest.A.whateverB.whicheverC.wheneverD.wherever27.Itdoesn’tmatter_____youpaybycashorcreditcardinthisstore.A.howB.whetherC.whatD.why28.Everyoneinthevillageisveryfriendly.Itdoesn’tmatter___youhavelivedthereforashortoralongtime.A.whyB.howC.whetherD.when29.Itdoesn’tmatter______youturnrightorleftatthecrossing—bothroadsleadtothepark.A.whetherB.howC.ifD.when30.Itsuddenlyoccurredtohim___hehadlefthiskeysintheoffice.A.whetherB.whereC.whichD.that31.Thenewcomerwenttothelibrarytheotherdayandsearchedfor_____hecouldfindaboutMarkTwain.A.whereverB.howeverC.whateverD.whichever32.Scientistsstudy____humanbrainsworktomakecomputers.\nA.whenB.howC.thatD.whether33.Imadeapromisetomyself___thisyear,myfirstyearinhighschool,wouldbedifferent.A.whetherB.whatC.thatD.how34.Thenoticecamearoundtwointheafternoon_____themeetingwouldbepostponed.A.whenB.thatC.whetherD.how35.__________BarbaraJonesofferstoherfansishonestyandhappiness.A.WhichB.WhatC.ThatD.Whom36.Theshockingnewsmademerealize________terribleproblemswewouldface.A.whatB.howC.thatD.why37.Thereisclearevidence_____themostdifficultfeelingofalltointerpretisbodilypain.A.whatB.ifC.howD.that38.Themessageyouintendtoconveythroughwordsmaybetheexactoppositeof_____othersactuallyunderstand.A.whyB.thatC.whichD.what39.Iamafraidhe’smoreofatalkerthanadoer,whichis______heneverfinishesanything.A.thatB.whenC.whereD.why40.We’veofferedherthejob,butIdon’tknow______she’llacceptit.A.whereB.whatC.whetherD.which41.Thevillagershavealreadyknown______we’lldoistorebuildthebridge.A.thisB.thatC.whatD.which42.Itwasneverclear_______themanhadn’treportedtheaccidentsooner.A.thatB.howC.whenD.why43.Hiswritingissoconfusingthatit’sdifficulttomakeout_____itisheistryingtoexpress.A.thatB.howC.whoD.what44.Ourteachersalwaystellustobelievein________wedoandwhoweareifwewanttosucceed.A.whyB.howC.whatD.which45.Twentystudentswanttoattendtheclassthataimstoteach______\ntoreadfast.A.whatB.whoC.howD.why46.Modernsciencehasgivenclearevidence______smokingcanleadtomanydiseases.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.where47.I’dliketostartmyownbusiness----that’s____I’ddoifIhadthemoney.A.whyB.whenC.whichD.what48.Itisstillunderdiscussion__________theoldbusstationshouldbereplacedwithamodernhotelornot.A.whetherB.whenC.whichD.where49.Itisnotalwayseasyforthepublictosee_______useanewinventioncanbeoftohumanlife.A.whoseB.whatC.whichD.that50.Beforeaproblemcanbesolved,itmustbeobvious______theproblemitselfis.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.why51.Asanewgraduate,hedoesn’tknowittakestostartabusinesshere.A.howB.whatC.WhenD.which52.somepeopleregardasadrawbackisseenasaplusbymanyothers.A.WhetherB.WhatC.ThatD.How53.Whenchanginglanes,adrivershouldusehisturningsignaltoletotherdriversknow.A.heisenteringwhichlaneB.whichlaneheisenteringC.isheenteringwhichlaneD.whichlaneisheentering54.Wehaven’tdiscussedyet______wearegoingtoplaceournewfurniture.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.where55.IwanttobelikedandlovedforIaminside.A.whoB.whereC.whatD.how56.—IprefershuttingmyselfinandlisteningtomusicalldayonSundays.—That’s_______Idon’tagree.Youshouldhaveamoreactivelife.A.whereB.howC.whenD.what57.PartofthereasonCharlesDickenslovedhisownnovel,David\nCopperfield,was__itwasrathercloselymodeledonhisownlife.A.whatB.thatC.whyD.whether58.Thefacthasworriedmanyscientists______theearthisbecomingwarmerandwarmertheseyears.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.though59.Thecompaniesareworkingtogethertocreatetheyhopewillbethebestmeansoftransportinthe21stcentury.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.who60.Havingcheckedthedoorswereclosed，andallthelightswereoff，theboyopenedthedoortohisbedroom.A.whyB.thatC.whenD.where\nKeys:1—5ABABC6—10AABAC11—15BBCAB16—20BCBAA21—25BDDCD26—30ABCAD1—35CBCBB36—40ADDDC41—45CDDCC46—50CCABA51—55BBBDC56—60DBCCC\n名词性从句在写作中的应用1.Weweredrivingoutintothecountry,andwesawourEnglishteacherridinginabus,andthebuswascrowded._______________________________________________________________________2.①Kateisanewstudent.②Shecomesfromanorthernprovince.③Shespeaksadialect.④Wefindithardtounderstandherdialect______________________________________________________________________3.①NoteveryoneisgoodatlearningEnglish.②ChildrenfromprimaryschoolstarttolearnEnglishandChineseatthesametime.③ThiswillaffecttheirChinesestudy.___________________________________________________________________4①Therearemanywrongly-writtencharactersinstudents’compositions.②Theyoftenuseweblanguageswhenchattingonline.___________________________________________________________________________5.①Theyhavemuchhomeworktodoeveryday.②Theyfailtomemorizethenewcharacters___________________________________________________________________________语言知识综合能力练习01I'dbeentravellingforlonghoursonalonelycountryroadwhenIhadaflattyre．SoIhadtostopandgetthetoolsto36theproblem．Itcertainlywasn't37doingthiswithawhiteshirtandsuiton．Nightfallwasapproaching．Suddenlyacarpulled38frombehindme．Amangotoutandofferedto39me．Seeinghisunpleasantappearance\nandtattoos（纹身）onhisarm,Ibecame40asthoughtsofrobberiesflashedthroughmymind．But41Icouldsayanythinghehadalreadybeguntotakethetoolstochangethe42．WhilewatchinghimIhappenedtolookbackathiscarandnoticedsomeonesittinginthepassengerseat．Thishad43me．Then,without44,itbegantorain．HesuggestedthatIwaitinhiscarbecausemycarwasunsafe．Astherainincreased,gettinguswetwithinsecondsI45agreed．WhenIsettledintothebackseat,awoman'svoicecamefromthefrontseat．"Areyouallright?"Sheturnedaroundtome．"Yes,Iam,"Irepliedwithmuch46whenseeinganoldwomanthere．ItmustbehisMom,Ithought．Tomy47,theoldwomanwasaneighborofthemanwhowashelpingme．"Jeffinsistedonstoppingwhenhesawyou48withthetyre．""Iamgratefulforhishelp,"Isaid．"Me,too!"shesaidwithasmile．Hehelpeddrivehertoseeherhusbandtwiceaweekinanursinghome．Shealsosaidthathe49atthechurchandtutoreddisadvantagedstudents．TherainstoppedandJeffandIchangedthetyre．Itriedtoofferhimmoneyandofcoursehe_50__it．ItwasshamefulthatIjudgedpeoplebythewaythey51AsweshookhandsIbegantoapologizeformy52.Hesaid,"Iexperiencethatsame53often.Peoplewholooklikemedon'tdonicethings．I54thoughtaboutchangingtheway．ButthenIsawthisasachancetomakea55.SoI'llleaveyouwiththesamequestionIaskeveryonewhotakestimetoknowme．IfJesusreturnedtomorrowandwalkedamongusagain,wouldyourecognizeHimbywhatHeworeorbywhatHedid?"36．A．findB．makeC．fixD．avoid37．A．usefulB．easyC．wiseD．lucky38．A．upB．outC．onD．round39．A．carryB．liftC．driveD．help40．A．discouragedB．frightenedC．disappointedD．astonished41．A．whenB．untilC．asD．before42．A．tyreB．suitC．expressionD．shirt43．A．embarrassedB．concernedC．discouragedD．puzzled44．A．warningB．realizingC．knowingD．waiting45．A．directlyB．happilyC．hurriedlyD．unwillingly46．A．fearB．satisfactionC．reliefD．excitement47．A．regretB．amusementC．surpriseD．delight48．A．workingB．repairingC．fightingD．struggling\n49．A．studiedB．performedC．grewD．volunteered50．A．refusedB．keptC．ignoredD．left51．A．behavedB．spokeC．lookedD．thought52．A．selfishnessB．stupidityC．weaknessD．disability53．A．lifeB．incidentC．reactionD．change54．A．hardlyB．actuallyC．finallyD．probably55．A．pointB．startC．remarkD．comparison第二章“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解　　"It"用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英语语法的重点.难点，又是近几年高考的热点，因此应给予充分的重视，现将it用法归纳如下：一.It用作实词　　表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this,that；替代前文中的内容；指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；指代时间.天气.气候.距离等自然现象……二.It用作形式主语　　替代作主语的从句.动词不定式.动名词，而把真正作主语的从句.动词不定式.动名词置于句尾。It作形式主语的常见句型：1.代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为(1)Itbeadj.(forsb.)todosth.此处adj.通常为描述事件的形容词：easy,difficult,hard,necessary,unnecessary,possible,impossible,likely,unlikely,right,wrong,important,unimportant,legal,illegal,well-mannered,ill-mannered,polite,impolite,clear,obvious,certain,suitable,proper,fit,useful,useless,dangerous…例Itisillegal(forateenager)todriveacarwithoutalicense.