高中英语非谓语动词 141页

非谓语动词NonfiniteVerbs\n找出各句的谓语动词并指出其具体形式1.Don'tteachfishtoswim.不要班门弄斧。1哪些是动词的谓语形式？don'tteach，谓语动词否定式\n2.Hehadagoodmemorylikeanelephant.他以前有很好的记忆力。3.Itwouldbeawasteofmoneybuildingsuchaluxuriousvilla.建这么豪华的别墅太浪费钱。1had，谓语动词过去式wouldbe，附加情态动词的动词原形\n4.Lighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.光比声音传播速度快得多。5.Whenaskedwhy,pleasejustkeepsilent.当问到原因时，就保持沉默。1travels，谓语动词单数形式keep，动词原形\n6.Thepresidentwaswarmlywelcomedbytheresidents.总统受到了居民的热烈欢迎。1waswelcomed，动词的被动形式\n1.谓语动词：概述：2.非谓语动词：在句子中担任谓语的动词是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下,还有别的动词出现时。非谓语动词使用条件Shegotoffthebus,leavingherhandbagonherseat.Shegotoffthebus,butleftherhandbagonherseat.\n1Theteacherssittingtherearefromotherschools.表语2Wesawsometeacherssittingthere.宾语补足语3Weneedtobeactiveinclass.宾语谓语宾语主语定语连系动词划分句子成分非谓语动词大都可在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等.\n4.Toseeyouisglad.=It’sgladtoseeyou.5.Iwanttoseeyou.6.Iwanthimtoseeyou.7.Myhopeistoseeyou.8.Heisthemantoseeyou.9.I’mgladtoseeyou.10.Iwenttoseeyou.11.Hehurriedtothestation,onlytofindthetrainhadleft.（作主语）(作宾语）（作宾补）(作表语）（作定语）（作原因状语）（作目的状语）（作结果状语）\n12.Swimmingishisfavouritesport.13.Heenjoysswimming.14.Ifoundhimswimmingintheriver.15.Hisfavouritesportisswimming.16.Heisthemanswimmingintheriverjustnow.17.SwimminginSummer,wecangetcool.(作主语）(作宾语）(作宾补）(作表语）(作状语）(作定语）\n非谓语不定式（todo)过去分词(-ed)-ing分词-ed分词二非谓语动词有哪些？\n非谓语动词有哪些不同的形式？非谓语动词一般式完成式一般式完成式动词不定式过去分词tobedonetohavebeendonebeingdonehavingbeendone及物动词的过去分词既表示被动又表示动作已完成,个别动词的过去分词只表示完成(多数为不及物动词)主动形式被动形式todotohavedonedoinghavingdone不定式除一般式、完成式以外还有__________进行式done-ing分词\n动词不定式（TheInfinitive）一.动词不定式的基本构成：由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。其否定式由not+不定式构成肯定式：todosth否定式：nottodosth.被动式：tobedone完成式：tohavedone二.动词不定式的句法作用法动词不定式有副词，形容词和名词的特征，因此在句中可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语定语、状语等成份。\n动词不定式Todothatthingisfoolish。IwanttoseeyouthiseveningAllyouhavetodoistofinishitquickly.Wefoundahousetolivein.ShecameheretostudyEnglish.Iwarnedthepatientnottodrinkcoldwateraftertheoperation.主语宾语表语定语状语宾补\n1.作主语不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。Toseeistobelieve．Nottogetthereintimeisyourfault.注：常用it做形式主语，将todo放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。句型1：It+谓语+todoIttakesusanhourtogettherebybus.句型2：It’s+n.+todoIt’sourdutytohelpthepoor.Itisagreatenjoymenttospendourholidayinthemountains\n句型3：Itisadj.for/ofsb.todosth.Itis+adj+forsbtodosthItis+adj+ofsbtodosth（是形容人的品质的）（是形容事物的性质的）Itiseasyformetofinishthisworkbeforeten.Itisagreathonorforustobepresentatyourbirthdayparty.Itisverykindofyoutogivemesomehelp.It'simpoliteofyoutospeaktotheteacherlikethat.＝Youareverykindtogivemesomehelp.＝youareimpolitetospeaktotheteacherlikethat.\n常见动词有：口诀：想要决定同意，希望许诺选择want,decide,hope,agree,choose,wish,need,promise2.作宾语Iwanttoknowthismatter.like,demand,expect,promise,begin,determine,refuse,offer,fail,manage,learn,seem,intend,prefer,forget,mean,prepare,pretend,continue,start,afford,hate等Idon’texpecttomeetyouhere.1).接不定式做宾语1.Theywanted____(get)onthebus,didn’tthey?2.Hesaidhewished______(be)aprofessor.3.Iagreed______(go)therewiththedoctor.4.Mydaughterpreferred______(dance)whenshewasinhertwenties.5.Hepromised______(give)meahand.togettobetogotodancetogive\n2）.常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:tell,advise,show,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn,explain，know,show,discover,see(understand)Hetaughtushowtousethetool.Noonecouldtellmewheretogetthebook.Ihopeyou’lladvisemewhattodo.Idon'tknowhowtogetthere.Ihaven'tdecidedwhethertogoorstay.\nbeginstart+tododoing注意下列动词①\n②likelovehateprefer+tododoing\n③rememberforgetregret+tododoing\n④trymeanstopgooncontinue+tododoing\n1.Boys,don'tforget_____thewindowsbeforeyouleavetheclassroom.A.closingB.closedC.toclosingD.toclose2.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_______onabigrock.A.tohaverestedB.restingC.torestD.rest3.Remember_______thelightswhenyouleavetheoffice.A.toturnoffB.turningoffC.turnoffD.toturningoff\n1）、主语+be+todosth主语多为duty/wish/hope/idea/plan/ambition/dream/work/job等名词1、Myambitionistobeasinger.2、Hisworkistocleantheclassroomeveryday.3.