高中英语写作教学1 88页

高中英语写作教学\n训练应循序渐进训练书面表达不是盲目地练，应从基础练起。首先写好简单句，掌握好五种基本句型；然后学写并列句和复合句，注重句型转换和重点句型操练；最后再进行篇章训练。在进行篇章训练时，要注意遣词造句，布局谋篇，要学会用适当的连接词使全文逻辑意义正确。\n不同阶段的侧重点高一：兴趣、习惯高二：规范、仿写（体裁、结构）高三：提炼、升华（遣词造句，逻辑修辞等）\n不断积累是关键要写好英语作文，积累是很关键的。积累应包括生活知识的积累和语言表达的积累。“厚积”才能“薄发”，只有平时做个有心人，才有可能在考试时写出佳作。\n写作需要积累阅读基础背诵积累摘录优美句子写正确的句子复述和写课文概要（controlled)用适当的词和词组还原课文概要（语感）听写句子、课文概要、小故事等（语感）排序题……（逻辑思维）\n几种写作训练形式基于生活的写作基于阅读的写作基于话题的写作基于项目的写作基于体裁的写作基于应试的写作\n基于阅读的写作没有一定的目的语的输入，输出很难产生。（Krashen）“Nothingcanbewrittenbeforeit’sread”.（Alexander）阅读帮助学生:1）获取语篇知识，丰富形式图式；2）获取语言知识，丰富知识图式；3）获得话题内容，丰富内容图式；4)获得写作技巧，丰富策略图式；\n选材（典型）阅读和分析归纳特点练习（仿写）讲评结构语言输入输出策略指导重要\n基于体裁的写作\nNarrativeDescriptive\nOrganization（format)Stateit----who?what?How?Explainorillustrateit----examplesRestateit----comment\nSample1Everyonehasaheroinhismind,andmineisDengYaping,atalentedwomanplayeroftabletennis.Whywassheabletomakesuchbrilliantachievementsinspiteofbeingshort?Itwasbecauseofherhardworkanddetermination.Asalittlegirloffour,shebegantoplaytabletennisunderthestrictguidanceofhercoach.ShekeptstrugglinguntilshebecameamemberoftheNationalTrainingTeam.Althoughshewonmanychampionshipsandmedals,sheremainedmodestandcontinuedworkinghard.Onherwaytosuccess,sheprovedthatitwasnotheightbuthardworkthatmattered.Shewillalwaysbeagoodguidetomyaction.\nSample2TodayourclassorganizedanactivitytovisitHongxingFarm(点题).Intheearlymorning,Westartedexcitedlyfromthegateofschoolonfoot.Onehourlater,wearrived.Thefarmworkersgaveusawarmwelcome.Thentheheadshowedusaround.Weknewmuchaboutcrops.Atnoonwehadapicniclunchonthegrass.Howtastythefoodanddrinkswere!Afterlunch,webegantoamuseourselvesingroup.Somedancedandsang.Somechattedtogether.Twoofusevenplayedagameofchess.Afterthesunset,wehadtoleaveandsaidgood-byetotheworkers.Whatanenjoyabledayitwas!\nNewsreport\nOrganizationIntroduction—Paragraph1Summaryoftheevent(time,place,peopleinvolved)Mainbody—Paragraph2·3Developmentoftheeventindetail,causes,consequencesConclusion—FinalparagraphPeople’scomments/actiontaken\nStudentvolunteersBroughtSunshinetoTheElderlyOnMayDay,LiYueandZhangHua,studentsfromClassThree,GradeTwo,wenttoSunshineNursingHomeanddidsomevoluntarywork.Upontheirarrival,LiYueandZhangHuawerewarmlywelcomed,andrespectfully,theypresentedtheelderlywithflowersandfruits.Thentheystartedworkingatonce,cleaningthewindowsandsweepingthefloor.Everythingdone,theysatintheyardchattingwiththeelderlypeople.whenwhowherewhatdetailedinformation\nWhenitwastimeforthevolunteerstoleave,theelderlypeoplethankedthemfortheirkindness.Theysaiditwassuchabeautifuldaythattheywouldrememberitforever.LiYueandZhangHuawereveryhappy.Whattheydidhasbroughtjoytoothersandenrichedtheirownlives.ByChenJie,SchoolNewspaperdetailedinformationcomments\nAnUpsidedownPyramidintroductionmainbodycomment\n新闻语体simplewords,butvividexpressionspicturestheeventinreaders’mindscausepeopletothinkobjectivebriefbutappealing…\n应用文信函通知演讲稿便条\n2021/7/15Howtowritealetter\ninvitationthanksrecommendationasking-for-helpcomplaintrefusalcongratulationsapplicationAletterof\nletterformat1(Receiver’saddress)(youraddress)DategreetingDearxx,signatureYourssincerelyxxxToWhomItMayConcern:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.Body\nletterformat2(Receiver’saddress)(youraddress)DategreetingDearxx,signatureYourssincerelyxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.Body\n2021/7/15AsampleletterofapplicationforajobP1Whereyoureadtheadvertisementandtheexactnameofthejobyouareapplyingfor(e.g.,full-timeorpart-time…)P2Detailsofyoureducation(e.g.,schoolandgrade;bestsubjectsorexamspassed;firstlanguageandotherlanguages)P3Briefdetailsofanyinterests,hobbies,oractivitiesSourceofinformationPersonalinformation\nP4Briefdetailsofotherjobsyouhavedone(ifany)P5ThereasonwhyyouwantthejobP6Arequestforaninterview(saywhenyouarefreetoattend,e.g.,anytime/day,anydayafter…)RequestPersonalinformationreason\n演讲稿OrganizationGreetingsIntroductionofyourtopicMainbodyofthespeechClosingofyourspeech\n范例学校将组织竞选新一届学生会主席，你准备参加竞选。现在请你根据以下要求写一篇竞选发言稿：1.胜任条件：能力、爱好、性格2.如果当选，将为本校同学做……词数：120-130左右\nACampaignSpeechGoodmorning,everyone!TodayIamverygladtorunforthepresidentoftheStudents’Union.IamjuniorinEnglishDepartmentandIfirmlybelieveIamcompetentforsuchaposition.Severalfactorscontributetomyconfidence.Foronething,sinceIcameintotheschool,Ihavealwaysbeenthemonitorinmyclass.Ihavedoneaverygoodjobformyclassmates,andboththeclassmatesandteachersgivemeagoodpraise.Foranother,Iamgoodatcommunicatingandorganizing.Moreover,Ihaveavarietyofhobbies,forexample,basketball,football,etc.Therefore,IamsurethatIamqualifiedforthisposition.\nBesides,ifIbecomethepresident,Iwilltrymybesttodowell.Iwillorganizesomesuitableactivitiesforallthestudentsinourschool.Iwilldomanythingsforyoutomeetyourdemandsaswell.Iamsincerelyhopethatyouwillgivemeachance,andpleasebelievemethatIwillbeagoodpresident.Thankyouverymuchforlistening!\n看图作文一，感性认识过程，即通过画面直接获得信息的过程（究竟画面展示了一个什么情景）；二，理性认识过程，即针对画面发挥想象力，挖掘画面间的内在联系融入自己的思想与见解（画面的内涵是什么）。\n一、只做描述的看图作文（记事）Descriptionofthepicture.二、要求描述并简评的看图作文（漫画）Descriptionofthepicture.Thewriter’sopinionorcommentontheevent.