(2)Itbeadj.ofsb.todosth.此处adj.通常为描述人的形容词：kind,unkind,nice,rude,cruel,considerate,thoughtful,thoughtless,careful,careless,silly,foolish,stupid,clever,wise,crazy.例It'skindofyoutohelpmewiththeproblem.(3)It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型It'snogood/usedoing…It's(well)worthdoing…It's(well)worthone'swhiledoing/todo…It's(well)worthwhiledoing/todo\n例It'snousecryingoverspiltmilk.2.It替代作主语的从句常见句型(1)Itis+noun+从句例Itisnosecretthatthepresidentwantstohaveasecondtermatoffice.(2)Itisadj.+clauseIt'ssurprisingthat…(should)………竟然……It'sapity/shamethat…(should)………竟然……例It'simportantthatyoushouldapologizetoherforyourrudeness.(=It'sofmuchimportancethatyoushouldapologizetoherforyourrudeness.)(3)Itverbsb.+clause=Itisv-ing+clauseIt+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze/bother/concern/frighten/please/angersb.that…例Itworriedmethatshedrovesofast.(=Itwasworryingthatshedrovesofast.)(4)Itverb(tosb.)that…=sb/sthverbtodo(verb=appear,seem,comeabout,emerge,follow,chance,happen,occur,transpire,turnout,workout)例It(so)happened/chancedthattheywereout.(=Theyhappened/chancedtobeout.)(5)Itisv-edthat…=sb/sthistodo(verb=say,report,think,believe,hope,expect,agree,accept,decide,determine,intend,plan,understand,know）例Itissaidthatthecouplehavegottendivorced.(=Thecouplearesaidtohavegottendivorced.)(6)Itisv-edthat…(should)…(verb=demand,request,require,order,suggest,advise,recommend例Itissuggestedthattheyshouldbeginwiththethirdquestion.三.It作主语的句型1.Ittakessb.…todo…(=sbtakes…todo…)某人用多长时间做某事例Ittookthemenaweektomendourroof.(=Thementookaweektomendourroof.)2.It's(just)(un)likesb.todo…（不）像某人做某事的风格例Itwas(just)likehimtothinkofhelpingus.3.It's(about/high)timethat…should/v-ed…是该做某事的时候了\n例It's(about/high)timethatweshouldtakeaction.4.It'sthex-thtime(that)…havev-ed…第几次做某事了例It'sthethirdtimethathehasfailedthedrivingtest.5.Itis/hasbeen…since…continuousv-ed(延续性动词)某动作已有多长时间不发生了例It's10yearsthathelivedhere6.Itwas(not)…before…过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了例Itwasnotlongbeforetheyarrived.四.It作形式宾语用来替代作宾语的从句.动词不定式.动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句.动词不定式.动名词置于句尾。It作形式宾语的常见句型：1.verb+it+adj./noun(for/of)todo/clause(verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep…)例Ithinkithardforyoutodothetaskonyourown./Ithinkithardthatyou'lldothetaskonyourown.2.verb+it+adj./noun(one's)doing(adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=nouse/nogood/worthone'swhile/awasteoftime/money/energy/words)(verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep…)例I'llmakeitworthyourwhiletellingmeabouthissecret.3.verb+it+important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essentialthat…(should)…verb+it+ofmuch/great/no/littleimportancethat…(should)…(verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep…)例Ithinkitimportantthatyou(should)attendtheconference.4.verb+it+as+noun/adj.+clause(verb=accept,regard,take,see,view)例Thelecturertakesitasencouragingwhensomanystudentsattendhislecture.5.v.+it+prep.+that…oweittosb.that…把…归功于…leaveittosbthat…把…留给某人去做takeitforgrantedthat…想当然keepitinmindthat…例Don'tbothertoarrangeanything.Justleaveittometosort\nout.6.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy,like,love,dislike,resent,hate,don'tmind,befondof,feellike,seeto宾语从句紧跟it之后例IhateityoucanswimsowellandIcan't.7.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后（exceptthat例外）例I'mforitthatyouwillfollowtheiradvice.五.强调句型Itis/was+被强调部分+that(who)…强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用who。在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点：1.请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句例Whenwasitthathechangedhismindtotakepartintheactivity？2.在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由because所引导的从句例Itwasbecausehewasillthathedidn'tcometoschoolyesterday.3.在强调not…until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上例ItwasnotuntilshetookoffherdarkglassesthatIrealizedshewasmybrother.4.注意强调句型与定语从句的区别例Itwasat7o'clockthathecamehereyesterday.(强调句型)Itwas7o'clockwhenhecamehereyesterday.(定语从句)六.It常用的固定搭配1.makeit(1).在口语当中相当于succeed,表示：成功.做到.说定.赶上.及时到达例It'shardtomakeittothetopinshowbusiness.(2).在口语中相当于fixthedatefor,表示“约定好时间”例—Shallwemeetnextweek?—OK.WejustmakeitnextSaturday.2.asitis(1).相当于infact,inreality表示“事实上，实际情况是……”例Wehadplanedtofinishthetasktoday,butasitisweprobablywon'tfinishituntilnextweek.(2).相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样”例Leavethetableasitis.\n3.asitwere相当于asonemightsay,thatistosay,表示“也就是说，可以说，换句话说”例Heis,asitwere,amodernSherlockHolmes.4.ifitweren'tfor…/ifithadn'tbeenfor…用来引导虚拟语气，相当于without,orbutfor,表示“如果不是……，要不是……”例Ifitweren'tforTom,Iwouldn'tbealivetoday.5.that'sit(1).相当于That'sall.That'ssomuch.表示“至此为止，没有别的了”例Youcanhaveonemoresweet,andthat'sit.(2).相当于That'sright.表示“对啦”例—Iguessthekeytotheproblemisthechoice“A”—That'sit.6.catchit在口语中，相当于bepunished/scoldedfordoingsth.wrong.表示“因做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚”例We'llreallycatchitformourteacherifwe'relateforclassagain.7.haveit(1).相当于say,insist表示“说，主张，表明，硬说”例Rumourhasitthattheyaregettingdivorced.(2).相当于gettoknowsomething,表示“了解，知道，获悉”例IhaditfromJohnthatshewasgoingabroad.8.havewhatittakes在口语中，相当于bewellqualifiedfor,表示“具有成功的条件”例Youcantakeitfrommethatyourdaughterhaswhatittakestobeastar.9.soitseems/appears.10.Keepatit!(Don'tgiveup!)相当于goon,表示“继续做，不放弃”例Myteacheraskedmetokeepatit.11.Goit!(Goon!)拼命干,莽撞12.Nowyouhavedoneit!(Youhavedonesth.wrong.)13.Nowyou'llcatchit!(You'llbepunished.)14.Asithappened,…在口语中，相当于it'sapitythat…,表示“真不凑巧，真遗憾”例Asithappened,theywereout.15.Asitturnedout,…在口语中，相当于itwasfoundtobeintheend,表示“最后被证明是”例Asitturnedout,hisstatementwasfalse.\n16.Suchasitis(theyare)在口语中，相当于althoughitmaynotbeworthmuch,表示“虽然没有多大价值”例Youcanborrowmyexamnotebook,suchasitis.17.Takeit/thingseasy.相当于Don'tworryordon'thurry.用来劝告别人，表示“不要慌，别担心，存住气”例Takeiteasy!Hewilldoitwell.18.Takeitfromme.在口语中，相当于believemewhatIsay.表示“请相信我的话，我敢担保”例Youcantakeitfrommethathewillmakeitthistime.19.Forwhatitisworth…在口语中，相当于althoughI'mnotsureit'sofvalue,表示“不管其价值如何”例HereisthearticleIpromiseyou,forwhatit'sworth.20.Worthit在口语中，相当于useful,表示“有好处，值得做”例Don'thesitateaboutit!It'sworthit.21.Believeitornot.表示“信不信由你”例Believeitornot,TomisgettingmarriedtoMarynextSunday.22.Takeitorleaveit.v.要么接受要么放弃例Thatismylastoffer.Youcantakeitorleaveit.23.Italldepends/thatalldepends在口语中，相当于ithasn'tbeendecidedyet,表示“那得看情况，还没有定下来”例—Areyougoingtothecountrysideforholiday?—It/Thatalldepends.24.It'suptosb.在口语中，相当于it'sdecidedbysb.表示“由……决定，由……负责，取决于……”例—Shallwegooutfordinner?—It'suptoyou.\n“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配专练1.WasitduringtheSecondWorldWar_____hedied?A.thatB.whileC.inwhichD.then2.Is____necessarytocompletethedesignbeforeNationalDay?A.thisB.thatC.itD.he3.Idon'tthink____possibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithoutmuchmemorywork.A.thisB.thatC.itsD.it4.Does______matterifhecan'tfinishthejobontime?A.thisB.thatC.heD.it5.Itwasnot_____shetookoffherglasses_____Irealizedshewasafamousfilmstar.A.when,thatB.until,thatC.until,thatD.when,then6.Iwasdisappointedwiththefilm.Ihadexpected______tobemuchbetter.A.thatB.thisC.oneD.it7.Itwasnotuntil1920______regularradiobroadcastsbegan.A.whileB.whichC.thatD.since8.______isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It9.ItwasonlywhenIrereadthispoemsrecently_____Ibegantoappreciatetheirbeauty.A.untilB.thatC.thenD.so10.Ihate_____whenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull.A.itB.thatC.theseD.them11.Itistheabilitytodothejob_____mattersnotwhereyoucomefromorwhatyouare.A.oneB.thatC.whatD.it12.Ilike___intheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright.A.thisB.thatC.itD.one13.—Doyoulike___here?