高中英语：高中非谓语 77页

非谓语动词主讲：曹群丹徒区教育局教研室审稿：杨志平镇江市教育局教研室王明霞镇江市教育局教研室\n学好非谓语动词对于理解阅读材料中结构比较复杂的长句，对于写作得高分非常有用。不定式动名词分词非谓语动词分类\n动词不定式无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。不定式\n时态\语态主动语态被动语态一般式towritetobewritten进行式tobewriting完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten完成进行式tohavebeenwriting\n1.作主语侧重于动作的具体性和将来性Toplaybasketballisagreatpleasure.但为使句子平衡,常用it代它作主语,把它移到句子后部去.Itisagreatpleasuretoplaybasketball.(二)、不定式的句法功能主语宾语表语定语状语\n2.作宾语A.跟不定式作宾语的常见动词:（１）hope,want,expect,wish,desire,like,love,dislike,hate,plan,intend,mean,prepare,decide,determine,afford,fail,manage,try、dare,help,promise、refuse、learn、offer、agree、forget,bother.\nB.常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:tell,advise,show,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn,explain…tellsbwhattodo…\n3.作表语A.表示按计划和安排将要发生的事情。HeistomarryRose.B.表示主语的内容，但侧重于目的性。Herwishwastobecomeanartist.C.表示情态意义(应该,必须)。Theformistobefilledinandreturnedwithinaweek.Sheistoblame.\n4.不定式作定语A.一般表示将发生的情况，放在名词后。CharlesLindberghisthefirstmantoflytheAtlanticalone.(主谓关系)Shehasagoodchancetogotocollege.(同位关系)Hehasgotlotsofquestionstoask.(动宾关系)\n注意:1.如不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系,而这个不定式又是不及物动词,它后面应有必要的介词。Thereisnothingtoworryabout.2.不定式所修饰的名词是不定式的动作所发生的地点或所使用的工具时,它后面要带上必要的介词。Ineedapentowritewith.Heislookingforaroomtolivein.\n5.不定式作宾语补足语跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词A.let,have,make,get等表使役的动词Theymadeusgowiththem.注意:Let/have/makesb.do;getsb.todoTheygotustogowiththem.B.ask,tell,request,order等表要求,命令的动词Thechairmanrequestedthememberstobesilent.\nC.allow,permit,forbid等表许可或禁止的动词Theguardforbademetoenter.D.wish,want,expect,intend等表希望的动词(hope无此用法)Manyparentsexpecttheirchildrentostudyabroad.E.see、watch、notice、hear、listento、observe、feel等表感官的动词Inoticedtearscomeintohiseyes.Weoftenhearhersingthesongathome.注:感官动词后的不定式均不带to\nF.其他动词advise,help,persuade,encourage,warn,cause,force,remind…Pleaseremindmetotaketheraincoat.\n6.不定式作状语1)不定式作目的状语Timsatnearthefiretogetwarm.Theathletespractisedhardtowinthematch.强调作目的状语的不定式,常用inorder(not)to，soas(not)to短语.前者可放在句首,也可放在句中;后者只能放在句中。\n2).不定式作结果状语作结果状语的不定式常用于一些固定搭配中。如:too…to,enoughto，sufficientto，onlyto，neverto，so+形容词/副词+asto,such+名词+astodo引导。Wouldyoubesokindastostepthisway,please?Itriedthedoor,onlytofinditlockedinside.\nPractice1(09江苏,26）SchoolsacrossChinaareexpectedtohire50,000collegegraduatesthisyearasshort-termteachers,almostthreetimesthenumberhiredlastyear,______reduceunemploymentpressures.A.helpB.helpedC.tohelpD.havinghelpedC高考点击\n2(09全国Ⅰ)Thechildrenallturned_______thefamousactressassheenteredtheclassroom.A.lookedatB.tolookatC.tolookingatD.lookatB3(09山东，22)Weareinvitedtoaparty______inourclubnextFriday.A.tobeheldB.heldC.beingheldD.holdingA\n4(09辽宁，27)______,youneedtogiveallyouhaveandtryyourbest.A.BeingawinnerB.TobeawinnerC.BeawinnerD.Havingbeenawinner5.(09安徽，28)Theplay______nextmonthaimsmainlytoreflectthelocalculture.A.producedB.beingproducedC.tobeproducedD.havingbeenproducedBC\n时态\语态主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone(一).动名词的语法形式动名词无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.