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省略在英语中,冇时为了避免结构上或内容上的重复,并使上下文紧密连接;有时因为语法的客观要求,句子中的一个或儿个成分不需要表达出來,这种现象称为省略。在语言应用中,尤其在对话中,省略是一种十分普遍的现彖。在英语考试中,也经常会采用微型语境的方法,使用省略手段来设计考试陷阱,增加考试的难度。英语中的省略要求不破坏语法结构,要保持句子意义的准确无谋。省略有词法上的省略,也有句法上的省略,还有i种替代省略。省略部分的成分和含义可从上下文或具体语言环境中找到而且是有章可循的,英语的省略大致有以下儿种情况:一、简单句屮的省略1)感叹句中常省略主语和谓语。Whatahotday(itis)!Howwonderful(itis)!2)在一些口语中可以省略某些句了成分。(Isthere)Anythingelse?一Areyoufeelingbetternow?一(Iamfeeling)Muchbetter.二、并列句中的省略1)如果主语不同,而谓语动词中的一部分相同,则省略谓语动词中相同的部分。JohnmusthavebeenplayingbasketballandMarydoingherhomework.2)主语相同,谓语动词也相同,则二者都可以省略。HisadvicemadeJohnhappy,butMaryangry.3)主语和同,而谓语不同,则可以省略主语。Hegaveupdrinkingforseveraldays,butsoonreturnedtohisoldways.4)在并列复合句屮,如果that从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其它一•些成分打第一个并列句相同,that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分。Jackwi11danceattheparty,butTknowTomwon't.三、复合句中的省略I)名词性从句中的省略(1)作宾语的讪毗从句中的谓语动词与主句相同,则讪毗从句可以省略谓语,英至主语。Someonehasusedmybike,but1don,tknowwho.Hehasgone,butnoonoknowswhere.(2)引导宾语从句的连词that在口语中常常省略,或并列的宾语从旬中的第一个连词that也能省略。Hesaidhehadarrivedheretwodaysbeforeandthathehadlivedinahotel.(3)在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句屮,从旬谓语动词中的should可以省略。这些句子一般包含如下动词一及其派生词:一坚持(insist),二命令(order,command),三建议(suggest,propose,advise),四要求(demand,require,request,ask)\nIt'simportantthatwespeaktotheoldpolitely.Jane'spalefacesuggestedthatshewasi11andherparentssuggestedthatshehaveamedicalexamination.(1)Itisnecessary(important,impossible,strange,natural,apity,nowonder)that...等主语从句中。Itisnecessarythattheproblembesolvedatonce.(2)有时也可以根据说话的情景來省略主句屮的一些成分。SorryI'vekeptyouwaitingsolong.I)定语从句中的省略(1)在限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词that,which,who(whom)常可以省略。Theman1sawiscalledTom.WhereisthepenIboughtthismorning?(2)关系副词when,where,why及that在thetimewhen,theplacewhere,thereasonwhy,thewaythat结构屮引导限制性定语从句时,在非正式场合下,可以省略关系副词when,where,why和that等。Ishallneverforgetthedaywefirstmet・Thercasonhecamesoearlyishisownaffair・Idon,tlikethewayyouspeaktoyourmother・II)状语从句中的省略(1)当状语从句屮的主语和主句的主语一致,或状语从句屮的主语是it,并且又含有be动词吋,常可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。Hedidastold.Thoughtired,theywentonworking.Youshouldn,tcometohispartyunlessinvited・Hepausedasifexpectinghertospeak.(2)虚拟条件句中,含助动词、情态动词、动词be或have等,若将它们提到句首,则需省略辻。Shoulditraintomorrow,wewouldhavetoputoffthevisittillnextweek.(3)在as(so)...as...,than引导的比较状语从句中。IknowyoucandobetterthanPeter・Thiscardoesrftrunasfastasthatone.(4)在as引导的让步状语从句中,当作表语的单数名词提而时,不定冠词要省略。Childasheis,heknowsalot.四、动词不定式中的省略1)有些动词,如believe,find,think,feel,consider,imagine,prove等后作宾补的结构tobe+n./adj.中的tobe可以省略。1considerhimstupid.Hismotherfoundhimacleverboy.\n2)感官动词see,hear,feel,watch,notice等以及使役动词let,make,have后作宾补的动词不定式中的不定式符号to耍省略,但变为被动结构时,to必须保留。