高中英语特殊句式 16页

.....专题十一特殊句式一、考纲解读考点1.倒装2.强调3.省略4.主谓一致5.反意疑问句6.therebe句型重点：1把握各种特殊句式在具体语境中的运用2.掌握主谓一致的灵活运用二、知识归纳1.倒装（1）完全倒装谓语动词完全放到主语之前①therebe（stand，lie，exist...）句型Eg：thereisagardenbehindthehouse②表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语放在句首（here，there,now,then,up,down,intheroom,onthewall,out,off...）Eg:Herecomesthebus.(△当主语是代词时，主谓不倒装，如Hereitis)Awaywentthegirl③表语位于句首时，其倒装结构为“英语+连系动词+主语“e.g.PresentatthemeetingweresamescientistsfromChina.(形容词作表语).专业word可编辑.\n.....Gonearethedayswhenwewerepoor.(过去分词作表语)Ineachroomaretenstudents.(介词短语作表语)（2）部分倒装，只把谓语的一部分（助动词，情态动词）置于主语之前①含否定意义的副词never,not,nor,hardly,seldom,notonly…but(also)…，notuntil及含有no的词或短语放在句首，结构为：表否定意义的词/词组+助动词/情态动词/be+主语+谓动+…e.g.NeverbeforehaveIseensuchamovingfilm.Notuntilhereturneddidwehavesupper.②only+副词/介词短语/状语从句+助动词/情态动词/be+主语+谓语动词+…e.g.OnlythendidIrealizethatIwaswrong.Onlyinthiswaycanyouimproveyourpronunciation.Onlywhenhereturneddidwefindoutthetruth.(主句倒装)△Only修饰主语时，句子不倒装。e.g.Onlyhecanhelpyou.}+情态动词/助动词/be+主语③So（也）Neither/Nor(也不)｛e.g.Youcanswim,socanhe.Ihaveneverbeentoabroad,neither(nor)hashe.——Helikeswatchingfootballmatchesbuthedoesn’tlikeplayingfootball.一Soitis(thesame)withsb.(有两个谓语动词时作答语用，表示“也”)Tomisthirteen.soisLucy.(Lucy也13岁。前后指两个人)soheis.(他(Tom)的确13岁。前后指一个人).专业word可编辑.\n.....④频度副词often,always,manyatime等置于句首，句子用部分倒装e.g.OftendoItellheraboutmylifehere.⑤虚拟语气条件中省略if，把were，had或should放在主语前，构成倒装e.g.WereIyou(=IfIwereyou),Iwouldtakehisadvice.⑥So(Such)…that…句型，So（Such）置句首时用倒装e.g.Sofastdoesherun.ThatIcan’tcatchupwithhim.Suchacleverboyishethathecanworkoutthisexerciseeasily.(3)其它倒装结构①as/though引导的让步状语从句adj/adv/名词/动词+as/though+主语+…e.g.Successfulas/thoughheis,heisnotproud.Childasheis,heknowstohelpothers.Objectasyoumay,I’llgo.②may表祝愿Mayyousucceed!Mayourfriendshipliveforever!2.强调(1)Itis/was+被强调部分+that/who+句子剩余成分强调人用that/who，强调物用that所强调的可以是单词，短语，也可以是从句，但结构要完整被强调的成分是主语、宾语、状语，但不能是定语或谓语e.g.ItisIwho/thatamright.(主语)ItwasLucythatwemetattheschoolgate.（宾语）.专业word可编辑.\n.....ItwasintheparkthatTomlosthiswatch.(状语)（2）强调句型的一般疑问句：Is/Wasit+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分？e.g.Wasitin1939thattheSecondWorldWarbrokeout?IsitprofessorWangthat/whoteachesyouEnglish?(3)强调句型的特殊疑问句：特殊疑问句词+is/was+it+that+其他成分？e.g.Whowasitthatbrokethewindow?Whenwasitthatyoucalledmeyesterday?Whatisitthatyouwantmetodo?(4)有时可用Itmightbe…that…或Itmusthavebeen…that…句型表强调e.g.Itmightbehisfatherthatyou’rethinkingof.Itmusthavebeenhisbrotherthatyousaw.