—Oh,yes.Theair,theweather,thewayoflife.Everythingissonice.A.thisB.TheseC.ThatD.it14.Weneededanewcupboardforthekitchen.SoPetermade___fromsomewood.A.itB.OneC.HimselfD.another15.TheforeignMinistersaid,"_____ourhopethatthetwosideswillworktowardspeace."A.ThisisB.ThereisC.ThatisD.It\nis16._____isreportedinthenewspaper,talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What17.—Howoftendoyoueatout?—________,butusuallyonceaweek.A.HavenoideaB.ItdependsC.AsusualD.Generallyspeaking18.Wewantedtogethomebeforedark,butitdidn'tquite_____asplaned.A.makeoutB.turnoutC.goonD.comeup19.—Whatdoyouwanttodonext?Wehavehalfanhouruntilthebasketballgame.—________.Whateveryouwanttodoisfinewithme.A.ItjustdependsB.It'suptoyouC.AllrightD.Gladtohearthat20.Itwas____backhomeaftertheexperiment.A.notuntilmidnightdidhegoB.untilmidnightthathedidn'tgoC.notuntilmidnightthathewentD.untilmidnightwhenhedidn'tgoKEYS:1-5ACDDB6-10DCDBA11-15ACDBD16-20BBBBC\n第三章高中英语语法中的省略现象　　在英语语言中，为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变，这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下：一.并列复合句中的省略在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如：a)Theboypickedupacoinintheroadand(theboy)handedittoapoliceman.这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。b)Youradvicemademehappybut(youradvicemade)Tomangry.你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。c)TommusthavebeenplayingbasketballandMary(musthavebeen)doingherhomework.汤姆肯定一直在打篮球，玛丽一直在写作业。d)GaoXiuminwasbornin1959andFuBiao(wasborn)in1963.高秀敏出生于1959年，傅彪出生于1963年。二.主从复合句中的省略1．状语从句中的省略　　一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句；由whether,if,unless等引导的条件状语从句；由though,although,evenif,whatever等引导的让步状语从句；由as,than等引导的比较状语从句；由as,asif,asthough等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则：1)当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：(1)连词（as,asif,once）+名词;(2)连词（though,whether,when）+形容词；(3)连词(whether,asif,while)+介词短语；(4)连词(when,while,though)+现在分词；(5)连词(when,if,evenif,unless,once,until,than,as)+过去分词；(6)连词(asif,asthough)+不定式。如：a)Once(hewas)aworker,PangLongnowbecomesafamoussinger.庞龙曾经是个工　人，现在变成一位著名的歌手。b)Workhardwhen(youare)young,oryou'llregret.趁年轻要努力学习，要不然你会后悔的。c)Helookedeverywhereasif(hewas)insearchofsomething.他到处看似乎在找什么东西。d)While(hewas)holdingtalkswithPresidentHuJintao,USPresidentGeorgeW.BushthankedChinaforitsimportantroleintheSix-PartyTalks.美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时，感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。\ne)Theexhibitionismoreinterestingthan(itwas)expected.这次展览比被预料的有趣的多。f)OlympicgoldmedallisthurdlerLiuXiangopenedhislipsasif(hewere)tospeak。奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。注意：1)当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略,如：Herfathertoldhertobecarefulwhen(shewas)crossingthestreet.当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。2)当从句的主语是it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if,unless,when,whenever)+形容词的结构。如：Unless(itis)necessary,you'dbetternotrefertothedictionary.如果没有必要，你最好不要查字典。2．定语从句中的省略1）一般说来，在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom可以省略；如：Isthisreason(that)heexplainedatthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗？（2002上海春季）　　而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词which,whom不可以省略。试比较：Tom(whom)yousawyesterdayfellill.(whom可以省)你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。Tom,whomyousawyesterday,fellill.(whom不可以省)汤姆病倒了，你昨天见到他了。2）在口语和非正式用语中，关系副词when,where,和why经常用that来代替，甚至还可省略。如：a)Thisisthefirsttime(when/that)hehadtroublewiththeboss.这是他第一次麻烦老板。b)Hewantstofindagoodplace(where/that)wecanhaveapicnicduringthe“goldenweek”holiday.他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。c)Couldyoutellusthereason(why/that)hewassounhappy?你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗？3）当先行词为表示方式的theway时，从句不能用how来引导，应该用that或inwhich，或将它们全部省略。如：Idon'tliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。3．宾语从句中的省略1）在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词that\n一般可以省略；但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。如：a)Ithink(that)thereformoftherenminbi'sexchangerateisnecessary.我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。b)Hesaid(that)theAnti-secessionlawhadbeenpassedandthatPresidentHuJintaohadsignedapresidentialorder他说《反分裂国家法》已被通过，而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。2）由which,when,where,how,和why引导的宾语从句，可以全部或部分省略。如：a)IknowthatNBAstarYaoMingwillcometoourcitybutIdon’tknowwhen(hewillcometoourcity).我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。b)Hewantstomoveabroadbuthisparentswonderswhy(hewantstomoveabroad)他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。4．在与suggest,request,order,advise等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚拟语气形式“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。如：Chirac,PresidentoftheRepublicofFrancesuggestedthattheChina-FranceCultureYear(should)lastlonginvariousforms.法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。5．主句省略多用于句首。如：(Itisa)PitythatIdidn’tgotoMary'sbirthdaypartyyesterday.很遗憾，我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。6．在答语中，主句可全部省略。如：—WhywereyouabsentfromschoollastFriday?—(Iwasabsentfromschool)Becausemymotherwasill.—上周五你为什么没有上学？—因为我妈妈病了。三.简单句中的省略1．省略主语1）祈使句中的主语通常被省略如：(You)Openthedoor,　please.请开一下门。2)其它省略主语多限于现成的说法如：a)(I)Thankyouforyourhelp谢谢你的帮助。b)(It)Doesn’tmatter.没关系。2．省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分如：a)(Thereis)Nosmoking.　禁止抽烟b)(Isthere)anythingelse?还有其他事吗？c)(Youcome)Thiswayplease.请这边走。d)(Willyou)Haveasmoke?抽烟吗？3．省略宾语如：\n—DoyouknowMr.Li?你认识李先生吗？—Idon’tknow(him.)我不认识他4．省略表语如：—Areyouthirsty?你30岁了吗？　Yes,Iam(thirsty).　是的，我是。5．同时省略几个成分如：a)—Areyoufeelingbetternow?你觉得好些了吗？—(Iamfeeling)Muchbetter(now)好多了。b)(Iwish)Goodluck(toyou).祝你好运/祝你顺利。四.动词不定式省略，只保留to的场合1．不定式作某些动词的宾语时，这些动词常见的有：love,like,care,wish,hope,expect,prefer,refuse,mean,try,oblige,advise,persuade,agree,want,afford,forget,remember,try,manage等。如：a)—Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft.—Imeantto,butwhenIwasleavingIcouldn’tfindheranywhere.—你本该在离开前谢谢她。—我本打算这么做，但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。（2000上海春）b)Youcandoitthiswayifyouliketo.如果你想做，你可以这么做。2．不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时，这些动词常见的有：ask,tell,advise,force,persuade,wish,allow,permit,forbid,expect,order,warn等。如：a)Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhimnotto.男孩想在街上骑他的自行车，但他母亲不让。(NMET1995)b)Shewantstocomebutherparentswon’tallowherto(come).　她想来，可是她父母不让。3．不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时，常见的形容词有：happy,glad,eager,anxious,willing,ready等。如：　—Iwillbeawayonabusinesstrip.Couldyoumindlookingaftermycat?　—Notatall.Iwouldbehappyto(lookafteryourcat).　—我要出差，你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗？—没关系，我很愿意。4．不定式作某些复合谓语时，常见结构如：beableto,begoingto,haveto,oughtto,usedto等。如：　Hedoesn’tlikefishbutheusedto他现在不喜欢吃鱼，但过去喜欢。五.动词不定式to的省略1．主语部分有todo,系动词is或was时，作表语的不定式通常省去to。如：　Theonlythingyouhavetodoispressthebutton.你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。2．作介词but,expect,besides的宾语，前面又有实意动词do时，不定式通常省去to.如：　HesaidthatChenShuibianhadnothingtodoexceptpusha\npro-“independence”timetable.他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外，什么也没有做。3．主语部分暗含todo，表语中的不定式通常省去to。如：　AllIwant(todo)isgotoschoolandstudyhard.我想要（做）的就是上学，努力学习。4．当两个或多个不定式并列时，其后的不定式符号可以省略，但有对比关系时不可省略。如：　Itiseasiertosaythantodo.说起来容易，做起来难。5．在wouldrather…than…等结构中，不定式符号常常要省略.如：　Iwouldratherstayathomethangotoseeafilm.我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。6．在see,watch,notice,hear,listento,lookat,feel,have,make,let,observe等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to；why(not)do结构中,不定式不带to。如：　a)Isawherentertheroom.我看见她进入了房间　b)Whynotjoinus?为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢？六．其他一些省略结构1．名词所有格修饰的名词，若表示住宅.店铺.教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如：　WespenttheweekendattheMary's.　