作表语我的梦想是成为一名歌手。他的工作是每天清扫教室。\n2）、谚语中1、Toknoweverythingistoknownothing.2、Toseeistobelieve.\n4.作宾语补足语(与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系)1.Mother told me___come back before10 o’clock.2.I’ll get someone___repair the recorderfor you.3.What caused him___change his mind?4.I wish you___come as soon as possible.5.Heaskedme___dotheworkwithhim.tototototo\nadviseallowaskbegcauseexpectencourageforcegethateinviteorderwishwantwarnremindpromisepermitpersuaderequest…sb.todo\nseewatchlookathearlistentofeelnotice+sb.+dodoingdonemakelethave\nsb.beseenwatchedlookedatheardlistenedtofeltnoticed+todomadelet\n2).I often hear them (sing) thissong.Did you notice anyone (come )in ?I would have him (wait) for me for a long time.Look at the horse jump.注意： 当这类动词转为被动语态时， 其后的不定式则要加上“ to” 如：Heisoftenheard________thesong·He was seen _______ the room.tosingto enter\n5.it作形式宾语Ifind/feeltoworkwithhiminteresting．Ifind/feelitinterestingtoworkwithhim．注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。Subject+find/think/feel/make/consider…it+adj/n+todosth.1.We thought ___ better ___ start early.2.Do you consider ___ better not __ go?3. I feel __ my duty __ change all that.4.Wethink__important__obeythelaw.5.Iknow__impossible__finishsomuchhomeworkinaday.ittoitititittotototo\n用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，使句子完整、正确。1.Letme______(help)you_______(water)theflowers.2.LittleSandywouldlove_______(take)tothecinemathisevening.3.Thoughheoftenmadehisdeskmate______(cry),todayhewasmade_______(cry)byhisdeskmate.4.Isawhim_______intothesmallstore.A.wentB.goingC.togoD.hasgone5.Telltheboy_______outofthewindow.nottolookB.tonotlookC.don'tlookD.notlookhelp(to)watertotakecrytocry\n6.作定语不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系Doyouhaveanythingtowashtoday?Doyouhaveanythingtobewashedtoday?(区别主被动）不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容Ihavenochancetogothere.被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语Sheisthelasttoleavetheroom.不定式为不及物动词时，须加介词Heislookingforaroomtolivein.\n1.Thehouseisnotbigenoughforusall_______.A.toliveinB.tobelivedinC.toliveD.forlivingin2.Wouldyoupleasepassmetheknife_______?A.tocutthefruitwithB.tocutthefruit C.cuttingthefruitD.cuttingthefruitwith3.Ihavesomethingimportanttosay.pleasefindapieceofpaper（写上）4.Excuseme，couldIuseyourpenforamoment？Ihavenopen（写）towriteontowritewith动词不定式做定语\n7.不定式作状语1)不定式作目的状语Timsatnearthefiretogetwarm.Theathletespractisedhardtowinthematch.为强调作作目的状语的不定式,常用inorder(not)to，soas(not)to短语.前者可放在句首,也可放在句中;后者只能放在句中\n2).不定式作结果状语作结果状语的不定式常用于一些固定搭配中如:too…to,enoughto，onlyto，neverto，so+形容词/副词+asto,such+名词+astodo引导。Ｉliftedastone,onlytofalldownmyfeet.Itriedthedoor,onlytofinditlockedinside.(强调意外结果)HeisbraveenoughtogooutaloneatnightItistooheavytocarry.\n3).不定式作原因状语常放在表示心理感觉的形容词后,说明产生这种情绪的原因Iamhappytoseeyou.Shewassadtohearthebadnews.I’manxious/eagertoknowtheresult.常用的形容词有able,content,willing,free,happy,glad,lucky,sorry,angry,sad,rude,foolish,clever…\n三.不定式的省略现象1)不定式在感官动词see,hear,feel,watch,notice,lookat,listento,overhear,observe和使役动词have,make,let后作宾语补足语时,不定式省略to。例Iwatchedhimdisappearinthedistance.但这种句子如果变为被动结构，有toTheyweremadetoworkdayandnight.Someonewasheardtocomeupthestairs.\n2)介词but,except,besides后接不定式作宾语时，介词前有行为动词do,不定式要省去to。例Wedidnothingbut/exceptwaitthen.反之,则不能省略I’venochoicebuttostayhere.\n3)不定式在系动词后作表语时,当主语部分有行为动词do,作表语的不定式to可省略。例:WhatIwanttodonowisfindsomebookstoread.\n4)有两个以上的不定式并列在一起时,第二个不定式的to可以省略Ipromisetofinishmyhomeworkandhanditontime.5)当作宾语的不定式重复时,只保留to---Doyouwanttohavearest?---Yes,Iwantto,butIcan’t.\n但当to后面的动词是be或have时,要保留不定式后的be或have---Areyouasailor?---No,butIusedtobe(asailor).---Doesshehavemuchmoney?---No,butsheusedtohave.\n6)在固定词组和句型中省略toA.hadbetterdo/hadbetternotdoYou’dbetternotseehim.B.wouldratherdosth.thandosth.Theywouldrathertryandfailthangiveuptheplan\nC.cannotbutdosth.cannotchoosebutdosth.cannothelpbutdosth.“不得不….”Asthelastbushadgone,Icouldbutwalkthere.Hecannothelpbutadmitthathewaswrong.\nD.whynotdosth?表建议whydosth?表责备Whynotdoitrightnow?E.prefertodosth,ratherthandosth.Wepreferredtoputthemeetingoffratherthanholditwithoutadequatepreparation.\n四.