\nOrganizationIllustrationofthechart/table/graph/pieExplanationoftheresultConclusion—youropinion\n2000年假设你是李华，在美国探亲。2000年2月8日清晨，你目击一起交通事故。警察局让你写一份材料，报告当时所见情况。请根据下列图画写出报告。注意：目击者应该准确报告事实；词数100左右；结尾已为你写好。…AbouttwominuteslaterIstoppedapassingcarandtooktheoldmantothenearesthospital.LiHua\nItwas7:15onthemorningofFebruary8,2000.IwaswalkingalongParkRoadtowardstheeastwhenanelderlymancameoutoftheparkontheothersideofthestreet.ThenIsawayellowcardriveupThirdStreetandmakearightturnintoParkRoad.Thenextmomentthecarhitthemanwhilehewascrossingtheroad.Hefellwithacry.Thecardidn'tstopbutdroveoffatgreatspeedheadingwest.InoticedthedriverwasayoungwomanandtheplatenumberwasAC864.AbouttwominuteslaterIstoppedapassingcarandtooktheoldmantothenearesthospital.LiHua2000——Onepossibleversion\n党中央号召全国人民树立“八荣八耻”荣辱观，仔细观看下面这组漫画，根据要求以BeautyComesFromAction为题写一篇120词左右的短文。漂亮女郎的行为残疾老人的行为你的评论\n五个环节一“抓”:抓主题。首先，根据图片内容确定好题材与体裁—是写人还是写景，是说理还是叙事，是书信还是日记或其他应用文体。这一环节可采用：1.求同法，即寻找画面中相同的人物、地点或时间等，来确定主线，不致于跑题；2.求异法，即观察几幅图的不同之处，挖掘出它们之间的内在联系从而确定体裁。\n二“列”:列要点。由于书面表达是以一定的情景为基础，考查具有一定的针对性，因此要点要全面，无遗漏。要点主要是结合图片中的情景用自己熟悉的结构与词汇列出，忌用生疏的结构与词汇按汉语思维盲目罗列，原则“不求难，不求异，唯求准”。\n三“变”:变要点为句子。将第二个环节中所罗列的要点，先按一定的时间、空间及逻辑顺序排列；然后选定恰当的主语与人称，再根据动作发生的时间与主谓关系拓词成句。结合学生实际，要求用他们熟悉、简单的结构来表达，避免因用长句和大量的复合句而出现过多的语法错误。切勿用汉语思维生造句子。\n四“连”:连句成篇。这一环节是最关键的一环。首先，要根据题目所要求及画面展示确定好题材与体裁。其次，要确定好行文的人称与时态的基调。再次，要在句与句以及段与段之间加一些表转折、递进和因果等关系的关联词与过渡句，使文章前后照应，行文流畅。最后结合题目要求字数适当加入一些表达自己思想、见解的内容，使文章丰满显得有血有肉。\n五“检”:文章检查。文章写成之后错误在所难免，检查这一环节不能省。检查可从如下几方面入手：1.文章的体裁格式是否正确。2.要点有无遗漏。3.句子（人称、时态、语态、主谓一致、结构、词语搭配等）。4.词汇（意义、拼写、时态语态，形容词与动词的形式，名词单复数）。5.标点符号是否有遗漏与错误。\n说明文\nOrganization●Introduction●Mainbody：FactAFactBFactC…●Conclusion\n范例某制药厂研制了一种新中药，药品已被外商订购。请你根据提示为该产品写一份使用说明书：1.本品为中药，对心脏病疗效显著。2.常量：每天三次，一次两粒（pill），根据情况可加服一至二粒。3.服药后，身体不适要停服。70岁以上老人和10岁以下的小孩禁服。4．本药品应存放在阴凉干燥处。5.使用本药品要严格遵从医嘱。注意：1.词数：100左右2.包括要点，但不要逐句翻译。\nOnepossibleversionThisisakindofChinesemedicineandhasagoodeffectonheartdisease.Taketwopillseachandthreetimesaday.Youcantakeoneortwoextrapillseachtimeaccordingtoyourowncondition.Itdepends.Cautious:Ifyoufeeluncomfortable,stopusingitatonce.Kidsbelow10andadultsabove70areforbiddentouseit.You’dbetterusethemedicineundertheguidanceofadoctor.Alwaysputitinacoolanddryplace.\n基于应试的写作限词量限框架限时间\n质量要求①要点全面、表达准确、语句连贯。②基本语法和常用句型无严重错误，意思表达清楚。③鼓励使用复杂结构，新颖词汇和顺畅连接。所谓复杂结构包括定语从句、强调句型、倒装、被动、虚拟、非谓语短语、so...that和with加复合宾语等。④能用书写体熟练清楚地书写，格式、连笔、词距、标点正确。⑤书写格式、行文及礼貌用语等无严重错误。\n几个方面的问题①词汇基础薄弱。主要表现在写作中单词拼写错误多，数的概念模糊，同义、近义词辨析不清，时态、语态误用，词语搭配不当或画蛇添足等。②句子结构模糊。