(5)not…until…句型的强调句：Itis/wasnotuntil…that+其他部分e.g.Itwasnotuntilteno’clockthathewentobed.(6)强调句型中的it与作形式主语的it比较去掉It/was和that，剩余成分仍能构成一个完整句子，就是强调句型，否则就不是e.g.Itistherethataccidentsoftenhappen.→Accidentsoftenhappenthere.事故经常在那里发生。Itisclearthatnotallboyslikefootball.→Clearnotallboyslikefootball.(不是完整句子结构，因此这不是强调句).专业word可编辑.\n.....(7)强调句型Itis/was…that…；Itis/was+时间+when/before从句子与itis+时间+since从句；Itwasnotlongbefore…等句型的区别e.g.ItwasatmidnightthatIgotbackhomeyesterday.（强调句）Itwasmidnightwhen/beforeIgotbackhomeyesterday.（非强调句）ItwastwoyearsagothatIbegantolearnEnglish.（强调句）我是在两年前开始学英语的。ItistwoyearssinceIbegantolearnEnglish.（Itis…since…自从…以来已有…时间）Itwasn’tlongbefore…不久以后就…了Itwon’tbelongbefore…不久就会…Itwastwoyears/daysbefore…过了两年/两天就…Itwillbetwoyears/daysbefore还得两年/两天才Itwillnotbetwoyears/daysbefore…用不了两年/两天就会…试比较：Itwastwoyearsbeforehecamebackfromabroad.Itwastwoyearslaterthathecamebackfromabroad都表示他两年后回国。注意强调句中状语的表达方式（8）对谓语动词的强调用do/did/doese.g.Docomethisevening.Hedidwritetoyoulastweek..专业word可编辑.\n.....3.省略（1）不定式的省略①在beafraid,expect,forget,hope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,want,wish等后面，常用to代替被省略词。e.g.Iaskedhimtoseethefilm,buthedidn’twantto.②在have,need,ought,used等后面，用toe.g.Ididn’twanttogothere,butIhadto.③在glad,happy,pleased,delighted等后面，用toe.g.Ifyou’dlikemetohelpyou,I’dbeonlytoogladto.④否定形式的省略用nottoe.g.——ShallIgoinsteadofhim?——Iprefernotto.⑤如果不定式中含有be,have,havebeen,通常要保留tobe/tohave.Tohavebeene.g.——Areyouasailor?——No,butIusedtobe.（2）状语从句中的省略①当状语从句中主语和主句中主语一致，且从句中含有be动词时，可省略从句中的主语和be动词，此时从句中可能出现下列情况连词(as,asif,once)+名词e.g.Once(hewas）ateacher,henowworksinacompany.连词（though,whether,when)+形容词e.g.workhardwhen(youare）young,oryou’llregret.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。.专业word可编辑.\n.....连词(whether,asif,while)+介词短语e.g.Helookedeverywhereasif(hewas)insearchofsomething.△连词（when,while,though)+现在分词e.g.While(Iwas)walkingalongthestreet,Iheardmynamecalled.△连词（when,if,evenif,unless,once,until,than,as)+过去分词e.g.Theexhibitionismoreinterestingthan(itwas)expected.连词（asif,asthough)+不定式e.g.Heopenedhismouthasif(hewas)tospeak.(对事实的猜测）△②当从句主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系动词be时，可以把it和be一起省略，如连词(if).unless,when,whenever)+形容词e.g.If(itis)necessary,you’dbetterrefertothedictionary.③可以用so/not代替上文内容，有“ifso/not”结构e.g.Getupearlytomorrow,Ifnot(Ifyoudon’tgetupearly),youwillmissthefirstbus.Hemaynotbeathomethen.IfSo(Ifheisnotathome’leavehimanote.Tips:状语从句省略看似很多，其实也就是归为名词(no),形容词（adj.),介词短语(prep.