不定式的时态不定式的时态形式一般包括四种:一般式,完成式,进行式和完成进行式1)不定式的一般式(todo)一般式表示的动作(状态)和谓语动作同时(或几乎同时)发生,或在其后发生Theydecidedtoholdanothermeetingtodiscusstheproblem.Doyouhaveanythingtodothisafternoon?\n2)不定式的进行式(tobedoing)表示不定式的动作和主句的动作同时发生Heissaidtobeplayingapartinthefilm.Theyseemtobegettingalongquitewell.\n3)不定式的完成式(tohavedone)A.表示不定式中谓语动词动作发生在主句的谓语动作之前。Thenovelwassaidtohavebeenpublished.Iregrettohavebeenwithyouforsomanyyears.Heseemedtohavefinishedhiswork.不定式的完成式常用在besaid、bebelieved、bereported,beconsidered,bethought、beknown、besupposed、或seem、appear、hope,pretend等动词之后\nB)表原本打算做,但未能实现的事Imeanttohaveinvitedyoutomyhouseyesterday.TheyplannedtohavebeenmarriedinMaybuthadtoputitofftillJune.Iwouldliketohavegonetotheparty,butIwastoobusy.常用于这一句型的动词还有hoped/promised/wanted/wished/expected/planned…+tohavedonesth.\n五.不定式的语态当一个不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式动作的承受者,这个不定式一般要用被动形式Youaretoattendthemeetingtobeheldtomorrow.Heaskedtobesenttoworkthere.\n六.不定式主动表被动不定式有时用主动语态表示被动含义1.在therebe句型中Thereisnotimetolose.Thereissomethingtopayattentionto.2.当不定式修饰want,have等动词的宾语,而句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时用主动语态表示被动含义Wehavenohomeworktodo.Maryhasthreechildrentolookafter.\n3.当不定式和其逻辑主语是被动关系,但不定式前有形容词时,不定式用主动语态表示被动含义(常见的:easy,hard,difficult,fit,heavy,comfortable,…)Thisjobishardtodo.Heisnoteasytoconvince.他不容易被说服\n4.某些动词,如tolet,toblame（责备）用主动式表被动意义。Whoistoblameforit?这得怪谁?Thehouseistolet.这房子要出租。\n七.不定式的独立成分Totellthetruth,tobefrank,tomakematterworse,tobesure,tobeexactlytobehonest,tobebrief….Tobefrank,youarelying.Tomakematterworse,itbegantoturndark.Totellthetruth,Idon’tthinkthefilmisgood.\n1.-ing的构成-ing是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。-ing同样有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表几种形式（以do为例）：主动形式被动形式一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone-ing的否定形式是由not加-ing分词构成。Notknowinghisaddress,Icoulddonothingbutstayathomeandwait.Hisnotcomingmadeallofusangry.V-ing\n2.-ing的语法作用-ing一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。1)–ing（短语）作主语：Layingeggsistheantqueen’sfull-timejob.  Sayingiseasierthandoing.  为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。如：Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.  It'sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.\n2)-ing（短语）作表语：Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.  Theproblemisquitepuzzling.-ing作表语的两种不同含义：①-ing作表语可以表示主语的内容是什么。如：Theirjobisbuildinghouses.他们的工作是盖房子。Therealquestionisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthepeople.      真正的问题是了解人民的需要。②-ing作表语还可以表示主语所具有的特征。如：Thisstoryisveryinteresting.  这故事很有趣。Theproblemisquitepuzzling.这个问题很令人困惑。\n3)-ing作宾语：①–ing作动词宾语。Isuggestdoingitinadifferentway.WeenjoyattendingMrMa'sclass.  ②-ing作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用it作形式宾语。如：Ithinkitnogoodlivinginsuchacoldplace.Doyouconsideritnousetryingagain?\n高中阶段能接-ing作宾语的常见动词：mind（介意）,suggest（建议）,enjoy（欣赏，）,admit（承认）,appreciate（感激，欣赏）,avoid（避免）,delay（推迟）,dislike（不喜欢，厌恶）,escape（逃脱）,finish（完成）,forgive（宽恕）,imagine（想象）,keep（保持）,miss（错过）,practise（训练）,resist（抵抗，抵制）,risk（冒险）,deny（拒绝，否认）,consider（考虑）等。\n③-ing作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如：I'magainstinvitinghimtodinner.  Theydon’tfeellikewalkingthatmuch.  HewenttoLondoninthehopeofbeingafamouspainter.lookforwardto,beproudof,beresponsiblefor,insiston,thinkof,dreamof,objectto,hearof,prevent…from,keep…from,stop…from,beengagedin,dependon,thank…for,excuse…for,aimat,devote…to,setabout（着手做）,be/getusedto,befondof,beafraidof,betiredof,succeedin,beinterestedin,beashamedof\n注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如：Ihavenodifficulty(in)communicatingwithforeigners.Heusedtospendalotoftime(in)playinggames.  。Whatcanpreventus(from)gettingmarried?  ？   另外，-ing可以和一些介词如in,on,after,against,before,by,for,without,besides等构成短语，在句中作状语。如：Heleftaheadoftimewithoutsayingaword.Besidescookingandsewing,shehadtotakecareoffourchildren. Onhearingthenews,allthepupilsjumpedwithjoy.\n4)-ing作定语：①单个的作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如：readingroom  swimmingpool  singingcompetitionwaitingroom sleepingbagtheexcitingnewsaboringspeech     asleepingchild-ing作定语的两种不同含义：①–ing作定语可用来说明被修饰的名词的用途和性能。