一些考生刻意追求写长句或优美句，反而使得文章的句子结构混乱，读了让人感觉不知所云。\n③母语痕迹明显。在书面表达阅卷过程中发现很多中国式英语。考生用汉语的思维去构思和组织文句，可是其英语水平远没有达到这个水平，结果自然是词不达意，错误百出。④篇章逻辑混乱。综观全篇，无论是段与段的转换，还是句与句的连贯，都让人觉得突然，没有做好各个环节的顺利过渡和主题内容的更迭，使文章缺乏整体性、层次感和可读性。\n训练要点第一轮复习跟课练（词组、句型）第二轮复习练体裁、以话题为主线考前练热点重视谋篇布局（各类体裁的架构）重视遣词造句重视拼写、标点、书写、大小写、语法重视对学生范文的积累和讲评\n写作教学中的注意事项写作教学中：教师的作用在于帮助学生形成一套可行的写作策略；1）动笔前的酝酿（选题、收集资料、构思、明确中心思想、拟提纲、定步骤），2）起草3)修改（增补、删减、更改、调整思路），4）以及校订（注意修辞、句子结构和语法等）\nThinkPolishReviseDraft\n学生习作讨论和点评修改润色再次点评上次作文当堂写定稿上交抽样同一样本\n修改应考虑下列内容⑴主题是否突出，有没有中心句。⑵段落安排是否合理。⑶语言是否流畅，地道。⑷有否重复使用的词语和表达方式。⑸有否拼写错误。⑹文章格式是否正确。⑺文章的开头和结尾是否合理、正确。⑻文章是否有条理性和逻辑性。\n对作文的评改途径学习评分标准（高考）学生自评互评课堂点评，课后修改\n重视范文的示范作用范文的作用是不可忽视的。优秀的范文有很大的借鉴作用。所以建议考生阅读，甚至可以背诵各种文体的优秀范文，也可进行模仿写作，并力求有自己的创意。\n作文范例Howtodescribeaperson.\nNarrativeDescriptive\nOrganization（format)Stateit----who?what?How?Explainit----examplesRestateit----comment\nAgoodfriendofminebySherryDoyouhaveafriendwhoalwayscheersyouupwhenyouaredown,alwaysreadytogiveyouahandwhenyougetintotrouble,andalwaysbeatyourside?I’mluckyenoughtosay“yes”.Ihaveapreciousfriendandwe’veknowneachotherforages.Sheisalovelygirlfullofloveandpatience.WheneverIhaveproblems,she’salwaysthefirsttohelpme.SoIthinksheisalsoquiteselfless.What’smore,beinggenerousandtolerantishergoodquality,too.She’dliketosharealotofthingswithme,andshechoosestoforgivemeinsteadofscoldingmewhenImakemistakes.Agoodstartwithaquestion!ThefirstexampleThesecondexample\nHowever,sheisnotaperfectperson,sowebothgetagoodunderstandingofeachother.Althoughwehaveentereddifferentschoolsnow,Ibelieveourfriendshipwillkeepgreen.Aniceconclusion.\nFriendsTeenagerslovemakingfriendswithalotofpeople,becausetheylearnnewandfreshideasfromthesepeople.Sincetheyareaboutthesameage,teenagersfindthatitiseasiertocommunicatewiththeirfriends.Whenevertheyhaveaproblem,theyalwaysseekhelpfromtheirfriendstosolvetheproblem.\nFaithfulfriendsaregreattreasurestous.Theyarereliableandwillsurelyoffertheirhelpwillinglywheneverwemeetdifficulty.However,faithfulfriendswillnevertrytocoverourmistakesforus.Weshouldnotblamethemforthisbecausethisacthelpsusbecomemoreresponsibleindividuals.Notonlyhumanbeings,butalsoanimalsandthingscanbecomeourfriends.Friendshipisnormallybasedonunderstanding.Aslongasyoucanunderstandananimalorathing,youcanbecomeitsfriend.\nOncefriendshipisestablished,themostdifficultthinginmaintainingitistobesincere.Tobeasincerefriend,oneshouldfirstbeconsiderate.Besidesthis,oneshouldsharehisfriend’shappinessandsadness.Asincerefriendwillbeveryhappywhenhisfriendissuccessfulandwillfeelworriedifhisfriendisintrouble.Itisnoteasytoobtainafaithfulfriend.Ifyoudo,pleasecherishhim/her,becausehe/shemaybetheonlyfaithfulfriendyouwillmeetinthewholelife.