高中英语国际音标 61页

英语音标概述主讲人：顾伟\n一英语国际音标概述单元音前元音/i://i//e//æ/中元音/ʌ//ə://ə/后元音/ɑ://ɔ//ɔ://u://u/双元音合口双元音/ei//əu//ai//au//ɔi/集中双元音/iə//eə//uə/\n爆破音摩擦音破擦音鼻音舌侧音半元音双唇音/p//b//m//w/唇齿音/f//v/舌齿音/θ//ð/齿龈音/t//d//s//z//ts//dz//n//l/齿龈后音/r//tr//dr/舌面硬腭齿龈音/ʃ//ʒ//dʒ//tʃ/舌面硬腭音/j/舌根软腭音/k//g//ŋ/声门音/h/\n二英语元音前元音/i:/：舌前端抬高，轻抵下齿，双唇扁平，口腔近于合，声带有滑动。/i/：舌中部轻轻上抬，舌尖抵下齿，舌位比/i:/稍低，稍后；口型扁平，比/i:/稍大，口开约三分之一，发音短促。/e/：舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬起，牙床半合，上下齿间可容一食指，唇形稍扁，发音短促。/æ/：舌尖抵下齿，舍身低平，发音时口要张大，口开约三分之二，上下齿间可容纳食指。\n注意易混音标/i:/和/ei/，/e//æ/和/ei/Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.Willyoubesogoodastogivemealift?Afleaandaflyweretrapped/træpt/inaflue/flu:/,andtheytriedtofleefortheirlife.Thefleasaidtothefly“let’sflea!”andtheflysaidtotheflea“let’sfly!”finallyboththefleaandtheflymanagedtofleethroughaflaw/flɔ:/intheflue.\nEastorwest,homeisbest.Handsome/hænsəm/isashandsomedoes.AhappyblackrabbitApleasantpeasantkeepsapleasantpheasant/feznt/andboththepeasantandthepheasantarehavingapleasanttimetogether.\n中元音/ʌ/：口腔打开，舌中部稍抬，唇形稍扁，发音短促。/ə:/：舌中部稍隆起，口开约二分之一，唇形扁，发长音。/ə/：舌身平放，口腔肌肉放松，唇形自然张开，发短音。\nTheearlybirdcatchestheworm/wə:m/.Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.Askunk/skʌŋk/satonastump/stʌmp/.Theskunkthoughtthestumpstunk/stʌŋk/,andthestumpthoughttheskunkstunk.\n后元音/ɑ:/：口张大，舌身低平，舌后发音，发音时要中气十足，圆润饱满。/ɔ/：口张大，舌身平放，双唇稍稍收圆，发音短促。/ɔ:/：舌根部隆起，双唇收圆略向前突，声带滑动。/u:/：舌根部隆起，双唇收圆收小并向前突出，口腔肌肉保持紧张，发长音。/u/：舌位比/u:/稍低，口型比/u:/稍大，口腔肌肉放松，发音短促。\nWehavealotofthingstotalkabout.Helaughsbestwholaughslast.It’sallyourfault.Don’tpushandpull,it’smadeofthewool.IwouldifIcould.\n合口双元音/ei//əu//ai//au//ɔi/：发双元音时，口型由前一单元音向后一单元音滑动，前重后轻，前长后短。\n注意易混音标/ə/和/ei/Nopain,nogain.Ialwaysdoitagain.Hastemakeswaste.Hesavedacat.\n注意易混音标/əu/，/au/和/ɔ/Asyousow,youwillmow.Iknowwhatyouknow.Don’tkeepthehorseinthehouse.Howaboutgoingdowntown,now?\n注意易混音标/ai/和/e//æ/Strikewhiletheiron/aiən/ishot.Timeandtidewaitfornoman.Thewormbitesbeds.Thetitleisaboutthebattleinacastle/kɑ:sl/.\nComeandenjoytheoystersDon’tspoilroybygivinghimtoomanytoys.Ihaveanappointmentrightnow.Youshouldbeloyal/lɔiəl/toyournation.\n集中双元音/iə//eə//uə/：舌头由前元音或后元音向中元音滑动。\n注意不要省略/ə/前面的元音。Weareneartheendoftheyear.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.Whatdoyouusually/ju:ʒʊəli/doinyourholiday?Thingsareclearandyoudon’tneedtofear/fiə/.