二、动名词\n(二)、动名词的句法功能具有名词的特征,可充当成分:主语宾语表语定语\n1.动名词作主语Seeingisbelieving.Playingchessisfun.It'snousewaitinghere.动名词作主语,也可用it作形式主语.但只限于下面句型:\n1）动名词在“Itisnouse/nogood/fun/awasteoftime/agoodpleasure等名词+doing”结构中作主语，it为形式主语。例如：Itisnogoodwritingtohim;heneveranswersletters.Itisnousetalkingtoomuch.\n2）动名词在“Itisuseless/nice/good/interesting/worthwhile等形容词+doing”结构中作主语。例如：Itisniceplayingchessaftersupper.3）动名词在“Thereis(was)no+doing”结构中作主语。例如：Thereisnodenyingthatsheisveryefficient.\n2.动名词作表语动名词作表语起名词作用,表示主语的内容,这时动名词和主语的位置是可以交换的。Thenurse'sjobislookingafterthepatients.=Lookingafterthepatientsisthenurse'sjob.FourskillsofEnglishlearningarelistening,speaking,readingandwriting.=listening,speaking,readingandwritingarefourskillsofEnglishlearning.注:动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语,没有太大区别。在表示经常习惯性动作多用动名词;在表示具体某次动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式。\n3.动名词作定语动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系.。表示名词用途。aracingcar=acarthatisusedtoraceaswimmingpool=apoolthatisusedtoswimin单个的动名词作定语,放在被修饰的词前;动名词短语作定语,放在被修饰的词语后;Doyouknowthesleepingcaronshow?Theboysittingunderthetreeisreading.\n4.动名词作宾语1）动名词作动词宾语①下列动词后只能接动名词：suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can’thelp,mind,enjoy,require,practise,miss,escape,pardon,advise,consider,imagine,keep,appreciate,escape,permit。Ican’timaginemarryingagirlofthatsort.Irecommendbuyingthedictionary.Willyouadmithavingbrokenthewindow?\n②有些动词短语后也要求跟动名词作宾语。常这样用的动词短语有：leaveoff,putoff,giveup,lookforwardto,feellike,havetrouble/difficulty(in)doingsth.devoteto,getusedto,payattentionto,befondof,stickto,beworth,can’tstand,can’thelp.\n2）动名词作介词宾语注意:介词后如果需要非谓语动词作宾语,只能是动名词,不可用不定式。Areyougoodatplayingfootball?其他介词不易错,重点是介词to.因为不定式符号也是to,所以一定要记住有关的短语。lookforwardto,devote…to,getusedto,payattentionto,stickto,onone’swayto…这些短语中的to都是介词。IamusedtowatchingTVintheevening.\n1.Themaninsisted________ataxiformeeventhoughItoldhimIlivednearby.A.findB.tofindC.onfindingD.infinding2.It’snecessarytobepreparedforajobinterview._______theanswersreadywillbeofgreathelp.A.TohavehadB.HavinghadC.HaveD.Having高考点击Practice\n3.Ireallycan'tunderstand______herlikethat.youtreatB.youtotreatC.whytreatD.youtreating4.Hegotwell-preparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldn’trisk_______thegoodopportunity.toloseB.losingC.tobelostD.beinglost返回\n三、分词现在分词与过去分词.充当成分:宾语补足语,表语,定语,状语.\n（一）现在分词\n(1).现在分词现在分词无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.其时态和语态的变化形式与动名词相同.时态\语态主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone\n(2)、现在分词的句法功能具有形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分:表语定语,宾语补足语,状语\n1.现在分词作表语现在分词作表语起形容词作用,说明主语的特征及主语所具备的动作功能。常译为”使(令)…怎样。”如:Thenewsisverydisappointing.Hisstoryisverymoving.(Encouraging,inspiring,exciting,interesting….)\n2.现在分词作定语现在分词作定语,表示主动意义,它与所修饰的名词构成主谓关系,通常可改为定语从句。它从以下两方面来说明中心词。A.表示动作正在进行Don’twakeupthesleepingboy.=Don’twakeuptheboywhoissleepingIdon’tknowthemanwritingsomethingoverthere.=Idon’tknowthemanwhoiswritingsomethingoverthere.\n3.现在分词作宾语补足语用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的执行者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；A.