\n作文讲评Howtoexpressyouropinion.\nThefirststepMakealistofthereasons.agloballanguageaworkinglanguagemanybooks/moviesinEnglishtousecomputers/theInternettostudyabroadtotradewithpeoplefrom…tolearnitsculture…\nThesecondstepAskyourselfwhichreasonscomefirst.1.agloballanguageaworkinglanguage4.manybooks/moviesareinEnglish5.tousecomputers/theInternet2.tostudyabroad6.totradewithpeoplefrom…3.tolearnitsculture…\nOrganizationPutforwardthequestionyouaregoingtodiscussinthepassage.Giveyourreasonsonebyone.Sumupwhatyouhavediscussed.\nAnexample---bySummerAsweallknow,moreandmorepeoplearelearningEnglishnowadays,especiallytheChinesepeoplelikemostofus.Butwhyshouldwespendmuchtimeinlearningaforeignlanguage?Isitonlyatask?Theanswerisdefinitely“No”.LearningEnglishhasmanyspecialreasons.Fisrtofall,itisausefultoolofcommunication.Englishisnowspokeninmanydifferentcountriesallovertheworldasasofficallanguage.IthelpsalotifyoucanspeakEnglishquitewell,especiallywhenyoutravelabroad.\nSecondly,ifyoucanspeakEnglishasthosenativespeakers,you’llbeabletomakeabetterlivingeasily.Asastudent,learningEnglishwellisthefirststeptoentertheseexcellentschoolsabroad.Andifyouwanttobeabusinessman,aninterpretororworkinsomeothercareers,itisoneofthemostimportantskillsforyoutoreachsuccess.Thirdly,alanguageisalwaysthesymbolofanation,conveyingitsculture.AndsoisEnglish.Itisevenamixtureofmanydifferentculturesbasedonitslongdevelopment.SowhenwelearnEnglish,trytotreasureit.Itwillbevaluableandusefulinourlives.\nWaysofImprovingReading---byKevinAsweallknow,Englishmainlycontainsfiveskills,namely,listening,speaking,reading,writing,andtranslating.IthinkIamOkwiththemexcepttheskillofreading.Ialwaysfindthatmyreadingspeedisnotquickenough.Sometimes,Itrytospeeduponpurpose,butsoonfindIcanonlyrememberlessthingsthanbefore.Ididn’tcomeupwithagoodsolutiontothisproblemuntilatalkwithafriendofmineyesterday.\nHetoldmethatreadingfastisnotreallydifficult.Hesuggestedmemovingmyeyesproperly.Inotherwords,controllingthemovementsofmyeyes.HealsotoldmethatIcouldpractiseskimmingorscanninginordertoimprovethereadingspeed,butmybrainshouldkeepupwiththatspeedsimultaneously.Buttheprocessshouldbetakenstepbystep,justliketheotherpartsofEnglish.It’sanaccumulation,aprocessoflong-runpractice.Headdedintheend.\nIfollowedhisadvice,andsoon,tomysurprise,Icouldreallyreadfaster!NowIbelievethat,todosomethingwell,agoodmethodisespeciallyimportant,andthencomesthepracticeandperseverance.