-）；现在分词(V.-ing),过去分词(V.-ed)，不定式(todo)这六类，连词间基本相通，重在多看多记，主要考查V.-ing，V.-ed,todo三种，考查时变换灵活，要多做题。4.主谓一致（1）并列主语的主谓一致①两个单数名词或不可数名词用and连接，表两个不同概念，谓语动词用复数形式e.g.TomandJackwereclosefriends..专业word可编辑.\n.....Steamandicearedifferentformsofwater.②两个单数名词用and连接，表同一人，同一物，同一概念，或表示不可分割的整体，谓语动词用单数形式e.g.Thesingeranddanceristoattendoureveningparty.那位歌舞演员(指同一人）要来参加我们的晚会。（若说thesingerandthedancer,就是两个人，后面该用are）Aknifeandforkisonthetable.③被every,each,manya,no等限定的单个主语由and连接时，谓语动词用单数，其中后一个限定词可处略e.g.Eachboyand(each)girlhasanapple.Manyateacherhasseenthefilm.④一个单数名词被几个用and连接的并列形容词修饰时，可以指一件事或几件事，这种名词作为主语时，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式e.g.Simpleandplainlivingisagoodquality.生活简朴EnglishandAmericanliteratureareappealingtoher.英国文学和美国文学⑤由and连接的两个what从句作主语时，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式e.g.Whathesaysanddoesdonotagree.他的言、行不一致。（两件事）Whathesaysanddoesdoesn’tconcernme.他的言行与我无关。（一件事）△⑥由or,either…,neither…nor…,notonly…but(also)连接主语时，按就近原则，即谓语动词的单复数和邻近主语一致e.g.Oneortwofriendsarecomingthisevening.NeitherInorheisinfavorofhermarriage..专业word可编辑.\n.....EitheryouorIamgoingtobeinchargeofthismatter.△⑦主语+with/alongwith/togetherwith/aswellas/ratherthan/asmushas/but/except等+名词作主语时，谓语动词单复数要与前面的主语一致e.g.Tom(aswellastwoofhisfriends)wasinvitedtotheparty.Theteachertogetherwithhisstudentsisgoingthereonfoot.(2)数词与量词作主语时的主谓一致①表时间、重量、距离、价格、体积等名词的复数作主语时，作整体看待，谓语动词用单数e.g.Twentyyearsisalongtimeinhislife.（如强调具体的数量，则要用复数动词：Twentyyearshavepassedsincehisfatherdied.)②分数修饰名词作主语时，动词单复数取决于意义e.g.Aboutonethirdofthebooksareworthreading.Alargepercentoftheworkwasdoneyesterday.③由Kind/from/pair/type/sort/species/seriesof等修饰的主语，动词的单复数取决于这些词的单复e.g.Thisnewkindofbusesifnowonshow.Allkindsofdifficultieshavetobeovercome.④anumber/variety/groupof+n.(复数）+V.复Thenumber/varietyof+n.+V.单⑤manya/morethanone+单数名词+V.单.专业word可编辑.\n.....e.g.Morethanonestudenthasfailedtheexam.⑥aquantityof+复数名词+V.复，aquantityof+不可数名词+V.单quantitiesof+可数名词复数/不可数名词+V.复e.g.Besides,alargequantityofmailbagswerefound.Quantitiesoffoodwereonthetable.(3)某些名词作主语时的主谓一致①集体名词family,class,team,crew,group,audience,committee,public作主语，动词单复数依主语所指意义而定，当作整体来看，动词用单数；若强调成员时，动词用复数e.g.Theclassconsistsoftwenty-fiveboysandtwentygirls.Theclassaredoingexperiments.②trousers,pants,glasses,compasses,jeans等作主语，动词用复数，但若前面用了apairof/two……pairsof,谓语动词与pair保持一致e.g.Herearesomenewpairsofglasses.Mybluetrousershavewornout.ThispairofscissorswasinHangzhou.(4)What引导的从句作主语，谓语动词用单数的单复数视情况而定，一般用单数；若表语是复数名词，则用复数谓语动词。