我们在玛丽家过的周末。2．What和how引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语it和be动词如：a)Whatawonderfulvictory(itis)forTom!这对Tom来说是个多么大的胜利呀！b)Howbeautiful(itis)tobetreatedlikeanormalchild.被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。省略句专项练习1.—Lucy，couldyoupleasesparemeafewminutes?—____，butIhope"afewminutes"won'tturnintoafewhours.A.Itdoesn'tmatterB.That'skindofyouC.I'mafraidnot    D.Iguessso2.—Hey，taxi!—_____—Iwanttogotothedentist's.A.Goodmorning,sir.  B.Nicetoseeyou,sir. \nC.Whereto,sir?   D.Whatareyougoingtodo,sir?3.Thedoctorexpresseshisstrongdesirethatthepatient_____immediately.A.beoperatedon B.operatedon  C.wasoperatedon   D.wouldbeoperatedon4.Whenhecameback,hefoundthebaghehad____overtheseatwasgone.A.lefttohang  B.lefthanging  C.lefthung   D.toleavehanging5.LiuXiangspokeslowlytotheSpecialOlympiccompetitorssoastohavethem____.A.understandhim   B.tobeunderstood   C.beunderstood   D.tounderstandhim6.—ArethereanyEnglishstorybooksforusstudentsinthelibrary?—Thereareonlyafew,____.A.ifany   B.ifhave   C.ifsome    D.ifhas8.—DoesBettyknowwhereherviolinis?—Shesawsomebodywalkingoffwithone,butshedoesn'tknow____.A.whose   B.it     C.whom    D.which9.—Aren'tyouthemanager?—No,andI____.A.don'twant    B.don'twantto      C.don'twanttobe D.don't10.—Howareyougettingonwithyourwork?—Oh,I'msorry.Thingsaren'tgoingsowellas____.A.plans   B.planning   C.planned     D.toplan11.—What'sthematterwithyou?\n—Ididn'tpassthetest,butIstill____.A.hopeso   B.hopeto    C.hopeit    D.hopethat12.Thedoctordidwhathecould___theboy,butinvain.A.save   B.tosave    C.saving     D.saved13.—Youlookhappytoday,Mary.—IlikemynewdressandMother___,too.A.likes    B.does     C.is      D.do14.—Whathappenedtotheboy?Hewasmakingsomuchnoise.—Hewantedtoplayfootball,buthismotherwarnedhim____.A.not    B.to     C.notto    D./15.____foryourbrother,IwouldnothavegonetoseeMr.Wang.A.Ifitisnot  B.Wereitnot     C.Haditnotbeen     D.Iftheywerenot省略句练习1.Whenfirst________tothemarket,theseproductsenjoyedgreatsuccess.(NMET2004全国卷II)A.introducingB.introducedC.introduceD.beingintroduced2.Itshamesmetosayit,butItoldaliewhen________atthemeetingbymyboss.(NMET2004全国卷IV)A.questioningB.havingquestionedC.questionedD.tobequestioned3.Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasif________whetherhewasgoingintherightdirection.(NMET2003安徽春)A.seeingB.havingseenC.tohaveseenD.tosee4.Generallyspeaking,________accordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.(NMET2003上海卷)A.whentakingB.whentakenC.whentotakeD.\nwhentobetaken5.Unless________tospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference.(NMET2003上海春)A.invitedB.invitingC.beinginvitedD.havinginvited6.When________,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.(NMET2002上海春)A.completedB.completingC.beingcompletedD.tobecompleted7.Though________money,hisparentsman-agedtosendhimtouniversity.(NMET2002上海卷)A.lackedB.lackingofC.lackingD.lackedin8.Theresearchissodesignedthatonce________nothingcanbedonetochangeit.(NMET2002)A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginningD.begun9.—You'realwaysworking.Comeon,let'sgoshopping.—________youeverwanttodoisgoingshopping.(NMET2002北京.安徽.内蒙古春)A.AnythingB.SomethingC.AllD.That10.Isthisthereason________atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?(NMET2002上海春)A.heexplainedB.whatheexplainedC.howheexplainedD.whyheexplained11.Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbut________hesaidit.(NMET2004湖北卷)A.thewayB.inthewaythatC.inthewayD.thewaywhich12.Itiseasytodotherepair.________youneedisahammerandsomenails.(NMET2004天津卷)A.SomethingB.AllC.BothD.Everything13.That'sanunpleasantthingtosayaboutyourfatherafter________he'sdoneforyou.(NMET2004全国卷)A.somethingB.anythingC.allD.that14.Asyou'veneverbeentherebefore,I'llhavesomeone________youthe\nway.(MET1990上海卷)A.toshowB.showC.showingD.showed15.—I'llbeawayonabusinesstrip.Wouldyoumindlookingaftermycat?—Notatall,________.(NMET1995)A.IhavenotimeB.I'drathernotC.I'dlikeitD.I'dbehappyto16.—DoesyourbrotherintendtostudyGerman?　　—Yes,heintends________.(NMET1998上海卷)A./B.toC.soD.that17.—WouldyouliketogototheGrandTheatrewithmetonight?—________.(NMET1999上海卷)A.Yes,I'dliketogototheGrandTheatreB.I'dliketo,butIhaveanexamtomorrowC.No,Iwon'tD.That'sright18.—Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft.—Imeant________,butwhenIwasleavingIcouldn'tfindheranywhere.(NMET2000北京春招卷)A.todoB.toC.doingD.doingto19.________itraintomorrow,wewouldhavetoputoffthevisittotheYangpuBridge.(NMET1994上海卷)A.WereB.ShouldC.WouldD.Will20.________forthefreetickets,Iwouldnothavegonetothefilmssooften.(NMET1995上海卷)A.IfitisnotB.WereC.HaditnotbeenD.Iftheywerenot21.Iwillknowwhatwasonhismindatthetime,norwill________.(NMET2004江苏卷)　A.anyoneB.anyoneelseC.nooneD.nooneelse22.Ofthemakingofgoodbooksthereisnoend;neither________anyendtotheirinfluenceonman'slives.(NMET2004广东卷)A.thereisB.thereareC.isthereD.arethere23.—Iwouldnevercometothisrestaurantagain.Thefoodisterrible!　　—________.(NMET2004全国卷III)A.NoramIB.NeitherwouldIC.SamewithmeD.SodoI\n　Keys:　　1—5BCDBA6—10AADCA11—15AACBD16—20BBBBC21—23BCB第四章主谓一致主谓一致(Subject-VerbAgreement)，指”人称”和”数方面的一致关系.如:Heisgoingabroad.Theyareplayingfootball.　可分为:语法一致,内容一致,就近一致.一语法一致原则:即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数.以下为注意事项:1.单数主语即使后面带有with,alongwith,togetherwith,like(象),but(除了),except,besides,aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan(而不是),including,inadditionto引导的短语,谓语动词仍用单数.如:Airaswellaswaterismatter.空气和水都是物质.Nooneexcepttwoservantswaslateforthedinner.除了两个仆人外,没有一个人迟来用餐。2.用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念,谓语动词用单数,否则用复数.如:Thepoetandwriterhascome.那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)Ahammerandasawareusefultools.锤子和锯都是有用的工具.(两样物)用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体,如:breadandbutter(黄油抹面包),knifeandfork(刀叉)等作主语时,谓语动词用单数。3.不定式(短语),动名词(短语),或从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数.如:Servingthepeopleismygreathappiness.为人民服务是我最大的幸福.Whenwe’llgooutforanoutinghasbeendecided.我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。4.用连接的并列主语被each,every或no修饰时,谓语动词用单数.Everyboyandeverygirllikestogoswimming.每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.Noteacherandnostudentwasabsentfromthemeeting.没有老师也没有学生开会缺席.Eachmanand(each)womanisaskedtohelp.每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。5.eachof+复数代词,谓语动词用单数.复数代词+each,谓语动词用单数.如:Eachofushassomethingtosay.我们每个人都有话要说。6.若主语中有morethanone或manya/an,尽管从意义上看是复数,但它的谓语动词仍用单数。但more+复数名词+thanone做主语时,谓语动词仍用复数.如:Manyaboylikesplayingbasketball.许多男生都喜欢打篮球.\nMorethanonestudentwaslate.不只一个学生迟到Morepersonsthanonecometohelpus.不止一个人来帮助我们。7.none做主语时,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数;但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数.如:Noneofusare(is)perfect.人无完人。Noneofthisworriesme.这事一点不使我着急。8.名词如:trousers,scissors,clothes,goods,glasses等作主语时,谓语动词必须用复数.如:Hisclothesaregood.但这些名词前若出现apairof,谓语一般用单数.如:Apairofglassesisonthedesk.桌上有一副眼镜。9.形复意单名词如:news;以ics结尾的学科名称如:physics,mathematics,economics;国名如:theUnitedStates;报纸名如:theNewTimes;书名如:ArabianNight<天方夜谈>;以及TheUnitedNations<联合国>等作主语时,谓语动词用单数。10.“a+名词+andahalf“,“oneandahalf+名词”,“thenumberof+名词”等作主语时,谓语动词要用单数.如:Onlyoneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.注意:oneortwo+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用复数形式,如:Oneortwoplaceshavebeenvisited.参观了一两个地点。二内容一致原则:1.主语中有all,half,most,therest等,以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如:Therestofthebikesareonsaletoday.剩下的自行车，今天出售。60%oftheapplewaseatenbylittleboy.这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。Mostoftheappleswererotten.大部分的苹果都是烂的。Mostoftheapplewaseatenbyarat.这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。2.不定数量的词组,如:partof,alotof,lotsof,oneof,anumberof,plentyof等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如:Apartofthetextbookshavearrived.