作感官动词的宾补,如:see,lookat,watch,notice,find,observe,listento,hear,smelltaste,feel…表示正在进行的意义Wefoundthemreadingintheclassroom.\n4.现在分词作状语现在分词可在句中作时间、原因、条件、结果,让步、伴随或方式等状语。B.作使役动词的宾补,如:have,get,keep,send,leave,catch…表示”使…进行/处于(某种状态)”,强调动作或状态的持续性.Canyoukeeptheclockgoing?\n1)作时间状语,可以表示三个时间概念A.表示和谓语动作同时发生,相当于“assoonas”引导的时间状语从句Hearingthegoodnews,hejumpedupwithjoy.=Assoonasheheardthegoodnews,he…=Onhearingthegoodnews,he…\nB.谓语动词的动作发生在分词动作的过程中,表示”在做某事期间”相当于由when/while引导的时间状语从句。Walkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriend.=When/WhileIwaswalkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriend.=When/Whilewalkinginthestreet,Icameacross…\nC.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。如:Havingdonehishomework,theboywentouttoplay.Havingwrittenhiscomposition,hebegantodohisMathshomework.2)作原因状语,相当于由because/as引导的原因状语从句。\nA.和谓语动词的动作同时发生Beingill,hedidn’tgotoschool.=Because/Ashewasill,hedidn’tgo…Notknowingwhattodonext,hewenttohisteacherforadvice.=Because/Ashedidn’tknowwhattodonext,hewentto…\nB.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。Havingseenthefilmmanytimes,hedidn’tgotoseeitlastnight.3)作条件状语,相当于由if引导的条件状语从句(If)Usingyourhead,youwillfindaway.=Ifyouuseyourhead,youwillfind…\n4)作让步状语,相当于由although/though引导的让步状语从句Although/Thoughgettingupearly,hewaslateforthemeeting.=Although/Thoughhegotupearly,hewaslateforthemeeting.\n5)作伴随状语(方式状语),表示同谓语的动作同时发生,相当于由并列连词连接的两个并列动作。Theysatthereonthestone,talkingwitheachother.=Theysatthereonthestoneandtalkedwitheachother.注意:只有现在分词的一般式才可作伴随状语,且常放于主句后。\n6)作结果状语,现在分词的动作同谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生。Themotherdied,leavingfivechildrenbehind.Theyfiredattheenemy,killingtwo.现在分词无论作何种状语,它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语,句子的主语可能是分词动作的执行者,句子的主语也可能是分词动作的承受者。\n但在一些表示说话者态度的固定表达方式中,分词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不一致的。这种结构常见的有:1)generally/strickly/+speaking2)Judgingfrom…/talkingof…/allowingfor..3)Consideringthat…/seeingthat…/supposingthat…\n注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。①时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式havingdone。②语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。③人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。\n1.______theprogram,theyhavetostaythereforanothertwoweeks.A.NotcompletingB.NotcompletedC.NotcompletingD.Nothavingcompleted（原因状语）高考点击Practice\n2．Themanager,_______itcleartousthathedidn’tagreewithus,leftthemeetingroom.（时间或伴随状语）A．whohasmadeB．havingmadeC．madeD．making3．Thestormleft,______alotofdamagetothisarea.（结果状语）A．causedB．tohavecausedC．tocauseD．havingcaused\n4．______fromothercontinentsformillionsofyears,Australiahasmanyplantsandanimalsnotfoundinanyothercountryintheworld.（原因状语）A．BeingseparatedB．HavingseparatedC．HavingbeenseparatedD．Tobeseparated\n（二）过去分词\n(1).过去分词的语法形式过去分词无人称和数的变化,也没有时态和语态的变化。(done)(2)、过去分词的句法功能具有形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分:表语定语,宾语补足语,状语\n1.过去分词作表语过去分词作表语,相当于一个形容词,说明主语的状态。如，Heisgone.Theglassisbroken.Hewaslostinthought.Theyweredeeplymoved.\n注意:被动结构与系表结构的区别这两种结构形式都是be+过去分词。这两种结构的主要区别是:被动语态强调所发生的动作,而系表结构表示的是主语的特点或状态。Thecupwasbrokenbymylittlebrother.