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名词一.英语学习内容框架1.语音(即48个国际咅标);2.语法:词法和句法;3•语汇(词汇)词法:名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词(情态动词等)、介词,连词、感叹词、冠词。倒装句、主谓一致.非谓语句法:主语从句,定语从句,宾语从句、状语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、虚拟语气、动词、主动与被动、时态、名词性从句。-、名词(一)名词的种类普通名词专有名词丿可数名词【C】不可数名词(U1China,theGreatWall,theUnitedStates(1)个体名词:指单个人或者事物的名词。例如:book>person、pencil>dog、chair>bike等。(2)集体名词:—群人或者一些事物的总称。例如:people、family、police、class、group、team等。(3)物质名词:表示构成各种物体的物质或材料。例如:wood、stone、water>paper>air、wool>steel等。(4)抽象名词::knowledgedangerhealthlifehomework等。二、名词复数的变化1•一般情况卜,直接+S例如:studentscakesapples1.以s、x、sh、ch结尾,直接+es例如:busesboxeswatchesdishes但如果以-ch结尾的名词发音为[k]时,只加-Sostomach—stomachs读/s/2.以辅音字母加y结尾,把y改为I再加es例如:baby—babiescity—citieslady—ladies3.元音字母加y结尾,直接加s例如:toy一toysmonkey一monkeys4.以f或fe结尾的词,把f或fe改为v,再加es读/vz/half…halvesknife…knivesleaf…leaveswolf―wolveslife—livesthief—thieves(1)特殊:chief首领gulf港湾cliff悬崖roof屋顶safe保险箱(2)直接加s或者把f或fe改为v,再加es,均可:handkerchief(餐巾纸)-handkerchiefs/handkerchieveshoof(蹄)-hoofs/hooves有生命的加es一个negro爱吃potato种了tomato是个hero(黑人)6・(1)以辅音字母加o结尾pianophotoxkilo、tabacco(烟叶)I无生命的直接加s(2)以元音字母+o结尾,加s读/z/radio-radiosbamboo…bambooszoo…zoosvolcano…volcanoes(火山)7.把oo改为ee:foot-feettooth-teethgoose-geese8•单复同形:Chinesefish(鱼肉)sheepdeerJapanesemeans-means(手段、方法)另夕卜,还有度fl衡、货币等单位的名词。Eg:yuan,jiao,fen,jin,mu(亩)\n9•不规则变化ox-oxen(公牛)child-childrenmouse-micelouse-lice(虱子)man-menmendoctorswoman一womenwomenteachers10•表示“某个国家人込aChinese-■一twoChinese;aJanpanese——threeJanpanese;anAmerican・■■-twoAmericans;anArab-■■-Arabsan;Englishman——Englishmen;aGerman——twoGermansn.复合名词的复数情况原则:有屮心词的将中心词变为复数,没有名词的将最后的词变为复数:looker-onlookers-on(旁观者)gobetween一一gobetweens(中间人)sons-in-law(女婿)editorinchief-——editorsinchiefapasserbyseveralpassersby(过路人)forget-me-notsgrown-ups12.集体名词:(集体名词不能用具体的数字修饰,只能在前加the表示“全体”)ThepolicetheEnglishtheFrenchtheSwissthefamily13.有些词只有复数形式,没有单数形式:trousersclothesshorts(短裤)goods()glasses(眼镜)compasses(圆规)14.有些外来词的不规则复数形式:analysis-analyses;basis-bases;thesis-theses;crisis-crisescriterion-criteria;phenomenon-phenomena;medium-media15.个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。rains(雨季)sands(沙滩)snows(积雪)waters(海域、水域)works(作品)woods(森林)peoples(民族)arms武器16.以s结尾复数形式出现,仍为单数的名词(1)maths,physics等学科名词,不可数名词作单数。(2)news为不可数名词,只能说apieceofnews.(3)国名:theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations为单数(4)以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也视为单数。:"TheArabianNights'1isaveryinterestingstory-book.17•当名词以连字符连接时,名词一般保留单数形式:two-dozeneggsonehundredtwohundredamilewalkafive-yearplan18•不可数名词:money>milk>bread>water、paper、juice、wood>work、people、advice、hair、fruit>time、work>news(消息)、luck、fun(有趣的事),homeworkadvice(劝告、建议),harm>progressxinformation>weather>wealth>furniture、luggage/baggage(彳亍李)etc.19•修饰不可数名词的短语acupof(tea)一杯茶apairofglasses一副眼镜aheadofcattle一头牛apieceofnews(一则新闻)abowlofsoup一碗汤ablockofice一块冰块aglassofjuice一杯果汁abottleofjam一瓶果酱alotofworkasetoffurniture一套家具20.只能修饰可数名词的有each,either,neither,another,these,those,both,several,many,agreat/goodmany,alargenumberof,scoresof,dozensof等。2.只能修饰不可数的有(a)little,much,abitof,agreatdealof,alargeamountof等。3.既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有some,any,half,most,all,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,alargequantityof,quantitiesof等。21•词(ProperNouns):指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称。Diana;Beijing;Americans;English;May;NewYear'sDay注意:专有名词的第一个字母要大写二、名词的所有格名词所有格的概念:名词之间的所有关系。1•名词的后面直接加'sTom'sguitarmyfatei^swishWangchaoQiang'sbook2.词尾是以s结尾的复数是,只要加'birds'ncstsmyparents9wishesTeachers?Day3・A和B的所属问题JohnandMary'sroom()John'sandMary'srooms()4•表示节日Children'sDay(6-1)AprilFooPsDay(4-1)Women'sDay(3-8)Father'sDay(六月第三个星期日)NewYear'sDay(1-1)Mother'sDay(五月第二个星期日)Teachers5Day(9-1)NationalDay(lO-l)5•表示时间、距离、国家、城市,在词尾加或\nanhour'sdrivetwoweeks'timethirteentons'weight400metres'distancefiveminutes,walktodayJsnewspaper6•表示店铺、医院、住宅及公共建筑时,名词所有格后常常省略被修饰的名词atthedoctor's(office)atTim's(home)attheGreens'(home)atthetailor's(shop)7.of的所有格"of+名词”ThetopofthehilltheenvironmentofthecitythelifeofthepoortheeconomyofChina8."of+名词的所有格”afriendofmyfather\afriendofGeorge'sseveralfriendsofmine/hers/his/theirs/oursHeisafriendofmyfather's(强调父亲不止他一个朋友)Heisafriendofmyfather.(强调是我父亲的唯个朋友)附表:主格Iyouhesheitwethey形容词性所有格myyourhisheritsourtheir宾格(动、介)meyouhimherItusthem名词性所有格mineyourshishersitsourstheirs