一小部分教科书已运到。Apartoftheapplehasbeeneatenupbythepig.这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。3.加减乘除用单数.如:Fifteenminusfiveisten.15减去5等于10。4.表示时间,金钱,距离,度量等的名词做主语时,尽管是复数形式,它们做为一个单一的概念时,其谓语动词用单数.如:Tenmilesisagooddistance.十英里是一个相当的距离。\n5.(1)通常作复数的集体名词.包括police,people,cattle等,这些集体名词通常用作复数.如:TheBritishpolicehaveonlyverylimitedpowers.(2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词.包括equipment,furniture,clothing,luggage等.(3)可作单数也可作复数的集体名词.包括audience,committee,government,family,enemy,group,party,team,public等.如:Thecommitteehas/havedecidedtodismisshim.委员会决定解雇他。6.the+形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物,作主语时,谓语动词用复数.如:Theinjuredweresavedafterthefire.三就近原则1.由here,there,where等引导的倒装句中,(有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如:Herecomesthebus公共汽车来了.Hereisapenandsomepiecesofpaperforyou.给你一支钢笔和几张纸。Whereisyourwifeandchildrentostaywhileyouareaway?你不在这儿的时候,你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢？2.用连词or,either....or,neither….nor,notonly….butalso等连接的并列主语,谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。如：Neitherthestudentsnortheteacherknowsanythingaboutit学生和老师都不知道这事.Heoryouhavetakenmypen.他或你拿了我的钢笔。注意:oneof+复数名词+who/that/which引导的定语从句中,定语从句的动词为复数。如：Maryisoneofthosepeoplewhokeeppets.玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。Theonlyoneof+复数名词+who/that./which引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词应为单数。Maryistheonlyoneofthosepeoplewhokeepspets.玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。主谓一致练习1.About60percentofthestudents_____fromthesouth,therestofthem_____fromthenorthandforeigncountries.A.are/isB.are/are　C.is/areD.are2.Halfoftheworkershere_____under30_____.A.is/yearsB.are/yearoldC.is/yearsoldD.are/yearsofage3.NowTomwithhisclassmates_____footballontheplayground.\nA.playB.areplaying　C.playsD.isplaying4.Thenumberofpagesinthisdictionary_____abouttwothousand.A.areB.has　C.haveD.is5.Thirtydollars_____tooexpensive.A.areB.isC.wereD.be6.Theaudience_____solargethatnoseatwasleftunoccupiedinthegreathall.A.isB.areC.wasD.has7.Thesecretaryandprincipal_____atthemeetingnow.A.arespeakingB.isspeakingC.weremakingaspeechD.haveaspeech8."Ifanybody_____,pleaseputdown_____name,"saidtheteachertothemonitor.A.wantstobuythebook/hisB.wanttobuythebook/theirC.willbuythebook/one'sD.wantstohavethebookbought/her9.Nothingbutonedeskandsixchairs_____intheroom.A.areB.isstayedC.isD.areleft10.Havingarrivedatthestation,_____.A.itwasfoundthatthetrainhadleft;B.thetrainhadleftC.thetrainwasfoundleftD.hefoundthatthetrainhadleft11.Betweenthetworoads_____aTVtowercalled"SkyscraperTower".A.standsB.standingC.whichstandsD.stand12.Eitherofyou_____goingtheretonight.A.willB.wasC.isD.are13.Youaswell_____right.A.IareB.IamC.asIamD.asIare14.AllbutDick_____inClassThreethisterm.A.areB.isC.wereD.was15.--ShallIwaithereforthreehours?　--Yes.Threehours_____towaitforsuchadoctor.A.arenotverylongforyouB.isnotlongenoughforyouC.wasnotlongenoughforyouD.willbetoolongforyou\n16.Wheretogetthematerialsandhowtogetthem_____atthemeeting.A.havenotdiscussedB.havenotbeendiscussedC.hasnotdiscussedD.hasnotbeendiscussed17.ItookmathematicsandphysicsbecauseIthinkthat_____veryimportantformetomakefurtherresearchinthisfield.A.whatisB.theyareC.thisD.whichare18.Everystudentandeveryteacher_____.A.aregoingtoattendthemeetingB.haveattendedthemeetingC.hasattendedthemeetingD.isattendedthemeeting19.Threefourthsofthebread_____byBob,andtherestofthebread_____leftonthetable.A.waseaten/wereB.wereeaten/was　C.wereeaten/wereD.waseaten/was20.Thispairofshoes_____.A.isherB.ishers　C.arehersD.areher21.There______nolifeonthemoon.A.issaidtohaveB.aresaidtohaveC.issaidtobeD.aresaidtobe22.Agroupof______areeating______and______atthefootofthehillA.sheep;grass;leavesB.sheepsgrassesleavesC.sheep;grassleafD.sheepsgrassleafs23.Myfamilyraisealotof_______,includingtwo______.A.cattlescowsB.cowscattleC.cattlecowsD.cow,cattles24.Whathesaysandwhathedoes_______.A.doesnotagreeB.donotagreeC.doesnotagreewithD.notagree25.Theboyandthegirleach______toys.A.havetheirownB.hastheirownC.haveherownD.hasherown26.Sheistheonlyoneamongthe______writerswho______storiesforchildren.A.woman,writesB.womenwriteC.womenwritesD.womanwrite27.Therailwaystationis______fromourschool.\nA.twohour`sdriveB.twohours`driveC.twohourdriveD.twohoursdrive28.MikeandJohn`s______.A.fatherisateacherB.fathersareteachersC.fatherareteachersD.fathersareteacher29.Agreatdealoftalkingandlisteningthat______undercasualcircumstancemayseemtobeaimless.A.isoccurredB.areoccurredC.occursD.occur30._______theclassroomneedstobecleaned.A.EithertheofficesorB.TheofficesandC.BoththeofficeandD.Theofficeand31.Three-fourthsofthehomework______today.A.hasfinishedB.hasbeenfinishedC.havefinishedD.havebeenfinished32.Morethan60percentoftheworld’sradioprogrammes______inEngland.A.isB.wasC.areD.be33.______workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople`slivingstandardA.AgreatdealofB.AgreatmanyC.AlargenumberofD.Many34.Therestofthemagazines______withinhalfanhour.A.issoldoutB.aresoldoutC.wassoldoutD.weresoldout35.There______alotofsugarinthejar.A.hasB.haveC.isD.are36.“All______presentandall______goingonwell”,ourmonitorsaid.A.is,isB.are,areC.areisD.isare37.YesterdaytheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor______askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.were.38.Maryaswellashersisters______ChineseinChina.A.arestudyingB.havestudiedC.studiesD.study39.Therich______notalwayshappy.A.areB.isC.willD.may40.______canbedone______done.A.All,havebeenB.Allthat,havebeenC.AllhasD.Allthat,hasbeen\n41.Eitheroftheplans______equallydangerous.A.areB.isC.hasD.have42.Thepolice______themurderereverywherewhenhesuddenlyappearedinatheatre.A.issearchingB.weresearchingforC.aresearchingD.wassearchingfor43.Yourtrousers______dirty,youmusthave______washed.A.isitB.areitC.arethemD.isthem44.TheOlympicgames______heldeveryfour______.A.isyearsB.areyearsC.isyearD.areyear45.Heistheolyoneofthestudentswho______elected.A.areB.haveC.hasD.is46.______agoodenoughpriceforthisbookA.TwoyuansareB.TwoyuanareC.TwoyuansisD.Twoyuanis47.Nobirdandnobeast______inthelonelyislandA.areseenB.isseenC.seeD.sees48.Everymeans______preventthewaterfrom______A.areusedtopollutingB.getusedtopollutingC.isusedto,pollutedD.isusedto,beingpolluted49.Eachofthe______intheship.A.passengerhashisownroomB.passengershavetheirownroomC.passengerhavetheirownroomD.sengershashisownroom50.Whatweneed______goodtextbooks.A.isB.areC.haveD.has51.Whatyousaidjustnow______todowiththematterwearediscussing.A.havesomethingB.hassomethingC.hadsomethingD.wassomething52.Eitheryourparentsoryourelderbrother______toattendthemeetingtomorrow.A.isB.areC.aregoingD.have53.Neitherofthenovelswhich______popularwithus______beentranslatedintoChinese.A.arehasB.arehaveC.ishaveD.ishas54.Everyboyandeverygirl______toattendtheeveningparty.A.wishB.wishesC.hopeD.arehoping\n55._______hasbeendone.A.nety—ninepercentsoftheworkB.HalfofwhathepromisedC.Two-fifthsofthearticlesD.Threequarterofthebusiness答案：1-5BDDDB6-10ABACD11-15ACDAB16-20DBCDB21-25CACBA26-30CBACA31-35CCADC36-40CBCAD41-45BBCBD46-50DBDDB51-55BAABB\n第五章时态.语态专题考试要求：　　时态.语态的语法部分的核心内容，也是高考考查的核心内容，不但单选题部分有大量直接考查，在完型.阅读.写作等各大题型中，时态语态的相关知识也是基础，否则无法做题。考查的难点是各种时态之间的区别，以及时态的判断。知识总结：一般现在时用法经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。　　时间状语：every…,sometimes,　at…,onSunday　　Ileavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.　　Hecyclestoworkeveryday.客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。　　Theearthmovesaroundthesun.　　ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.　　Waterboilsat100centigradedegrees.表示格言或警句中。　　Pridegoesbeforeafall.　骄者必败。　　注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。　　Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.现在时刻的状态.