如：readingmaterial  阅读材料walkingstick  手杖      fishingpole  鱼杆flyingsuit  飞行服writingtable  写字台     listeningpractice听力训练\n②-ing作定语还可以表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。如：developingcountries=countriesthataredeveloping  发展中国家agrowingcity=acitythatisgrowing发展着的城市anordinary-lookinghouse=ahousethatlooksordinary看起来很普通的房子atouchingstory=astorythatistouching一个动人的故事workingpeople=peoplewhoareworking劳动人民\n②-ing短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个定语从句。如：Whoisthecomradestandingbythedoor?  Theylivedinahousefacingsouth.\n③–ing还可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。Thewords,usuallydealingwithcurrentwork,weremostlywrittenbyhimself.      Whensheappeared,John,wearingadirtyandworn-outovercoat,rantoherwithjoy.\n5)-ing做状语：     -ing作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。①-ing短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词when,while引出。如：Whilereadingthebook,henoddedfromtimetotime.Seeingthosepictures,sherememberedherchildhood.②-ing短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：Notknowinghisaddress,Ican’tsendthisbooktohim.Manyofus,beingsoexcited,couldn’tgotosleepthatnight.\n③–ing短语作结果状语。如：Hisfatherdied,leavinghimalotofmoney.Shewassoangrythatshethrewthetoyontheground,breakingitintopieces.      ④-ing作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如：Theystoodthereforhalfanhourwatchingthestarsinthesky.Followingtheoldman,theyoungpeoplestartedwalkingslowly.\n⑤-ing间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。如：Standingatthefootofahighmountain,apersonwillfindhimselfverysmall.      Knowingallthis,theymademepayforthedamage.注：-ing作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。⑥“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分词”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如：Hishairbecamegreywiththeyearspassing.Withoutanyonenoticing,heslippedthroughthewindow.\n6)-ing作宾语补足语：①--ing可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,lookat,listento,observe,have,get,leave,keep,set,catch,find等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语，作宾语补语。如：InoticedamanrunningoutofthebankwhenIgotoffthecar.   Lastnighttheshopkeepercaughtachildstealingsomefoodintheshop.      ②上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，-ing分词可看成是主语补语。如：Wewerekeptwaitingforquitealongtime.  Jilywasneverheardsingingthatsongagain.\n5.-ing的复合结构：-ing分词的复合结构通常由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格+-ing分词构成，在句子开头时必须用物主代词和名词所有格，通常在句中作主语和宾语。如：Hiscomingmadeusveryhappy.Hewassurprisedbysomeone’sknockingatthedoor.\n动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。1)LiPing’s/Myhelpinghermovedherdeeply.2)Iappreciateyour/you/LiPing’s/LiPingcomingtoseeme.3)Isthereanyhopeofourteamwinningthematch?4)Whatmademeangrywasmanystudentsfailingintheexam.(动名词结构作宾语,其逻辑主语用宾格或所有格均可)(动名词结构作主语,其逻辑主语用所有格)(逻辑主语是无生命名词时,只用普通格)(以-s结尾的名词,只用普通格)\n1)Iwouldappreciate_____backthisafternoon.A.youtocallB.youcallC.yourcallingD.you’recalling2)________madehermotherveryangry.A.MarymarryingJimB.Mary’smarriedJimC.Mary’smarryingJimD.Mary’sbeingmarriedJimCC\n3).Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledto______.A.thethiefhavingcaughtB.catchthethiefC.thethiefbeingcaughtD.thethieftobecaught4).Thenoiseof____couldbeheardoutinthestreet.A.desksopeningandclosingB.desksopenedandclosedC.desksbeingopenedandclosedD.desks’beingopenedandclosedCC\n1.–ing作主语和表语时与不定式的区别：1在表示比较抽象的一般的多次行为时多用-ing分词；在表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。2.动名词作主语时通常位于句首；不定式作主语时常置于句末，用it作形式主语放在句首。如：Smokingisforbiddenhere. （泛指吸烟）这里禁止吸烟。It’snotgoodforyoutosmokesomuch.（指你吸烟）吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。Myjobisteaching. 我的工作是教书。MyjobistoteachyouEnglishthisterm.我这一学期的工作是教你们英语。Seeingisbelieving.Toseeistobelieve.若主语和表语都是非谓语动词,应保持形式上的一致。\n1).It’snecessarytobepreparedforajobinterview.________theanswersreadywillbeofgreathelp.A.TohaveB.HavinghadC.HaveD.Having2).Infact_____isahardjobforthepolicetokeeporderinanimportantmatch.A.thisB.thatC.thereD.itDD\n下列句型中常用动名词作主语:Itis/wasnouse/goodnotanyuse/goodoflittleuse/gooduseless+doingsth.\n2.有些动词既能接不定式，又能接-ing分词，含义有所不同。