Theymadetheboygotobedearly.Theboywasmadetogotobedearly.3)动词不定式在prefer,refuse,decide,mean,intend,try,promise,like,love,care,want,hope,wish,expect等动词后作宾语时,为了避免重复,帘承前省略不定式后的内容,但要保留不定式符号to。Ihaveaskedhertocome,butshedoesnotwantto.—AreyouandJanegettingmarried?—Wehopeto.注意:want,like用在when,if,what,as引导的从句中,其后的to也常可省略。rvedecidedtodowhatIlike.I"11teachyouifyou1ike.4)在cannotbut,cannotchoosebut,candonothingbut...,can'thelpbut...,prefertodoratherthando…,woulddo…ratherthan...之后的动词不定式一般不带to;but之前有实义动词do的某个形式do,does,did,done而且其宾语是something,nothing,anything和everything等不定代词时,也不带to,否则要带to。Wehavenothingtodonowbutwait.Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.Hehasnochoicebuttoacceptthefact.5)在并列结构小为了避免重复,后一•个to省略。I"mreallypuzzledwhattothinkorsay.但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时,则后一个to不能省略。1camenottoscoldbuttopraiseyou.6)在why,whynot引导的特殊问句中后跟省略to的动词不定式。Whytalksomuchaboutit?Whynottryitagain?7)动词不定式与beableto,begoingto,haveto,oughtto,usedto等构成复合谓语时,不定式结构常可省略,但要保留不定式符号to。Idon,twanttowaitforhim,but1haveto.Hedoesn"t1ikefish,butheusedto.—Whydidr/tyoucometoourparty?一Iwasgoingto,but1hadareporttowrite.8)动词不定式中动词原形部分是否省略,主要看句子前面是否己出现过同样的动词。如果句子前面出现过同样的动词,为了避免重复,句子后面的不定式常省略动词原形,而保留不定式符号tOoTheymaygoiftheywishto.Don'tgoti11Itellyouto.\n9)动词不定式在ask,warn,tell,advise,force,wish,expect,allow,permit,invite,persuade,order,wouldlike,forbid等动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语时,常可省略。Shewantstocome,butherparentswon'tallowherto.Don,ttouchanythingunlessyourteachertellsyouto.You"dbettergiveaperformanceifyouareaskedto.Hedicin'tcome,thoughwehadinvitedhimto.10)动词不定式在happy,glad,eager,anxious,wi1ling,ready等形容词等后承前省略动词原形,只保留不定式符号tOo—Willyoujoinmeinawalk?—r11behappyto.1thinkheshouldgetajob,butyoucan11forcehimtoifhesnotreadyto.注:承前省略的动词不定式如果冇助动词have或be,则要保留be或have。—Areyouadoctor?—No,butIusedtobe.五、某些词法上的省略1.名词所冇格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以省略1)如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现,则可以省略。TheseareJohn,sbooksandthoseareMary's.2)名词所有格所修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。atthedoctor's在诊所,atMr.Green,stomyuncle's,atthebarber,s2.冠词的省略1)在thenextday(morning,week,year...)等短语中,有时为了使语气紧凑定冠词the常可以省略。Wewenttothefarmtohelpthefarmerswiththeharvest(the)nextday.2)在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省略。Shesingsbestintheclass.3)在某些独立主格结构中。Ourteachercamein,bookinhand.Ourteachercamein,withabookinhishand.3.介词的省略1)both后常跟of短语,其后可以接名词复数形式,也可以接代词宾格复数形式。接复数名词时,介词of可以省略,但接代词宾格时,of不能省略。Both(of)thefilmswereinteresting.Sheinvitedbothofustoherbirthdayparty.2)在现在完成时表持续和重复的句型屮,一段时间前的介词for可以省略。\nTheseshoesarewornout・Theyhavelasted(for)alongtime.1)被动结构中,如果没有必要强调动作的执行者,则可以省略介词by短语。Theletterwaspostedyesterday.2)和一些动词搭配构成的短语屮的介词,如consider...(as)...,prevent/stop...(from)doing.••,havetrouble/difficulty...(in)doing・••,spend・••(in/on)doing・•・等中的介词可以省略。Ihavesomedifficulty(in)answeringthequestion.Canyoustophim(from)goingswimmingintheriver?