\n三英语辅音爆破辅音双唇爆破音/p//b/：双唇紧闭，憋住气流，然后突然分开，气流冲出口腔形成爆破音。/p/为清辅音，送气声带不振动；/b/为浊辅音，不送气声带振动。\n注意和汉语拼音p,b的区别PrideandprejudiceYoucanpractiseaftersuperBasketballisapopularsportinChina.Ibegyourpardon.Hefoundajobinapub.\n舌尖齿龈爆破音/t//d/：舌尖紧贴上齿龈，憋气，然后突然分开，气流冲出口腔，形成爆破音。/t/为清辅音，/d/为浊辅音。\n注意和汉语拼音t,d的区别don’tshedcrocodile/krɔkədail/tears.Don’twastetimechatting.Butheisnotgood.Diddaviddancealldayuntildark?\n舌根软腭爆破音/k//g/：软腭抬起，堵住鼻腔通道，舌后部同时隆起紧贴软腭，憋气，然后突然分开，气流冲出口腔，形成爆破音。/k/为清辅音，/g/为浊辅音。\n注意和汉语拼音k,g区别Agoodbeginningmakesforagoodending.Heisnotagreatguy.Cutyourcoataccordingtoyourcloth.Keepoffthegreengrass.\n爆破音的特殊情况：1清辅音浊化：当爆破音/p//t//k/前面有摩擦音，后面紧跟元音时，要改为不送气音。当爆破音/p//t//k/是音节的尾音或是非重读音节时，微弱送气。例如：speak,school,stupid,stopkeep,let,make,bump,peep\n2不完全爆破或失去爆破两个不同的爆破音相连，第一个音不完全爆破或失去爆破。两个相同或发音部位相同的爆破音相连，发音要领为一次成阻一次除阻，持阻时间延长，为一个爆破音持阻时间的两倍。三个爆破音相连，第二个爆破音完全丢失，剩下的按两个爆破音相连的方法发音。\nAct,kept,football,goodbyeBiggirl,fasttrain,greatdayActblindly,lockedcar\n摩擦辅音唇齿摩擦音/f//v/：下唇轻触上齿，气流由唇齿间的缝隙间穿过，摩擦成音。/f/发音时送气强，但声带不振动；/v/发音时声带振动，但气流弱。\n注意易混音标/w/和/v/Hediditverywell.Thedetective/di'tektiv/foundvarious/vεəriəs/photosinthefile.Thevotewaspositive,notnegative/neɡətiv/.Virtue/və:tju:/ofvirgin/və:dʒin/wasvaluedverymuch.\n舌尖齿背摩擦音/θ//ð/：舌尖轻触上齿下边缘，气流从舌齿间的小缝隙穿出，摩擦成音。/θ/为清辅音，/ð/为浊辅音。\n注意易混音标/θ//ð/和/s//z/Mybrotherwouldratherwander/wɔndə/onthestreetthangohome.Togetherwewentthroughthickandthin.Thanktheotherthreebrothersoftheirfather’smother’sbrother’sside.Thisishissixthbirthday.\n舌尖齿龈摩擦音/s//z/：舌前端靠近上齿龈，但不接触，上下齿靠拢，但不咬住，气流由舌端与上齿齿龈穿出，摩擦成音。/s/为清辅音，/z/为浊辅音。\nThesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.These/ði:z/boysmadealotofnoise/nɔiz/,theircriescouldbeheardformiles.Hewashedhisclothesathousandtimes.\n舌面齿龈后部摩擦音/ʃ//ʒ/：舌前端抬起靠近上齿龈后部但不贴住，舌身两侧紧贴上颚，中间形成一条狭长的通道，气流通过舌端与上齿龈后部时摩擦成音。双唇稍向前突。/ʃ/是清辅音，/ʒ/是浊辅音。\n注意易混音标/ʃ/和/s/ShouldertoshoulderShesellsseashellsontheseashore.Theshellsshesellsaresurelyseashells.Soifshesellsshellsontheseashore,I'msureshesellsseashoreshells.Measure/meʒə/formeasure\n声门摩擦音/h/：声门张开，气流不受阻碍自由逸出口腔，声带不振动，只在通过声门时形成轻微摩擦，口型随后面的元音变化。为清辅音。\nAcoldhandandawarmheart.Thereisaholebehindthebed.Heisholdingahatinhishand.\n舌尖齿龈后部摩擦音/r/：舌头卷起靠近上齿龈后部，舌两段收拢轻触上齿龈，双唇稍突出并收圆，气流由舌尖与硬腭间逸出，为浊辅音。\nSorry,I’minahurry.Realweird/wiəd/rear/riə/wheels.\n破擦辅音舌面前齿龈后音/dʒ//tʃ/：舌尖和舌端抵住上齿龈后部形成阻碍。