e.g.Whathesaidleavesmuchforustothinkabout.Whatherfatherleftherareonlysomebooks.5、反意疑问句（1）must①若must.专业word可编辑.\n.....表示“必须”或“有必要”，疑问部分用mustn’t或needn’t；若陈述部分有Mustn’t表“禁止”，疑问部分常用muste.g.Youmustleaveatonce,mustn’t/needn’tyou?Youmustn’tlaugh,mustyou?②当must用来表示对现在情况进行推测时，反意疑问部分要根据must后的动词采用相应的形式e.g.Hemustbegoodatmaths,isn’the?Hemustgotothelibrary,doesn’the?当must表示对过去情况的推测，反意疑问部分用didn’t（有明确的表过去的时间状语），或用haven’t/hasn’t（没用明确的时间）e.g.Shemusthavereadthenovellastweek,didn’tshe?Youmusthavetoldheraboutit,haven’tyou?(2)usedto反意疑问部分用usedn’t或didn’te.g.HeusedtoliveinParis,usedn’t/didn’the?(3)oughtto反意疑问部分用oughtn’t或shouldn’te.g.Youaughttoknowaboutit,oughtn’t/shouldn’tyou?(4)否定词或半否定词△seldom,hardly,never,few,little,nothing,nobody,scarcely等，疑问部分用肯定形式e.g.Hecouldhardlywalkwithoutastick,couldhe?TheyhaveneverbeentoAmerica,havethey?△(5)“否定”意义前缀，反意疑问部分用否定形式.专业word可编辑.\n.....e.g.It’sunfair,isn’tit?Tomdislikeplayingtennis,doesn’the?(6)宾语从句①陈述部分主句含有think,believe,suppose,guess,expect,imagine,besure等动词，且主语为第一人称，疑问部分主语和动词与宾语从句主语，时态一致e.g.Idon’tbelievehewillsucceed,willhe?(前面已有don’t表否定，后面用肯定）②若陈述句主语是第二/三人称，疑问部分主语和助动词与主句一致e.g.Tomdoesn’tbelieveJamewillsuueed,doeshe?Yousaidthathewouldcometomybirthdayparty,didn’tyou?(7)祈使句的反意疑问句①否定陈述，willyou?Don’ttalkanymore,willyou?②肯定陈述，will/won’tyou?Fetchmeachair,will/won’tyou?③Let’s…,shallwe?Let’sgivehimahand,shallwe?④Letus…,willyou?Letusgoandplayfootball,willyou?(8)回答反意疑问句时，不管主句为否定，还是附加疑问部分是否定，回答时只看所提到的事是否已发生，若发生，用肯定，若未发生，用否定e.g.Youaren’tastudent,areyou?Youareastudent,aren’tyou?若你是学生，回答Yes,Iam.否则，No，Iamnot.不存在Yes,Idon’t.或No,Ido.要么肯定到底，要么否定到底。（9）附加问句主语和陈述部分主语在人称、数上保持一致的几种情况。陈述部分主语附加问唏主语例句.专业word可编辑.\n.....One（指人）one或heOnecan’tbecarefulenough,canhe/one?This,that,these,thoseit或theyThisisn’tafasttrain,isit?everything,anything,something,nothingitNothinghappenedtohim,didit?everyone,everybody,someone,somebodynoone,nobody,anyone,anybodyhe或theyNobodylikestobelaughedat,doeshe?/dothey?不定式，动名词，其他短语itLearningEnglishwellwilltakeusalotoftime,doesn’tit?therebe句型thereTherewillberaintomorrow,won’tthere?Therearetwogirlsintheroom,aren’tthere?6.therebe句型（1）therebe结构符合就近原则e.g.Thereisapen,twobooks,andmanypencilsonthedesk.(2)therebe有多种时态Therewas/willbe/havebeen/can’tbe…（3）therebe中的be有时可用seemtobe,happentobe,islikelytobe或remain,.专业word可编辑.\n.....stand,lie,go,exist,follow,live,come,occur替换e.g.Thereislikelytobesomethingwrongwithhiscomputer.