如：①forget,remember,regret等词后面接不定式表示不定式动作后于谓语动作，而后接-ing分词作宾语表示分词动作先于谓语动作。如：Doyourememberseeingmebefore?  你记得以前见过我吗？Remembertolockthedoorwhenyouleave.离开时要记得锁门。②动词mean,stop,try,goon等动词后面接分词和接不定式作宾语，意思也有所不同。如：Itrynottothinkaboutthat.  我尽量不去想那件事。Wouldyoupleasetrydoingthatagain? 请你再试一次好吗？Imeantochangeitforanotherone.  我想换成另外一个。Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanotherhour.  误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。\nHavingfinishedtheexercises,wewentontolearnthenewwordsinthenextunit.                 Afterashortrest,theywentonworking.Hestoppedtalkingwhenthebellrang.Whileworking,hestoppedtotalkwithTomattimes.注意：有时人们把stop后的动词不定式理解为目的状语。③动词allow,advise,forbid,permit等可直接跟-ing分词作宾语，不可以接动词不定式作宾语，但可接不定式作宾语补语。如：Pleasepermitmetosayafewwords.请允许我说几句话。Wedon’tpermitsmokinghere.我们这儿不允许吸烟。\n④动词need,require,want作“需要”解时，后面接-ing分词或不定式的被动式。如：Theroomwantscleaning/tobecleaned.Theselittlechildrenrequirelookingaftercarefully/tobelookedaftercarefully. ⑤动词like,hate,prefer等后面，如表示一般性动作，多用-ing分词；如指特定的具体的某次动作，多用不定式。如：Ilikeswimming,butIdon’tliketoswimwithyou.我喜欢游泳，但我不喜欢和你一起游泳。Ipreferwalkingtoschooleveryday.  我情愿每天步行去学校。Iprefertostayathometoday.  今天我情愿呆在家里。\n⑥动词begin,start后面，如表示有意识地开始做某事，常用-ing分词，否则用不定式更多一些。如：Webegantodothatjoblastyear.  我们去年开始做那工作的。      Theystartedtalkingaboutthefilmatonce. 他们立刻开始谈论那部电影。             注：下面几种情况多用不定式作宾语：a.当start,begin本身用于进行时态时。 Whentheteachercameintotheroom,hewasstartingtowritetohisparents.      老师走进教室的时候，他正开始写信给他的父母亲。\nb.当start,begin后接表示心理活动的动词时。Hearingthenews,hestartedtothinkofagoodwaytosolvetheproblem.      一听到消息，他就开始考虑一个好办法来解决这个问题。c.当句子的主语是无生命的东西时。Wewereabouttoleavewhenitbegantorain.      我们正准备离开，天开始下雨了。\n3.有些动词如begin,start;love,like,hate,prefer后既可以跟不定式又可以跟ing分词作宾语，意义上无多大区别(但ing分词一般表示经常性的行为；不定式表示具体的行为)。Ilike__________verymuch,butIdon'tlike_________thisafternoon.A.swimming,swimmingB.toswim,toswimC.swimming,toswimD.toswim,swimmingC\n思考：下列情况中动词后接不定式还是接ing分词作宾语呢？OnlythendidIbegin__________________(see)shewasreallygoodtome.Themomenthereturnedhome,Iwasstarting/beginning____________________(cook)supper.Thewaterbegan________________(freeze).\n4.有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词作宾语，但意义上有明显差别。讨论：有哪些单词或短语？goon(stop/remember/regret)todo/doingcan’thelptodo/doingbeusedtodo/doing(getusedtodoing)(usedtodo)\nChildrenshouldbeallowed______theirowndecisions.A.makingB.tomakeC.makeD.havingmadeBMyadvisorencouraged_____asummercoursetoimprovemywritingskills.A.formetakingB.metakingC.formetotakeD.metotakeD\n6.不定式和-ing作宾语补语的区别：在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等感官动词后，既可用-ing分词构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用-ing分词时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。如：Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor? (Someoneisknockingatthedoor.)      有人在敲门你听见了吗？Doyouhearsomeoneknockatthedoor? (Someoneknockedatthedoorjustnow.) 你听见有人敲门了吗？\n3.不定式和分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语表达的意义不同。①Iheardher______(sing)anEnglishsongjustnow.②Iheardher________(sing)anEnglishsongwhenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.③IheardtheEnglishsong______(sing)manytimes.(4)IheardtheEnglishsong____________(sing)whenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.singsingingsungbeingsung\n7.高中阶段常见的带介词to的短语，后接-ing分词或名词。如：admitto（承认）,contributeto（捐助、贡献）,getdownto（着手做）,givewayto（让位于），keepto（坚持、遵守）,leadto（导致）,lookforwardto（期待）,taketo（从事）,turnto（求助于）,stickto（忠于、坚持）,pointto（指向、表明）,seeto（注意、处理）,beusedto（习惯于）,devoteoneselfto（献身于）,beequalto（胜任的、等于）,befamiliarto（为……熟悉）.\n高中阶段有一些固定的-ing短语，如generallyspeaking（一般来说）,judgingfrom…（根据……来判断）,considering…（考虑到……）,talkingof…（谈到……，提到……）,supposing…（假如……）等，它们的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。这种短语可以被称之为句子的状语，也可当作一个插入语。如：Judgingfromhisaccent,hemustcomefromCanada.从他的口音看他一定来自加拿大。Consideringhowpoorhewas,wedecidedtolethimattendtheconcertforfree. 考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。\n选择填空：1.Theofficersnarrowlyescaped______  inthehotbattle.A.havekilled     B.tokill         C.tobekilled        D.beingkilled2.   ___   theletter,hewentouttopostit.A.Writing      B.Beingwriting    C.Havingwritten      D.Written3.Don'tyouremember  _______       ?A.seeingthemanbefore         B.toseethemanbeforeC.sawthemanbefore          D.tohaveseenthemanbefore4.Peoplecouldn't help   ______   thefoolishemperorintheprocession.A.laughat      B.tolaughat      C.laughingat     D.laughingon5.We’relookingforward _____   thephotoexhibition.A.tovisiting    B.tovisit     C.tohavingvisited    D.tovisitingDCACD\n6.Thegirl  ___ underthattreeismysister.A.sitting           B.sits          C.issitting         D.sat7.Thissentenceneeds   _____        .A.aimprovement      B.improveC.improving     D.improved8. ______   anythingabouttheaccident,hewenttoworkasusual..A.Notknown    B.Knownnot C.Knowingnot    D.Notknowing9.Thenextmorningshefoundtheman     ________   inbed,dead.A.lying        B.lie        C.lay           D.laying10.Therewasterriblenoise   _____    thesuddenburstoflight.A.followed B.following   C.tobefollowed    D.beingfollowed11.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,  ___  alongspeechforthepresident.A.toprepare     B.preparing     C.prepared     D.waspreparingACDABB\n12. “Can'tyouread?”Marysaid  ___      tothenotice.A.angrilypointing          B.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointed             D.andangrilypointing13.Howabouttwoofus    ___   awalkdownthegarden?A.totake      B.take     C.taking     D.tobetaking14.---Imustapologizefor _______   aheadoftime.   ---That’sallright.A.lettingyounotknow               B.notlettingyouknowC.lettingyouknownot               D.lettingnotyouknow15.---Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.---Well,nowIregret _____  that.A.todo      B.tobedoing      C.tohavedone      D.havingdoneACBD\n16.Wouldyou  ________    meyouridentificationcard,sir?A.mindtoshow     B.mindshowingC.troubletoshow          D.troubleshowing17.Hesuggested    ____    onSaturday.A.tohaveameeting             B.havingameetingC.ameetingtohave         D.thathavingameeting18.Itisnogood _______   tocomenow.Heisbusy.A.ifyouaskhim          B.toaskhimC.askinghim              D.thatyouaskhim19.Althoughpunctualhimself,theprofessorwasquiteused   _____  lateforhislecture.A.tohavestudents                     B.forstudentstobeC.forstudents’being                 D.tostudents’beingBBCD\n7月2日孙驰的consolidation\n___  forseveralweeks,thecityneededfood.A.Ashavingflooded             B.beingfloodedC.Havingbeenflooded         D.Toflood____  illworriedmyparentsgreatly.A.IfellB.MefallingC.Myfalling              D.IfallingCC\nSheiswritingalettertoafriendofhers,    ____  himtoattendthemeeting.A.havinginvited                  B.invitingC.toinvite             D.invited_____ theclassroom,thestudentswenttotheplaygroundtowatchthefootballmatch.A.Toclean               B.HavingcleanedC.Cleaned       D.CleaningBB\nGrammarThePastParticiple\n1.过去分词具有动词的性质，同时兼有形容词或副词的性质，可以拥有自己的逻辑主语，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。Explanation\n2.v-ed表示动作已经完成或被动意义eg:fallenleaves落叶(已落下的叶子)eg:Iheardthedoorclosed.我听见门被关上了。3.否定式：not+v-edeg:Heescaped,notseenbyanyone.\n过去分词所充当的成分：一、作表语(predicative)1.过去分词作表语，表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，其用法相当于adj.，放在系动词后面。eg:Thedoorremainedlockedtill7o’clock.eg:Iampleasedwiththeresultoftheexperiment.(许多v-ed形式已经被当作adj.使用,如:excited,disappointed,moved,puzzled,lost等)\n注意区别：2.v-ed作表语时，与系动词一起构成的系表结构与普通的被动语态在形式上相似。系表结构中的v-ed表示：被动语态中的v-ed表示：主语所处的状态一个被动的动作eg:Thecupisbroken.ThecupwasbrokenbyTom.系表结构表状态被动语态表动作\n注意比较：3.过去分词v-ed和v-ing作表语的区别：过去分词v-ed:现在分词v-ing:表主语(人)所处的心理状态，个人的感受.“(人)感到...”表主语(物或人)所具有的特征.“(物或人)令人...”eg:surprised/surprising;encouraged/encouraging;moved/moving...\n二、作定语(attribute)1.前置定语：单个的v-ed作定语，一般放在被修饰的n.之前；后置定语：v-ed短语作定语时，常被放在被修饰的n.之后，相当于一个定语从句。eg:aninvitedguest一位受到邀请的客人eg:Theinjuredbirdlayontheground.eg:TheboynamedTomismybrother.eg:aletterwritteninblueink\n注意:如果被修饰的词是复合不定代词或指示代词those等时，即使是一个单一的分词作定语也要放在被修饰的词之后。eg:Therewasnobodyinvitedhere.Iwanttofindsomebodyinterestedinthecase.\n2.v-ed作定语与定语从句的互换:(1)若是vt.的过去分词作定语表示已经完成的动作，且含有被动意义，可改成v.用被动形式的定语从句。eg:Theletterpostedtodaywillreachyouinaweek.=Theletterwhichwaspostedtodaywill...\n(2)若是vi.的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成，不表被动，可改成v.