六、替代性省略1)在一些交际用语中的某些动词,如think,suppose,expect,believe,guess等后常常和so,not等连用,以替代上文出现的内容。—Doyousupposeheisgoingtoattendthemeeting?一1supposenot.2)“So/Nor(Neither)+谓语+主语”这种句型是用来替代前面提到的情况,表明它也适用于后者。—Idon'tthinkIcanwalkanyfurther.一NeithercanI.Let'sstophereforarest.强化练习1.Theboywantedtoridehisbikeinthestreet,buthismothertoldhimA.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto2.一Ihopethechildrenwon'ttouchthedog.—rvewarnedthem•A.notB.nottoc.nottouchD・notdo3.SomestudentsaregoingtoChinainsummervacation,andA.somearetoAmericaB.somegoingtoAmericaC.sometoAmericaD.someAmerica4.Theworkersdidal1goodcareoftheoldman.A.theycouldtotakeB.thevcouldtakeC.whichtheycouldtotakeD・whattheycouldtotake5.Ofal1thethingsintheworld,IthinklifeandloveareA.verymuchpreciousB.morethanpreciousC.thepreciousestD.themostprecious6.Why?Itisnotveryserious.A.toworryB.worry\n5.theroad,don'tforgettolookbothways.A.AscrossingB・Whi1eyoucrossC.Whi1ecrossin£D.Cross&一Whobrokethewindow?A.HimB.HeC・Hebroke.Itishim9.—Youmustobeyeverywordofmine.—Idon,t?A.HowifB.WhatifC.SuchasD.Onlyif10.Iwon'tgotohispartynexttime.Itcouldthavebeeninfact.A.anybetterB.anyworseC・sobadD・thebest11.—DoesBilldohisnewjobwel1?hisoldjob.Iamafraidthereisnohopeforhim.A.NotbetterthanB.NobetterthanC.Notsowel1asD・Notaswel1as12.—LeavingforShanghai?A.SoonB.LatelyC.TheotherdayD.Sooner13.Therentisexpensive.I’vegothalfthespaceIhadathomeandImpayinghere.A.asthreetimesmuchC・muchasthreetimesE・asmuchthreetimesD.threetimesasmuch14.—I’11beawayonabusinesstrip.Wouldyoumindlookingaftermycat?—Notatall..A.I’venotime1"drathernotc.I'dlikeitD.I'dbehappyto15.Uniesstospeak,youshouldremainsi1entattheconference.A.invitedB.invitingC.beinginvitedD.havinginvited16・,hedoestwanttogotoschoolandkeepintouchwiththebadboys.A.AsheisastudentB.HeisasstudentC.StudentasheisD.Asstudentsheis17.Heisonlytooreadytohelpothers,seldom,,refusingthemwhenthey\nturntohim.A.ifneverB.ifeverC・ifnotD.ifany答案解析1.本题是承接上文,对重复的不定式短语省略,只保留不定式符号3。2.本题被省略的部分为nottotouchthedog,省略后只保留了否定词not和不定式符号tOo3.本题省略的是并列句中与前一分句重复的动词部分aregoing,介词to的宾语为America,不能省略。4.本题定语从句部分省略了动词do,根据英语习惯用法,当句子前面出现动词doT,后面垂复出现do时可以省略。5.本题承接上文省略了名词things避免重复。6.Why(not)•••?是一个提建议的句型,它的补全形式为:Whydoyouworry?7.本旬属于状语从旬的省略,在时间、地点、条件等状语从句屮,如果从句的主语和主句的主语一样的话,可以省略从句的主语以及be动词。8.木题为了避免重复,使语言简练,在不引起课解的前提下,省去了句了的其他成分,只回答了“who”,而且用宾格而不是主格。9.本题承接笫一个人的语境,省略了说话双方都能想到的一些成分,补全应该为Whatw订1betheresultifIdon,tobeyeverywordofyours?10.本题根据上文内容省略了比较对象(thanhisparty)o11.承接第—个人的内容省略,补全应该为"Hedoeshisnewjobnobetterthan…"。12.木题的两句都是省略旬,问旬补全后为(Areyou)leavingforShanghai?答旬省略更多:(IamleavingforShanghai)soon.13.本题属比较对象的省略。根据上文省略的内容是“asthetherent(Ihadtopayathome)”。14.本题属不定式的省略。承接上文语境省略"tolookafteryourcat”。15.本题属状语从句的省略,从句补全应该是"Unlessyouareinvitedtospeak”。16.木题是as引导的让步状语从句的省略,as引导让步状语从句时,作为表语的名词提到旬首,名词的冠词省略。17.本题是条件状语从句的省略,承接上文内容省略了"ifheisnottooreadytohelpothers",对否定旬内容的省略通常用not替代。