能力.性格.个性。　　Idon'twantsomuch.　　AnnWangwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.一般现在时表将来：　　1．下列动词：come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。　　　Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.　　　Whendoesthebusstar?Itstarsintenminutes.　　2.倒装句，表示动作正在进行，　　　Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.　　　Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.　　3.\n在时间或条件状语从句中。　　　WhenBillcomes(不是willcome),askhimtowaitforme.　　　I'llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.　　4.在动词hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等后。　　　Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.　　　Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.一般过去时的用法在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。　　Wheredidyougojustnow?　　IsawTominthestreetyesterday.　　IboughtthisTVsetinBeijinglastyear.表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。　　WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.　　Healwayswenttoworkbybus.　　Heusedtoactlikethat.用过去时表示现在，表示语气委婉礼貌。　　动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend，情态动词could,would等用过去式表示委婉。　　Didyouwantanythingelse?　　Iwantedtoaskyouaboutthat.　　Didyouwanttospeaktomenow?　　Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.　　Couldyoulendmeyourbike?4）用在条件句中表示与现在或将来事实不符的虚拟语气。　　IfIwereabird,IwouldflytoBeijing.　　Ifhewereherenow,wecouldturntohimforhelp.　　注意比较下列句型：　　Itistimesb.didsth.“时间已迟了；早该……了”：　　Itistimeforyoutogotobed.　你该睡觉了。　　Itistimeyouwenttobed.　你早该睡觉了。　　would(had)rathersb.didsth.　表示“宁愿某人做某事”：　　I'dratheryoucametomorrow.一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。\n　　Christinewasaninvalid（久病者）allherlife.　(含义：她已不在人间。)　　Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.　(含义：她现在还活着)　　Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)　　Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)一般将来时shall用于第一人称，常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。　　WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst？　　Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?begoingto+不定式，表示将来。　　a.主语的意图，即将做某事或打算做某事。　　Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?　　b.计划，安排要发生的事。　　Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth.　　c.有迹象要发生的事　　Lookatthedarkclouds;thereisgoingtobeastorm.be+不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。　　WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.beaboutto+不定式，意为马上做某事。　　HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.　　注意：beaboutto不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。begoingto/will的用法之比较：　　用于条件句时，begoingto表将来，will表意愿。　　Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you'dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.　　Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.beto和begoingto的用法之比较：　　beto表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。而begoingto则表示主观的打算或计划。　　Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(客观安排)　　I'mgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(主观安排)\n现在进行时表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。　　Wearewaitingforyou.习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。　　Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.　(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)　　SheislearningpianounderMr.Smith.表示渐变的动词有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。　　Theleavesareturningred.　　It'sgettingwarmerandwarmer.与always,constantly,forever等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。　　Youarealwayschangingyourmind.不用进行时的动词　　事实状态的动词。have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continue　　Ihavetwobrothers.　　Thishousebelongstomysister.　　心理状态的动词。know,realize,thinksee,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understand,love,hate　　Ineedyourhelp.　　Helovesherverymuch.　　瞬间动词。accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse.　　Iacceptyouradvice.　　系动词。seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turn　　Youseemalittletired.过去进行时　　过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。\n常用的时间状语有：　　thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenlastevening,when,while　　Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.　　Itwasrainingwhentheyleftthestation.　　WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesunwasshining.　现在完成时　　现在完成时的构成：助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词。has用于第三人称单数，have用于其他所有人称。现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词just，already,before,yet,never,ever等状语连用。　　Ihaveneverheardofthatbefore.　　Haveyoueverriddenahorse?　　Shehasalreadyfinishedthework.　　Haveyoumilkedthecowyet?Yes,Ihavedonethatalready.　　I’vejustlostmysciencebook.现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括现在在内）的一段时间的状语连用。for和since，以及sofar,now,today,thisweek(month,year)等。　　Ihaven’tseenherthesedays.　　ShehaslearntEnglishfor3years.　　Theyhavelivedheresince1990.　　WhathashappenedtotheUSAinthelast350years?　　注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与for,since等表示一段时间的短语连用。现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作。　　I’llgotoyourhomewhenIhavefinishedmyhomework.　　Ifithasstoppedsnowinginthemorning,we’llgotothepark.havebeen(to)和havegone(to)的区别：　　have/hasbeen(to)表示“曾经去过”某地，说话时此人很可能不在那里，已经回来。侧重指经历。have/hasgone(to)\n表示某人“已经去了”某地，说话时此人在那里，或可能在路上，反正不在这里。　　HehasbeentoBeijing.他曾去过北京。（人已回来，可能在这儿）　　HehasgonetoBeijing.他已经去了北京。（人已走，不在这儿）。一般过去时与现在完成时的比较过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。　　一般过去时的时间状语有：yesterday,lastweek，…ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow,具体的时间状语。　　共同的时间状语有：thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,once，before,already,recently，lately等。　　　现在完成时的时间状语有：for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always,等不确定的时间状语。　　分析比较下列各例句：　　Isawthisfilmyesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）　　Ihaveseenthisfilm.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）　　　ShehasreturnedfromParis.　（她已从巴黎回来了。）　　Shereturnedyesterday.（她是昨天回来了。）　　HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.(在团内的状态可延续)　　HejoinedtheLeaguethreeyearsago.　(三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)　　注意：句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday,lastweek,in1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。　　（错）Tomhaswrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.　　（对）Tomwrotealettertohisparentslastnight.过去完成时的用法　　过去完成时表示过去的过去。其结构是：had+过去分词过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态；句中常用by,before,until,when等词引导的时间状语。　　Bytheendoflastyearwehadbuiltfivenewhouses.　　Ihadlearnt5000wordsbeforeIenteredtheuniversity.过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去。　　Beforeheslept,hehadworkedfor12\nhours.　　　在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。　　Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis.在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。　　Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本……，未能……”。　　Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn't.　　过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas。　　HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore.　　Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimself.　　Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.用一般过去时代替完成时的情况：　　1.两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but等连词时，多用一般过去时。　　Whenshesawthemouse，shescreamed.　　MyauntgavemeahatandIlostit.　　2.两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。　　WhenIheardthenews,Iwasveryexcited.　　3.叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。　　OurteachertoldusthatColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.过去将来时过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。它是一个相对的时态，即立足于过去某时，从过去的某一时间看即将发生的事情就要用这一时态。　　Hesaidhismotherwouldbuyabikeforhim　　Mybrothertoldmehewouldn’tbelieveJackanymore.　　Woulditbeallrightifheknewhisillness?　　