用完成时态的定语从句。eg:aretiredteacher=ateacherwhohasretiredeg:thefallenleaves=theleaveswhichhavefallen\n注意：分词的完成式一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义常用定语从句。我们一般不说Thegirlhavingwontheraceismyfriend.而常说：Thegirlwhohaswontheraceismyfriend.\n3.v-ed形式与其他非谓语动词作定语时区别：（1）doing作定语------主动，动作正在进行（3）done作定语------被动，动作已完成（2）beingdone作定语------被动，动作正在进行（4）todo作定语------将来要发生的动作（5）havingdone---不能作定语，用定语从句代替注意比较：eg:abrokencup;somesingingbirds\n分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是：现在分词表示主动、进行之意；过去分词表示被动与完成；而不定式表示在谓语动词表示的动作之后即将发生的动作。例如：①Thequestion__________(discuss)atthemeetingyesterdayisofquiteimportance.②Thequestion_____________(discuss)atthemeetingnowisofquiteimportance.③Thequestion______________(discuss)atthemeetingtomorrowisofquiteimportance.discussedbeingdiscussedtobediscussed\n注：ing分词作定语有时意义不同：flyingfish飞鱼arunningdog走狗afallingtide落潮acryingboy哭着的孩子arunningmachineaswimmingpoolawaitingroomawalkingstickafishingpoleareadingroom\nExercise:1.Pricesofdailygoods____throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.A.areboughtB.boughtC.beenboughtD.buyingB\n能作状语的有不定式、现在分词和过去分词。作什么样的状语往往取决于它们的位置和在句中的意义。\nPractise1).When_______(heat),waterwillbechangedintovapour.While_______(heat)water,wecanchangeitintovapour.2)______(see)fromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful._______(see)fromthehill,youwillfindthecitybeautiful.3)Generallyspeaking,when________(take)accordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.If________(take)thedrugaccordingtothedirections,youwillbebettersoon.heatedheatingSeenSeeingtakentaking\n分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致；如果不一致，需在分词前加一个逻辑主语，分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构或用状语从句。1)Beinganorphan,thenursetreatedhimkindly.2)Hebeinganorphan,thenursetreatedhimkindly.3)Ashewasanorphan,thenursetreatedhimkindly.FTT(Trueorfalse)\n现在分词与不定式作结果状语时的区别1).Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,_________itthemostpopularsportintheworld.A.makingB.makesC.makeD.tomake2).Hehurriedtothestationonly________thatthetrainhadleft.A.tofindB.findingC.foundD.tohavefound现在分词作结果状语往往表示“正常出现的、自然而然的或意料之中”的结果。不定式作结果状语时通常表示“偶然的、出乎意料的”一种结果AA\n表示心理状态的动词如excite,interest等都是及物动词，汉语注解不是“激动”、“高兴”，而是“使得激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebodyisinterestedin...，若人/物本身有趣时，就是sb./sth.isinteresting。现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别\ndelighting　令人高兴的——delighted　感到高兴的disappointing令人失望的——disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的——encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的——pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人费解的——puzzled感到费解的satisfying令人满意的——satisfied感到满意的surprising令人惊异的——surprised感到惊异的worrying令人担心的——worried感到担心的\n2.Withalotofdifferentproblems____,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettledC\n3.WhenIgotback,Isawamessage____tothedoor____“Sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”A.pin,readB.pinning,readingC.pinned,readingD.pinned,readC.pinned,reading\n三、作宾补(ObjectComplement)v-ed作宾补，表示被动意义或已完成意义，或两者兼而有之。作宾语补足语的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的被动关系。v-ed作宾补的几大类型的v.:1.在make,get,have,keep,leave等使役动词后面作宾补：eg:Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestnews.请随时把最新消息告诉我们。\neg:Whenyouspeak,youhavetomakeyourselfunderstood.说话时要让人听得懂。注意：在have+n./pron.+过去分词，即havesth.done这一结构中，have通常有三种意义。eg:IusuallyhavemyclotheswashedonSundays,butIdon’twashmyclothesmyself.(1)表示“让某人做某事”，v-ed动作的执行者通常不是句子的主语。\neg:Themuseumhadeverythingrobbedofinthewar.eg:Ihavehadmybikerepaired.(2)表示“遭遇到某种不幸，受到打击”，v-ed动作的执行者不是句子的主语，而是主语受到这种动作的影响。eg:Theoldmanhadhislegbrokenintheaccident.\n(3)表示通常意义的“有”。eg:Wehadalotofbooksleftintheclassroom.2.在see,hear,watch,notice,feel,find,think等感官动词或表示心理状态的动词后面作宾补：eg:Isawthethiefcaughtbythepoliceman.eg:Wecanhearthewindowsbeatenbytheheavyraindrops.\n3.在wouldlike,want,like,wish,order,expect,request等表示“希望，想要、要求”的v.后面作宾补：eg:Thebosswouldn’tliketheproblemdiscussedatthemoment.eg:Wewishedtheproblemsettledatonce.4.在介词with/without+n./pron.+v-ed结构中。宾语宾补(宾语和宾补之间有被动关系)\neg:Thethiefwasbroughtinwithhishandstiedbehindhisback.eg:Theyleftwithoutaplateuntouched.