\n期末作文点评\n你所在的学校将要举办一次主题为“WhatCanWeDoforOurSchool?”的英语演讲比赛。请写一篇英语演讲稿，要求从以下几个方面进行阐述,并举例说明。1.美化校园；2.爱护学校设施；3.营造良好的学习氛围。注意：1.不要在书面表达中出现本人姓名；2.词数：100左右；3.参考词汇：校园——campus；设施——facilities;氛围——environment4.开头和结尾已经写好，但是不计入词数。\nOrganizationGreetingsIntroductionofyourtopicMainbodyofthespeechClosingofyourspeech\nMainbodyofthespeech美化校园爱护学校设施营造良好的学习氛围\nStructureofthemainbodyFirstly,wecanmakeourschoolcampusmorebeautiful.…Secondly,it’sourdutytotakecareofthefacilitiesinourschool.Thirdly,(Inaddition,What’smore,)weshouldcreateagoodlearningenvironment.Firstofall…,Then….,Finally…First,…Second,…Lastbutnotleast,…\nConclusionIbelievethatifeveryonecontributesalittle,ourschoolcampuswillbemorebeautifulandcomfortable.Ifeverytinythingisdonewellandoften,ourschoolwillcertainlybeoursecondhome.Whatwedocanmakeourschoolbetterthanyouexpect.Thosearewhatwecando.Afterall,schoolisoursecondhome.Schoolisoursecondhomeandweshouldprotectittogether.Let’sgetmoving!\nProblemsOrganization.Logicalthinking.Commonmistakes.Redundantinformation.\n指代不清Second,weshouldprotectourfacilities.Forexample,wecannotpaintonthewall.Ifwedothat,ourschoolwillbewhiteandtidy.Soweshouldlovestudyingandhelpeachotherwithyourknowledge.\n单复数混乱Somestudentsliketowritesomethingontheirdesk,itlooksugly.Wehavetopickuppapersonthegroundand…Schoolisoursecondhomeandweshouldprotectthemtogether.\n断句不清Justplantsometreesthatyoulikeonthecampus,bringsomeflowersandputthemneartheschoolgatemayalsoagoodchoice.Ithinkdon’tthrowpaperaroundisthemostimportant.Pleasethinkthatsomeclassmatesarestillstudying,willIbotherthem?\n缺少连词Abetterstudyenvironmentplaysaveryimportantpartinourstudy,itcanmakeusstudybetterandmorequickly.\n中文思维What’smore,inmyopinion,goodenvironment…Weneedquiet.Tomakethem,ourschoolspentalotofmoney,inordertomakeusstudybetter.\nOnepossibleversionFirst,wecanmakeacontributiontomakingourcampusmorebeautiful.Infact,itwon’ttakealotforustopickuptherubbishlyingonthegroundandthrowitintothedustbin.Ibelieveifwedolittleandoften,ourcampuswillbeagoodplacetostudyin.Second,Ihopethatwecanprotectthefacilitiesintheschool,forexample,ourdesksandchairs.Theyarepublicpropertyforeveryone.Ifwedon’ttakecareofthem,astimegoesby,itwillbeagreatloss.Eachpara.hasatopicsentence.Chooseagoodexample.\nThird,Ithinkweshouldmakeagoodenvironmentforstudy.Schoolisaplacewherewelearnknowledge.Sowe’dbettermakefulluseofourtimeandtrytolearnmore.Ibelievethatifeveryonecontributesalittle,ourschoolwillbemorebeautifulandcomfortable.createAgoodending.\n谢谢！