基本形式：would／should＋动词原形（其中would用于各种人称，should常用于第一人称）。　　Theyweresuretheywouldwinthefinal\nvictory．他们坚信会赢得最后胜利。　　Hedidn'texpectthatweshould（would）allbethere．他没想到我们都在那里。　　上述两个例句中的宾语从句谓语wouldwin和should（would）be分别与其主句谓语weresure和didn'texpect相对应。过去将来时的一些其它表达形式：　　was／were＋goingto＋动词原形　　Hesaidhewasgoingtotry．他说他准备试试。　　was／were＋to＋动词原形　　TheysaidtherailwaywastobeopenedtotrafficonMayDay．　　他们说这条铁路将在五一节通车。　　was／wereabout＋动词原形　　Wewereabouttogooutwhenitbegantorain．我们正要出去天（突然）下起雨来。过去进行时（一般多为动作概念较强的动词，如go，come，leave，start，open，begin等）也可用于表示将来。　　Ididn'tknowwhentheywerecomingagain．我不知道他们什么时候再来。在时间和条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。　　Hesaidhewouldcometoseeyouwhenhehadtime．他说他有时间就来看望你。将来进行时将来进行时概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。　　She'llbecomingsoon.　　I'llbemeetinghimsometimeinthefuture.将来进行时的用法：　　1.表示在将来某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。　　ThistimetomorrowIshallbeflyingtoGuangzhou.　　明天这个时候我将在飞往广州的途中。　　Whatwillyoubedoingateighttomorrowmorning?　　明天上午八点钟你将做什么?　　Ihopeyouwon'tbefeelingtoo\ntired.　　我希望你不要太累。　　We'llbewatchingtelevisionallevening.　　我们整个晚上都将看电视。　　2.表示将来被客观情况所决定的动作或者按照安排将要发生的动作。　　We'llbehavingteaafterdinnerasusual.像通常一样，我们晚饭后将要喝茶。　　Theleaveswillbefallingsoon.树叶很快就会脱落。　　Weshallbehavingameetingtomorrowmorning.我们明天要开一个会。　　I’llbetakingmyholidayssoon.我不久即将度假。　　注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说I'llbehavingatalkwithher.　　3.将来进行时常用的时间状语：soon,tomorrow,thisevening，onSunday,bythistime，tomorrow,intwodays,tomorrowevening等。　　Bythistimetomorrow,I'llbelyingonthebeach.将来完成时将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作或一直持续的动作。经常与“before+将来时间”或“by+将来时间”连用，也可与before或bythetime引导的现在时的从句连用。Bytheendofthisweek,Ishallhavefinishedthebook.到本周末，我将读完这本书。　　Bythistimetomorrowtheywillhaverepairedthemachine.　　明天这时候，他们将修好这台机器。　　Thechildrenwillhavegonetosleepbythetimewegethome.　　到我们回家时，孩子们将已睡了。　　Whenyoucometonightateighto'clock，Ishallhavewrittenmypaper.　　你今晚八点钟来时，我将会写完文章了。　　BynextyearourteacherwillhavetaughtEnglishfortwentyyears.　　到明年我们的老师将已教二十年英语了。　　注意：将来完成时表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作或状态。使用这种时态时，多会涉及两个动作或状态，一个在前，一个在后；叙述前面的动作或状态，动词要用将来完成时；叙述后面的动作或状态，动词要用一般现在时。　　Wewillhavecompletedtheworkbeforeyoucome.　　Hesaysthathewillhavegraduatedfromauniversitybeforeyoureturnhome.\n现在完成进行时的用法1.表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在。现在这个动作可能已经终止，也可能仍然在进行着。　　Ihavebeenwaitingforyoufortwohours.　　我等了你两个小时。(动作不再延续下去)　　Ithasbeenrainingforthreehours.　　雨已经下了三个小时了。(动作可能延续)　　“HowlonghaveyoubeenlearningEnglish?”“IhavebeenlearningEnglishfortwoyears.”　　你英语学多久了?……我学了两年了。(动作可能延续)　　“Whyareyousodirty?”“I'vebeenplayingfootball.”　　你身上怎么这样脏?……我刚才踢足球了。(动作不再延续下去)2.有些不能用现在进行时态的动词，如be，havelike，love，know，see，hear等，同样也不能用现在完成进行时，而只能用现在完成时。　　Shehasbeenillforalongtime.她已经病了好久了。　　Ihavenotseenyouforages.我好久没有见到你了。区别现在完成时和现在完成进行时　　现在完成进行时是一兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态。由于它有现在完成时的特点，所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于它有现在进行时的特点，所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性.临时性.重复性.生动性乃至感情色彩。现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。　　Wehavebeencleaningtheclassroom．我们打扫教室来着。其直接结果可能是：我们身上都是灰。　　Wehavecleanedtheclassroom．我们把教室打扫过了。其结果是：现在教室很清洁，可以用了。　　Becareful!Johnhasbeenpaintingthedoor．　　约翰刚刚把门油漆过，现在油漆还未干，所以你要小心。　　Johnhaspaintedthedoor．只表示John已经刷过门了，无此含义，现在完成进行时有时有延续性，现在完成时往往没有。　　Theyhavebeenwideningtheroad．意思是他们在加宽马路，但尚未完工。　　Theyhavewidenedtheroad．意思则是已完工了。现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则常常不带重复性。　　Haveyoubeenmeetingher\nlately？（有“经常相会”之意。）　　Haveyoumetherlately？（只是问“见过”没有。）　　Who'sbeeneatingmyapples？（有强烈的感情色彩，表示愤怒不满。有“苹果未被全部吃光”的意思。）　　Who'seatenmyapples？（是完成时态，说明“苹果一个不剩了”。）动词的语态被动语态的构成：　　be+动词的过去分词。其中助动词be有时态.人称和数的变化，被动语态可用于各种时态中：　　一般现在时的被动语态：主语+am/is/are+过去分词　　一般过去时的被动语态：主语+was/were+过去分词　　一般将来时的被动语态：主语+will/shall+be+过去分词　　过去将来时的被动语态：主语+would+be+过去分词　　现在完成时的被动语态：主语+have/has+been+过去分词　　过去完成时的被动语态：主语+had+been+过去分词　　现在进行时的被动语态：主语+am/is/are+being+过去分词　　过去进行时的被动语态：主语+was/were+being+过去分词　　将来完成时的被动语态：主语+will/shall+have+been+过去分词被动语态的使用场合：　　1.当我们不知道动作的执行者或没有必要说出动作的执行者　　　Goodbyesweresaid.　彼此告别了（没必要指出谁对谁告别）。　　2.当更有必要强调动作的承受者时　　　Theoriesmustbecombinedwithpractice.　　　理论必须联系实际（强调理论联系实际，不强调谁联系）。　　3.由于某种理由（如为了礼貌.婉转或便于组合句法关系）而需要使用被动语态　　　Youareexpectedtofinishitintime.　希望你及时把它完成。被动语态和系表结构的区别：　　被动语态表示的是动作，句子中的主语是动作的对象，句中可以用介词“by”所引导的短语。而系表结构则表示主语的特点或所处的状态，一般没有介词“by”所引导的短语。　　Thebookwaswrittenbyayoungwriter.　这本书是一位青年作者写的（被动语态）。　　Thebookiswellwritten.　这本书写得很好（系表结构）。表达被动意义的主动结构：　　1.可和well,easily等副词连用的不及物动词，如sell,wash,write,\nread,clean,cook等。　　Thenewproductsellswell.　　　这新产品很畅销。　　Yourcompositionreadswell.　　你的作文读起来很好。　　Thepenwriteswell.　　　　　　这钢笔好写。　　2.连系动词taste,smell,sound,prove,feel,look,become,grow,turn,remain,stay,keep等。　　Theflowerssmellsweet.　　　　　　这些花闻起来甜甜的。　　Thetheoryprovedtobecorrect.　　这个理论证明是正确的。　　3.某些动词.短语和句型中：last,happen,takeplace,breakout,belongto,need/want/requiredoingsth.,beworthdoing,betoblame等。　　Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometown.　　我的家乡已发生了巨大的变化。　　ItisknownthatTaiwanbelongstoChina.　　　　　众所周知，台湾属于中国。　　Theaccidenthappenedyesterday.　　　　　　　　　事故发生在昨天。　　Themeetinglastedfourhours.　　　　　　　　　　会议持续了四个小时。　　Iamtoblame.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　应当责备我。　　Thebookisworthreading.　　　　　　　　　　　　这本书值得读。　　Thecomputerrequires/wants/needsrepairing.　　电脑需要修理了。易错点点拨：　　1.延续动词与瞬间动词用于完成时的区别：延续动词表示经验.经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。　　Hehascompletedthework.　他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)　　I'veknownhimsincethen.　我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)　　2.用于till/until从句的差异：延续动词用于肯定句，表示“做……直到……”；瞬间动词用于否定句，表示“到……，才……”。　　Hedidn'tcomebackuntilteno'clock.　　他到10点才回来。　　Hesleptuntilteno'clock.　　　他一直睡到10点。　　3.被动结构表示主动含义：　getmarried结婚；beaddictedtosth.沉溺于；beseated坐着；belostinthought沉思着；bedevotedtosth.投身于，专注于；beinterestedinsth.对某事物感兴趣；besurprised感到吃惊。真题实战2012年真题：\n1.-DidyouaskSophiaforhelp?-I___needto-Imanageperfectlywellonmyown.A.wouldn’tB.don’tC.didn’tD.won’t2.Themanager___theworkershowtoimprovetheprogramsince9a.m.A.hastoldB.istellingC.hasbeentellingD.willhavetold3.Inordertofindthemissingchild,villagers___alltheycanoverthepastfivehours.A.didB.doC.haddoneD.havebeendoing4.Gracedoesn’twanttomovetoNewYorkbecauseshethinksifshe____there,shewouldn’tbeabletoseeherparentsveryoften.A.livesB.wouldliveC.havingaskedD.weretolive5.WalmartwhichisoneofthelargestAmericansupermarket-chains,___someofitsstoreopen24hoursonMondaysthroughSaturdays.A.keepsB.keepC.havekeptD.hadkept6.Afterschoolwewenttothereading-roomtodosomereading,onlytobetoldthatit___.A.wasdecoratedB.haddecoratedC.hadbeendecoratingD.wasbeingdecorated7.-Kelvin,youlookworried.Anythingwrong?-well,I__atestandi’mwaitingfortheresult.A.willtakeB.tookC.hadtakenD.take8.Foodsuppliesintheflood-struckenarea____.Wemustactimmediatelybeforethere’snoneleft.A.haverunoutB.arerunningoutC.havebeenrunoutD.arebeingrunout9.“Lifeislikewalkinginthesnow”’Grannyusedtosay,“becauseeverystep____”.A.hasshownB.isshowingC.showsD.showed10.Ihadbeenworkingonmathforthewholeafternoonandthenumbers____beforemyeyes.A.swimB.swumC.swamD.hadswum\n1.Bythetimeyouhavefinishedthisbook,yourmeal____cold.A.getsB.hasgotC.willgetD.isgetting2.Georgesaidthathewouldcometoschooltoseemethenextday,buthe____.A.wouldn’tB.didn’tC.hasn’tD.hadn’t3.-Haveyouheardaboutthatfireinthemarket?-Yes,fortunatelynoone___.A.hurtB.washurtC.hashurtD.hadbeenhurt4.Ourfriendship___quicklyovertheweeksthatfollowed.A.haddevelopedB.wasdevelopingC.woulddevelopD.developed5.Don’thandlethevaseasifit__madeofsteel.A.isB.wereC.hasbeenD.hadbeen6.-Whendidthecomputercrash?-Thismorning,whileI__thereadingmaterialsdownloadedfromsomewebsites.A.havesortedB.wassortingC.amsortingD.hadsorted7.-CanIcallyoubackattwoo’clockthisafternoon?