发/ʃ/的动作时解除阻碍，气流通过发出破擦音/dʒ//tʃ/。/tʃ/为清辅音，/dʒ/为浊辅音。\n注意/dʒ/不要与拼音/j/混淆GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.JennyhadchickenandFrenchfriesforlunch.Justthinkaboutthejudge/dʒʌdʒ/.\n鼻音辅音/m/：双唇紧闭，软腭下垂，气流从鼻腔逸出，为浊辅音。/n/：舌尖紧贴上齿龈形成阻碍，软腭下垂，气流由鼻腔逸出，为浊辅音。/ŋ/：舌根抬起贴住软腭，发音时软腭下垂，打开鼻腔通道，气流由鼻腔逸出，为浊辅音。\nMymotherrememberswhenmanfirstlandedonthemoon.Yoursinginganddancingarecharming.FrommorningtilleveningSamsingsthesamesongagainandagain.\n舌侧辅音/l/：出现在元音前，为清晰音，发音时舌头向硬腭抬起，舌前端紧贴上齿龈，气流从舌的一侧或两侧逸出，发音清晰，声带振动，为浊辅音。出现在辅音前或词末时，为含糊音。发音时，舌尖抵上齿，舌面形成凹槽，舌后部上抬，气流从舌的一侧或两侧逸出，并在凹槽中产生共鸣，发音响亮，为浊辅音。\nLiveandlearn.Alittlepillmaywellcureagreatill.Letsleepingdogslie.Lilyladles/leidl/littleLetty'slentil/lentil/soup.\n半元音双唇音/w/：舌后部向硬腭抬高，双唇与/u:/相似，收圆，收小并稍向前突出，发音短促，已经发出立刻向后面的元音滑动，为浊辅音。舌面硬腭音/j/：舌前面向硬腭高高抬起，口型与/i:/相似，双唇向两旁伸展成扁平形，声带振动，发音短促，已经发出立即向后面的元音滑动，为浊辅音。\nWhilewewerewalking,wewerewatchingawindowwasherwashWashington’swindowswithwarmwashingwater.Hekeepsworkingyearafteryear.Nosweetwithoutsweat.\n辅音连缀首辅音连缀/tr/:软腭抬起，舌尖抵上齿龈后部形成阻碍，发音时舌尖以发/r/音的动作解除阻碍，使爆破清辅音/t//r/几乎同时发出。/dr/:软腭抬起\nIsawalotoftreasureinmydream.Thereareseveralhundredpeopleonthetrain.Thedriverbumpedintoatree.\n尾辅音连缀/ts/:舌尖贴住上齿龈，堵住气流，然后略微下降，气流随之泄出口腔。/dz/:舌尖贴住上齿龈，堵住气流，然后略微下降，气流随之泄出口腔。\nIt’srainingcatsanddogs.Oldfrinedsandoldwinearebest.I‘mgoingtovisitmyparentsfortheholidays.\n四连读1同一意群中，前词的尾辅音和后词的首元音可以连读。例如：firstofallsomeofusputitonlookatitinanhournotatallranout\n2同一意群中，前词的尾辅音和后词的首辅音可以连读。例如：hotbathgoodnightonemorenextdayagooddeal\n3同一意群中相邻两词，前词的尾音是/ɑ://ɔ://ə://ə//iə//eə//uə/并以字母r或re结尾，后词以元音开头，字母r或re发/r/音并与后面连读。例如：farawayhereandtheretakecareof注：不在同一意群不能连读。\n五句重读实词重读；指示代词，不定代词，起强调作用的反身代词，名词性的物主代词重读；虚词弱读Herskirtisblackandwhite.Mysecondbrotherisapilot.Shesingswell.Whosecarcanitbe?Whatwouldyouliketodrink?\n特殊情况：实义动词重复出现不重读。倒装实义动词不重读。强调动词do后面的实义动词不重读。\n例如：ThinkasIthink.Wedobelievehim.Afterwintercomesspring.\n根据所表达的意思选择重读例如：Iwonderifshewillaskmeinadvance.\n六强弱读1长元音变短元音(be/me/to/you)2元音变/ə/3省略元音（is/have/will/not)4省略辅音（has/he/must/shall)\n常见单词弱读：Be/bi:/-/bi/Is/iz/-/z//s/Am/æm/-/əm/are/ɑ:/-/ə/to/tu:/-/tu/,辅音前弱/tə/your/jɔ:/-/jə/have/hæv/-/həv/,/əv/,/v/will/wil/-/l/\nWehavebeenwaitingforyouallnight.Whatisthetime?Ihaveseenit.Theywillgothere.Nooneallowsyoutogototheoffice.\n相关参考资料：实用英语语音学（北京师范大学出版社）英语国际音标教程（中国对外翻译出版公司）