他们走了，没有一盘菜没动过。注意：with/without+n./pron.+v-ed这一结构在整句话中是作状语的，表原因，结果，方式或伴随情况。\n注意比较：v-ed,v-ing和todo作宾补的不同：v.+宾+v-ed:v.+宾+v-ing:v.+宾+(to)do:表动作已完成，与宾语之间是被动关系。表动作正在进行或持续动作，与宾语之间是主动关系。表动作将要发生或表动作全过程，与宾语之间是主动关系。\n1.Wefoundthetrees_______(plant)already.Wefoundmanypeople_______treesthere.plantedplantingExercise:2.Mrs.Whitefoundherhusband_____bylettersandpapersand_____veryworried.A.surrounding;lookingB.surrounded;lookedC.surrounding;lookedD.surrounded;looking\n四、作状语(Adverbial)v-ed作状语，它与主句的主语构成被动关系，表示被动的或已完成的动作。此时可以表示原因、时间、条件、让步、伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句。v-ed作状语的几大类型:(1)作原因状语，相当于as,since,because引导的原因状语从句.\neg:Deeplymovedbythefilm,weallcried.=Asweweredeeplymovedbythefilm,weallcried.(2)作时间状语，相当于when,while,before,after引导的时间状语从句.Askedhowhebrokeintotheroom,hemadenoanswer.=Whenhewasaskedhowhebrokeintotheroom,hemadenoanswer.\n(3)作条件状语，相当于if,unless,once引导的条件状语从句.eg:Givenmoretime,wewoulddotheworkbetter.=eg:Ifweweregivenmoretime,wewoulddotheworkbetter(4)作方式或伴随状语，可位于句首或句末，可扩充为并列句。eg:Theactresscamein,followedbyherfans.=Theactresscamein,andwasfollowedbyherfans.\n(5)作让步状语，有时可以与although,though,evenif,eventhough等连用eg:Muchtired,myparentsstillkeptonworking.=Althoughtheyweremuchtired,myparentsstillkeptonworking.eg:Thoughbeatenbythem,wewerenotdiscouraged.=eg:Thoughwewerebeatenbythem,wewerenotdiscouraged.\n注意：过去分词作状语，有时无被动意味，只表示状态,或是固定搭配。1.______inawhiteuniform,helooksmorelikeacookthanadoctor.A.DressedB.TodressC.DressingD.Havingdressed解析：bedressedinsth.穿着...，表状态2.______withabillfor$10,000,hehastakenanextrajob.A.FacingB.HavingfacedC.TofaceD.Faced解析：befacedwithsth.面对...，是固定搭配\n比较：v-ed,v-ing,todo作状语的用法(1)v-ed作状语表示:被动的或已完成的动作(2)v-ing作状语表示:主动的和正在进行的动作，即动作由句子的主语发出，并和谓v.的动作同时发生(3)todo作状语表示:主动的动作，常作“目的，原因，结果”状语\n非谓语动词主语宾语宾补主补定语状语表语不定式-ing分词过去分词√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√\nExercises:1.________withotherarchitecture,thisbuildingisspecial.2.________tootherwomen,shewasverylucky.3.________differentcultures,weoftenpayattentiononlytothedifferenceswithoutnoticingthemanysimilarities.A.ComparedB.BeingcomparedC.ComparingD.HavingcomparedACA\n1．【误】Wedon'tallowtosmokeinthelecturehall.【正】Wedon'tallowsmokinginthelecturehall.【正】Wedon'tallowpeopletosmokeinthelecturehall.【解析】考查固定结构。allowdoingsth.;allowsb.todosth.2．【误】Shewasthefirstpersonthinkingoftheidea.【正】Shewasthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.【解析】当序数词或由序数词所修饰的名词带定语时，此定语通常由不定式来充当。专题七│反面解读\n3．【误】Thequestionbeingdiscussedattomorrow'smeetingisaveryimportantone.【正】Thequestiontobediscussedattomorrow'smeetingisaveryimportantone.【解析】beingdiscussed表示动作正在进行，而根据attomorrow'smeeting可判断动作发生在将来，故用tobediscussed表示。4．【误】Thisboywasseencomelatethismorning.【正】Thisboywasseentocomelatethismorning.【解析】see，watch等动词转换为被动结构时，其后不定式一般需要带to。\n5．I'vebeenlookingforwardtohearfromyou.【答案】hear改为hearing。【解析】短语lookforwardto中，to为介词，所以应用动名词作宾语。6．Headmittedtohavestolenthecar.【答案】tohave改为having。【解析】admit后面跟动词的ing形式作宾语。7．Thisisawasteoftimepersuadingsuchapersontojoinus.【答案】This改为It。【解析】作形式主语，代替动词的ing形式，只能用it。\n8．Theflowersneedbeingwatered.【答案】beingwatered改为watering或者tobewatered。【解析】need,want,require等动词的主语为物时，后面跟动名词主动形式或接不定式的被动结构，表示“……需要被……”。9．现在分词的完成式通常不作定语或补语。(1)【误】Icouldseethehousehavingbeenbeautifullydecorated.【正】Icouldseethehousebeautifullydecorated.\n(2)【误】Thebookhavingbeenwrittenlongagoishardforustounderstandtoday.【正】Thebookwrittenlongagoishardforustounderstandtoday.10．作状语的分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事，现在分词与其逻辑主语有主动关系，而过去分词则与其逻辑主语有被动关系。(1)【误】Havingfoundthecause,theexperimentcontinued.【正】Havingfoundthecause,theycontinuedtheexperiment.(Havingfound＝After/Whentheyhadfound)\n(2)【误】Seeingfromthetopofthehill,thecitylooksmorebeautiful.【正】Seenfromthetopofthehill,thecitylooksmorebeautiful.(Seen＝Whenthecityisseen)11．非谓语的否定式中，not必须放在非谓语的最前面。(1)【误】Havingnotfinishedhishomework,hedidn'twanttogotobed.【正】Nothavingfinishedhishomework,hedidn'twanttogotobed.(2)【误】Motherwarnsustonotplayinthestreet.【正】Motherwarnsusnottoplayinthestreet.\n过去分词v-ed不定式to+v动词的v-ing非谓语动词表将来，主动。表进行，主动表完成，被动不定式的被动式在表示被动的同时还兼表示未来。现在分词的完成式也表示完成，尤其是表示有明显先后时间关系的完成。现在分词的被动式在表示被动的同时还将表示进行。