(4)therebe句型的非谓语形式e.g.Ineverdreamedoftherebeingapictureonthewall.Iexpecttheretobemanychancesforhimtogetajob.Itisnaturalforthemtheretobeagenerationgapbetweenthem.Therebeingnotenoughtimeleft,wehavetohurry.Therehavingbeennowaterfortwodays,travelerswereallthirsty.三、例题讲解1.Itwasonlyafterhehadreadthepapers——Mr.Grossrealizedthetaskbeforehimwasextremelydifficulttocomplete.A.WhenB.thatC.whichD.what选B.句意“看到那些文件后，Gross先生才意识到他面前的任务完成起来是极其困难的。本题是强调句型，强调时间状语。Itis/was…that/who…是强调句的标志，去掉后，句意依然完整。2.Onlybyincreasingthenumberofdoctorsby50percent_______properlyinthishospital.A.CanbethepatientstreatedB.canthepatientsbetreatedC.ThepatientscanbetreatedD.treatedcanbethepatients选B。句意：只有增加50%的医生，病人才能在这家医院得到妥善治疗。only位于句首修饰介词短语时，句子要用部分倒装。.专业word可编辑.\n.....3.Generally,students’innermotivationwithhighexpectationsfromothers________essentialtotheirdevelopment.A.isB.areC.wasD.were选A。从题干可知本题的主语是students’innermotivation,因此谓语动词用单数形式。再根据题中的Generally可知应用一般现在时态。故选A。4.“Neverforasecond,”theboysays,“_________thatmyfatherwouldcometomyrescue,”A.IdoubtedB.doIdoubtC.IhavedoubtedD.didIdoubt选D。表示否定意义的短语Neverforasecond位于句首，句子需要部分倒装，根据句意可知小男孩是在回忆父亲救他时的情景，因此用一般过去时态。故选D。5.—Why,thisisnothingbutcommonvegetablesoup!—_________,madam,It’soursoupoftheday.A.LetmeseeB.SoitisC.Don’smetionitD.NeitherdoI选B.答语意为：是这样的，女士。这就是我们今天的汤。根据答语可知，第二个人同意第一个人说的话，因此用”So+主语9助动词/情态动词/系动词”结构，意为“的确如此。”若表示B和A同样做了某事，则用“So+助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语”结构。如YaomingstandsforChineseculture.SodoesThangZiYi.6.Thedriverwantedtoparkhiscarneartheroadsidebutwasaskedbythepolice_____.A.nottodoB.nottoC.notdoD.donot选B.句意：那个司机想把车停在路边，但警察不允许他这样做。这里为了避免重复，省略与前文相同的部分，只保留不定式符号to.补充完整后为“wasaskedbythepolicenotto.专业word可编辑.\n.....parkhiscarneartheroadside.”7.SomeofyoumayhavefinishedUnitOne.____________,youcangoontoUnitTwo.A.IfyoumayB.IfyoudoC.IfnotD.Ifso选D.句意：你们当中可能有些人已经结束了第一单元，如果这样的话，你们可以继续去完成第二单元。so代替前面表示的肯定情况，而not代替前面表示的否定情况。8.Johnopenedthedoor.There________hehdneverseenbefore.A.agirldidstandB.agirlstandC.DidagirlstandD.stoodagirl选D。以here,there,up,down等副词开头，且主语是名词，句子用全部倒装。9.One-thirdofthecountry___________coveredwithtreesandthemajorityofthecitizens__________blackpeople.A.is;areB.is;isC.are;areD.are;is选A。第一个空分数修饰的名词country是集体名词，谓语动词用单数；第二个空主语是citizens（市民中的）themajority(大多数），动词用复数。故选A。10.Thesetreesmusthavebeenplantedthreeyearsago,_________?A.weren’ttheyB.mustn’ttheyC.didn’ttheyD.haven’tthey选A.首先，trees是被种植的，是被动语态，排除C；其次，threeyearsago表过去，是过去时，排除D；must表推测，排除B，故选A。（可理解为Iansurethatthesetreeswereplantedthreeyearsago,weren’tthey?).专业word可编辑.