高中英语猜词技巧 19页

在阅读中遇到生词时，翻阅词典，查找词义的做法不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高英语语言运用能力都有非常重要的意义。\n常见的题干有：1)Whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningtotheword?2)Theword...couldbestbereplacedby...3)WhatdoesthewordinParagraph…possiblymean?4)Accordingtothepassage,theword…inParagraph…probablymeans...5)Theunderlinedword…inParagraph…means…\n猜测词义时，可利用以下四个方面的线索一是针对性的解释针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要概念、专业术语或高深词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。\n1、根据定义（definition）猜测词义如果生词有一个定语从句或同位语(前面常有or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,namely,orother,say等)或同位语从句）或段落来定义，或使用破折号、冒号、分号后的内容和引号括号中的内容加以解释和定义，那么通过理解这个句子或段落本身就可以推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be,mean,dealwith,beconsidered,tobe,becalled,define,represent,referto,signify（代表，表示）等。\n例1.Doyouknowwhata“territory”is?Aterritoryisanareathatananimal,usuallythemale,claimsasitsown.(05湖北)例2.Infact,onlyabout80ocelots,anendangeredwildcat,existintheU.S.today．(05浙江)\n例3.HereisThePines,whosecookhasdevelopedaspecialwayofmixingforeignfoodsuchascaribou,wildboar,andreindeerwithsurprisingsauces.(04福建)Accordingtothepassage,ThePinesisa ______.A.placeinwhichyoucanseemanymobilehomesB.mountainwhereyoucangetagoodviewofthevalleyC.townwhichhappenstobeneartheBanffNationalParkD.restaurantwhereyoucanaskforsomespecialkindsoffoodD\n2、根据举例猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。例4.Thecoursegivesyouchancestoknowgreatpowerpoliciesbetweennationstates.ItwillprovidemorespacetostudyparticularissuessuchasrelationshipamongcountriesintheEuropeanUnion,thirdworlddebt,localandinternationaldisagreement,andtheworkofsuchinternationalbodiesastheUnitedNations,theEuropeanUnion,NATO,andtheWorldBank.(04辽宁)\n二是根据上下文的逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。\n1、根据对比、比较关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。例如，表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike,not,but,however,despite,inspiteof,incontrast等；表示对比关系的句子结构：while引导的并列句；同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：like,similarly,justas,also,aswellas等。\n例5.Achild’sbirthdaypartydoesn’t  havetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hassle”(Paragraph1)probablymean?（02全国）A.apartydesignedbyspecialists.B.aplanrequiringcarefulthought.C.asituationcausingdifficultyortrouble.D.ademandmadebyguests.例6.Greenlovestotalk,andhisbrothersaresimilarlyloquacious.\n2.根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，若上下文之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。表示因果关系的短语和词汇有：for,because,since,as,therefore,consequently等。例8.Pruningisimportantbecauseitencouragesthegrowthoftendershoots,oryoungleaves.(05江西)\n3.根据说明、并列、同等同义近义、反义等关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表面的关系猜测词义。例9.WilliamShakespearesaid,“thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn(纱线),goodandilltogether.”(05江苏)Theunderlinedword“mingled”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans ______.A.simpleB.mixedC.sadD.happy\n例10.Isitpossibletobeathighbloodpressurewithoutdrugs?Theansweris“yes”,accordingtotheresearchersatJohnsHopkinsandthreeothermedicalcenters.(04湖北)例11.Thereisnoreasontoinsultanddefamethemansimplybecauseyoudonotagreewithhim.\n例12.ThegameAmericanscallsoccerisknownaroundtheworldasfootball.例13.Thehousestoodattheendofaquietneatstreet.Thelittledwelling,however,lookedneglectedandcheerless.例14.MostwomeninChina—educatedandilliterate,urbanandrural,theyoungandold—worktoearnanincomeinadditiontomaintainingtheirrolesashousewivesandmothers.\n三是通过构词法在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。1、根据前缀猜测词义例15.Doyouhaveanystrongopiniononco-educationalorsingle-sexschools?\n2、根据后缀猜测词义例16.It’saquiet,comfortablehoteloverlooking(俯瞰)thebayinanuncommercializedCornishfishingvillageonEngland’smostsoutherlypoint．(05广东)后缀-ise/-ize意思是“使成为……；使……化”，词根commercial(商业的)，则不难猜出uncommercialized的意思。\n3、根据复合词的各部分猜测词义例17.Goodtooldesignisimportantinthepreventionofoveruseinjuries.Well-designedtoolsandequipmentwillrequirelessforcetooperatethemandpreventawkward(别扭的)handpositions.(05北京)例18.Weliveinatechnologicalsocietywheremostgoodsaremass-producedbyunskilledlabor.Becauseofthis,mostpeoplethatcraft(手艺)nolongerexists.(04浙江)\n4、猜测词性变换新词含义例19.Theotherteams,disappointed,wereonthebusheadinghome.(04山东)head本为名词“头”。由thebus和home的语境逻辑可以推断，该句head为动词，表“朝……方向行进”。例20.Ihadfirstknownshewaswrong,thatheranxietyhadcloudedherjudgment.(04全国Ⅱ)\n四是根据生活常识运用自身的生活经验及生活常识，根据上下文能读懂的部分，可以正确猜出词义。下面文字中划线单词的词义你能猜出来吗？例21.Birdsflywiththeirwings,andtheypickuptheirfoods,andtheneatthemwiththeirbeaksandtheyusetheirclawsfortearing,seizing,pullingorholdingobjects.例22.Mostoftherosesarebeginningtowitherbecauseofthecold.