-I’msorry,butbythenI___toBeijing.Howaboutfive?A.flyB.willflyC.willbeflyingD.amflying8.AfterJackhadsentsomee-mails,he___workingonhisproject.A.hadstartedB.hasstartedC.startedD.starts9.Themanagerwasconcernedtohearthattwoofhistrustedworkers____.A.willleaveB.areleavingC.haveleftD.wereleaving10.Don’tworry.Thehardworkthatyoudonow____laterinlife.A.willberepaidB.wasbeingrepaidC.hasbeenrepaidD.wasrepaid.11.Closethedooroffearbehindyou,you___thedooroffaithopenbeforeyou.A.sawB.haveseenC.willseeD.are\nseeing1.“Themoment__soon.”hethoughttohimself,waitingnervously.A.cameB.hascomeC.wascomingD.iscoming2.-Irememberyouwereatalentedpianistatcollege.Canyouplaythepianoforme?-Sorry,I__thepianoforyears.A.don’tplayB.wasn’tplayingC.haven’tplayingD.hadn’tplayed3.Thelettersfortheboss___onhisdeskbuthedidn’treadthemuntilthreedayslater.A.wereputB.wasputC.putD.hasput4.Thethreeofus____aroundEuropeforaboutamonthlastsummer.A.traveledB.havetraveledC.hadtraveledD.travel5.-Look!Somebody___thesofa.-Well,itwasn’tme.Ididn’tdoit.A.iscleaningB.wascleaningC.hascleanedD.hadcleaned6.Ifeelsoexcited!AtthistimetomorrowmorningI___toShanghai.A.willbeflyingB.willflyC.havebeenflyingD.haveflown28.Mum,IwaswonderingifyoucouldlendeafewdollarsuntilI___onFriday.A.getpaidB.gotpaidC.havepaidD.hadbeenpaid29.-DidyoucatchwhatIsaid?-Sorry.I___atextmessagejustnow.A.hadansweringB.haveansweredC.wouldanswerD.wasanswering30.Theyarelivingwiththeirparentsforthemomentbecausetheirownhouse____.A.isbeingrebuiltB.hasbeenrebuiltC.isrebuiltD.hasrebuilt31.Peterhadintendedtotakeajobinbusiness,but___thatplanaftertheunpleasantexperienceinCanadain2010.A.hadabandonedB.abandonedC.abandonD.will\nabandon29.-Alvin,areyoucomingwithus?-I’dloveto,butsomethingunexpected___.A.hascomeupB.wascomingupC.hadcomeupD.wouldcomeup30.ThemanagerissaidtohavearrivedbackfromPairswherehe___someEuropeanbusinesspartners.A.wouldmeetB.ismeetingC.meetsD.hadmet31.Hepresidenthopesthatthepeoplewillbeoffwhenhequitsthanwhenhe____.A.hasstartedB.startsC.startedD.willstart薃肀莂蒃袂肀肂虿袈聿芄薂螄肈莇螇蚀肇葿薀罿肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁膄莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃芅荿羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿腿节蒆羈芈莄蚁袄芈蒆蒄螀芇膆蚀蚆袃莈蒃蚂袂蒁螈羀袁膀薁袆袁芃螆螂袀莅蕿蚈衿蒇莂羇羈膇薇袃羇艿莀蝿羆蒂薆螅羅膁蒈蚁羅芄蚄罿羄莆蒇袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膈蒅蚇肁芀蚁薃肀莂蒃袂肀肂虿袈聿芄薂螄肈莇螇蚀肇葿薀罿肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁膄莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃芅荿羁膂莈蚅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿腿节蒆羈芈莄蚁袄芈蒆蒄螀芇膆蚀蚆袃莈蒃蚂袂蒁螈羀袁膀薁袆袁芃螆螂袀莅蕿蚈衿蒇莂羇羈膇薇袃羇艿莀蝿羆蒂薆螅羅膁蒈蚁羅芄蚄罿羄莆蒇袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膈蒅蚇肁芀蚁薃肀莂蒃袂肀肂虿袈聿芄薂螄肈莇螇蚀肇葿薀罿肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁膄莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃芅荿螀羀膆蒃蚆肀芈芆薂聿羈蒂蒈肈肀芅袆肇芃薀螂肆莅莃蚈肅肅薈薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁艿薇蝿螀罿荿蚅蝿肁薅薁螈膄莈薇螈莆膀袆螇肆蒆螁螆膈艿蚇螅芀蒄薃螄羀芇葿袃肂蒃螈袂膄芅蚄袂芇蒁蚀袁肆芄薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螁袈羁薇蚇袇肃莀薃羆膅薆葿羆芈荿螇羅羇膁螃羄膀莇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁羁肄芈螀羀膆蒃蚆肀芈芆薂聿羈蒂蒈肈肀芅袆肇芃薀螂肆莅莃蚈肅肅薈薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁艿薇蝿螀罿荿蚅蝿肁薅薁螈膄莈薇螈莆膀袆螇肆蒆螁螆膈艿蚇螅芀蒄薃螄羀芇葿袃肂蒃螈袂膄芅蚄袂芇蒁蚀袁肆芄薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螁袈羁薇蚇袇肃莀薃羆膅薆葿羆芈荿螇羅羇膁螃羄膀莇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁羁肄芈螀羀膆蒃蚆肀芈芆薂聿羈蒂蒈肈肀芅袆肇芃薀螂肆莅莃蚈肅肅薈薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁艿薇蝿螀罿荿蚅蝿肁薅薁螈膄莈薇螈莆膀袆螇肆蒆螁螆膈艿蚇螅芀蒄薃螄羀芇葿袃肂蒃螈袂膄芅蚄袂芇蒁蚀袁肆芄薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螁袈羁薇蚇袇肃莀薃羆膅薆葿羆芈荿螇羅羇膁螃羄膀莇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁羁肄芈螀羀膆蒃蚆肀芈芆薂聿羈蒂蒈肈肀芅袆肇芃薀螂肆莅莃蚈肅肅薈薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁艿薇蝿螀罿荿蚅蝿肁薅薁螈膄莈薇螈莆膀袆螇肆蒆螁螆膈艿蚇螅芀蒄薃螄羀芇葿袃肂蒃螈袂膄芅蚄袂芇蒁蚀袁肆芄薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螁袈羁薇蚇袇肃莀薃羆膅薆葿羆芈荿螇羅羇膁螃羄膀莇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁羁肄芈螀羀膆蒃蚆肀芈芆薂聿羈蒂蒈肈肀芅袆肇芃薀螂肆莅莃蚈肅肅薈薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁艿薇蝿螀罿荿蚅蝿肁薅薁螈膄莈薇螈莆膀袆螇肆蒆螁螆膈艿蚇螅芀蒄薃螄羀芇葿袃肂蒃螈袂膄芅蚄袂芇蒁蚀袁肆芄薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螁袈羁薇蚇袇肃莀薃羆膅薆葿羆芈荿螇羅羇膁螃羄膀莇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁羁肄芈螀羀膆蒃蚆肀芈芆薂聿羈蒂蒈肈肀芅袆肇芃薀螂肆莅莃蚈肅肅薈薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁艿薇蝿螀罿荿蚅蝿肁薅薁螈膄莈薇螈莆膀袆螇肆蒆螁螆膈艿蚇螅芀蒄薃螄羀芇葿袃肂蒃螈袂膄芅蚄袂芇蒁蚀袁肆芄薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螁袈羁薇蚇袇肃莀薃羆膅薆葿羆芈荿螇羅羇膁螃羄膀莇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁羁肄芈螀羀膆蒃蚆肀芈芆薂聿羈蒂蒈肈肀芅袆肇芃薀螂肆莅莃蚈肅肅薈薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁艿薇蝿螀罿荿蚅蝿肁薅薁螈膄莈薇螈莆膀袆螇肆蒆螁螆膈艿蚇螅芀蒄薃螄羀芇葿袃肂蒃螈袂膄芅蚄袂芇蒁蚀袁肆芄薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螁袈羁薇蚇袇肃莀薃羆膅薆葿羆芈荿螇羅羇膁螃羄膀莇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁羁肄芈螀羀膆蒃蚆肀芈芆薂聿羈蒂蒈肈肀芅袆肇芃薀螂肆莅莃蚈肅肅薈薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁艿薇蝿螀罿荿蚅蝿肁薅薁螈膄莈薇螈莆膀袆螇肆蒆螁螆膈艿蚇螅芀蒄薃螄羀芇葿袃肂蒃螈袂膄芅蚄袂芇蒁蚀袁肆芄薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螁袈羁薇蚇袇肃莀薃羆膅薆葿羆芈荿螇羅羇膁螃羄膀莇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁羁肄芈螀羀膆蒃蚆肀芈芆薂聿羈蒂蒈肈肀芅袆肇芃薀螂肆莅莃蚈肅肅薈薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁艿薇蝿螀罿荿蚅蝿肁薅薁螈膄莈薇螈莆膀袆螇肆蒆螁螆膈艿蚇螅芀蒄薃螄羀芇葿袃肂蒃螈袂膄芅蚄袂芇蒁蚀袁肆芄薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螁袈羁薇蚇袇肃莀薃羆膅薆葿羆芈荿螇羅羇膁螃羄膀莇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁羁肄芈螀羀膆蒃蚆肀芈芆薂聿羈蒂蒈肈肀芅袆肇芃薀螂肆莅莃蚈肅肅薈薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁艿薇蝿螀罿荿蚅蝿肁薅薁螈膄莈薇螈莆膀袆螇肆蒆螁螆膈艿蚇螅芀蒄薃螄羀芇葿袃肂蒃螈袂膄芅蚄袂芇蒁蚀袁肆芄薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螁袈羁薇蚇袇肃莀薃羆膅薆葿羆芈荿螇羅羇膁螃羄膀莇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁羁肄芈螀羀膆蒃蚆肀芈芆薂聿羈蒂蒈肈肀芅袆肇芃薀螂肆莅莃蚈肅肅薈薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁艿薇蝿螀罿荿蚅蝿肁薅薁螈膄莈薇螈莆膀袆螇肆蒆螁螆膈艿蚇螅芀蒄薃螄羀芇葿袃肂蒃螈袂膄芅蚄袂芇蒁蚀袁肆芄薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螁袈羁薇蚇袇肃莀薃羆膅薆葿羆芈荿螇羅羇膁螃羄膀莇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁羁肄芈螀羀膆蒃蚆肀芈芆薂聿羈蒂蒈肈肀芅袆肇芃薀螂肆莅莃蚈肅肅薈薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁艿薇蝿螀罿荿蚅蝿肁薅薁螈膄莈薇螈莆膀袆螇肆蒆螁螆膈艿蚇螅芀蒄薃螄羀芇葿袃肂蒃螈袂膄芅蚄袂芇蒁蚀袁肆芄薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螁袈羁薇蚇袇肃莀薃羆膅薆葿羆芈荿螇羅羇膁螃羄膀莇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁羁肄芈螀羀膆蒃蚆肀芈芆薂聿羈蒂蒈肈肀芅袆肇芃薀螂肆莅莃蚈肅肅薈薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁艿薇蝿螀罿荿蚅蝿肁薅薁螈膄莈薇螈莆膀袆螇肆蒆螁螆膈艿蚇螅芀蒄薃螄羀芇葿袃肂蒃螈袂膄芅蚄袂芇蒁蚀袁肆芄薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螁袈羁薇蚇袇肃莀薃羆膅薆葿羆芈荿螇羅羇膁螃羄膀莇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁羁肄芈螀羀膆蒃蚆肀芈芆薂聿羈蒂蒈肈肀芅袆肇芃薀螂肆莅莃蚈肅肅薈薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁艿薇蝿螀罿荿蚅蝿肁薅薁螈膄莈薇螈莆膀袆螇肆蒆螁螆膈艿蚇螅芀蒄薃螄羀芇葿袃肂蒃螈袂膄芅蚄袂芇蒁蚀袁肆芄薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螁袈羁薇蚇袇肃莀薃羆膅薆葿羆芈荿螇羅羇膁螃羄膀莇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁羁肄芈螀羀膆蒃蚆肀芈芆薂聿羈蒂蒈肈肀芅袆肇芃薀螂肆莅莃蚈肅肅薈薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁艿薇蝿螀罿荿蚅蝿肁薅薁螈膄莈薇螈莆膀袆螇肆蒆螁螆膈艿蚇螅芀蒄薃螄羀芇葿袃肂蒃螈袂膄芅蚄袂芇蒁蚀袁肆芄薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螁袈羁薇蚇袇肃莀薃羆膅薆葿羆芈荿螇羅羇膁螃羄膀莇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁羁肄芈螀羀膆蒃蚆肀芈芆薂聿羈蒂蒈肈肀芅袆肇芃薀螂肆莅莃蚈肅肅薈薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁艿薇蝿螀罿荿蚅蝿肁薅薁螈膄莈薇螈莆膀袆螇肆蒆螁螆膈艿蚇螅芀蒄薃螄羀芇葿袃肂蒃螈袂膄芅蚄袂芇蒁蚀袁肆芄薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螁袈羁薇蚇袇肃莀薃羆膅薆葿羆芈荿螇羅羇膁螃羄膀莇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁羁肄芈螀羀膆蒃蚆肀芈芆薂聿羈蒂蒈肈肀芅袆肇芃薀螂肆莅莃蚈肅肅薈薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁艿薇蝿螀罿荿蚅蝿肁薅薁螈膄莈薇螈莆膀袆螇肆蒆螁螆膈艿蚇螅芀蒄薃螄羀芇葿袃肂蒃螈袂膄芅蚄袂芇蒁蚀袁肆芄薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螁袈羁薇蚇袇肃莀薃羆膅薆葿羆芈荿螇羅羇膁螃羄膀莇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁羁肄芈螀羀膆蒃蚆肀芈芆薂聿羈蒂蒈肈肀芅袆肇芃薀螂肆莅莃蚈肅肅薈薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁艿薇蝿螀罿荿蚅蝿肁薅薁螈膄莈薇螈莆膀袆螇肆蒆螁螆膈艿蚇螅芀蒄薃螄羀芇葿袃肂蒃螈袂膄芅蚄袂芇蒁蚀袁肆芄薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螁袈羁薇蚇袇肃莀薃羆膅薆葿羆芈荿螇羅羇膁螃羄膀莇虿羃节芀薅羂羂蒅蒁羁肄芈螀羀膆蒃蚆肀芈芆薂聿羈蒂蒈肈肀芅袆肇芃薀螂肆莅莃蚈肅肅薈薄蚂膇莁蒀蚁艿薇蝿螀罿荿蚅蝿肁薅薁螈膄莈薇螈莆膀袆螇肆蒆螁螆膈艿蚇螅芀蒄薃螄羀芇葿袃肂蒃螈袂膄芅蚄袂芇蒁蚀袁肆芄薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螁袈羁薇蚇袇肃莀薃羆膅薆葿羆芈荿螇羅羇膁螃羄膀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