(被动结构)Thecupisbroken.(系表结构)\n2.过去分词作定语过去分词作定语,它的逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词,有以下三个特点:A.及物动词的过去分词作定语和它的逻辑主语的关系是被动的。所表示的时间概念是完成。Thebuildingbuiltlastyearcanhold1,000people=Thebuildingthatwasbuiltlastyearcan…\nB.不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成。与它所修饰的名词没有被动关系。fallenleaves=leavesthathavefallenaretiredworker=aworkerwhohasretiredtherisensun=thesunthathasrisen\nC.有些表示心理活动的过去分词作定语,表面是修饰它后面的名词,但实质是说明当事者的心理状态。所以过去分词与它所修饰的名词没有被动关系。Thesurprisedlookshowedthathehadn’texpectedthis.=(Hewassurprisedandhislookshowedhissurprise)\nThefather’sloudvoicemadeafrightenedlookappearonhisdaughter’sface.(Thefather’sdaughterwasfrightenedandherfaceshowedherfright.)\n3.过去分词作宾补过去分词作宾补,过去分词和宾语的关系是被动关系,说明宾语的状态,表示动作的完成。常用来作感官动词,如:see,lookat,watch,notice,find,observe,listento,hear,smelltaste,feel…和使役动词如:have,get,keep,send,leave,catch…的宾补\nWhenIwalkedhome,Isawamancaughtbythepolice.Assoonashereturnedhome,hefoundhishousebrokeninto.Hekepthimselfcoveredwithablanket.\n4.过去分词作状语过去分词可在句中作时间、条件、原因、让步,方式或伴随情况等状语。过去分词无论作何种状语,它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语,而且存在着逻辑上的被动关系.\n1)做时间或条件状语,通常放在句首。Seenfromthetopofthehill,thetownlooksevenmorebeautiful.=Ifthetownisseenfromthetopofthehill,thetown…=Whenthetownisseenfromthetopofthehill,thetown…\n2)作原因状语Deeplymovedbythestory,thechildrenbegantocry.=As/Becausetheyweredeeplymovedbythestory,thechildren….3)作让步状语Seriouslywounded,hestillkeptonfighting.=Although/Thoughhewasseriouslywounded,hestillkept….\n4)作方式或伴随情况状语Shewalkedoutofthehouse,followedbyherlittledaughter.=Shewalkedoutofthehouse,andwasfollowedbyherlittledaughter.Hesatthere,lostinthought.=Hesatthere,andwaslostinthought.\n_______moreattention,thetreecouldhavegrownbetter.（条件状语）A.Given      B.TogiveC.Giving        D.Havinggiven.2.Thefirsttextbooks________forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury（定语）A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwritten   D.writtenPractice高考点击\n3..________inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.（原因）A.Losing     B.HavinglostC.Lost         D.Tolose4.Theresearchissodesignedthatonce________nothingcanbedonetochangeit.（条件）begins           B.havingbegunC.beginning   D.begun\n一、分析句子结构解题步骤\n1.________manytimes,buthestillcouldn'tunderstandit.A.HavingbeentoldB.Tobetold C.HewastoldD.Thoughhewastold分析：用连词but引导并列句子，因此，前面也是个独立句子，故选C。\n2.________manytimes,hestillcouldn'tunderstandit.A.HavingbeentoldB.Tobetold C.HewastoldD.Thoughhewastold分析：句中用逗号隔开，且无连词引导，因此，前面不是句子结构，只是句子的一个成分，故选A，用非谓语动词作状语。\n二、分析逻辑主语非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。若不一致，则须加上自己的逻辑主语。\n1.________nobuses,wehavetowalkhome.2.______Sunday,Ishallhaveaquietdayathome.A.TherebeingB.ItwereC.TherewereD.Itbeing分析：句1.表示“没有公共汽车”，应用“therebe”结构，即逻辑主语是“thebuses”，故选A。句2.同理选D。\n三、分析语态分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。\n1.______fromspace,theearthlooksblue.2.______fromspace,wecanseetheearthisblue.A.SeenB.SeeingC.ToseeD.See这两个题选项中的非谓语动词都没有加自己的逻辑主语,因此其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。分析：句1.“地球被看”，表被动，故选A，用过去分词表被动。句2.我们“主动看……”即表主动，故选B。\n四、分析时态，在选定了主动或被动后，还要考虑动作发生的时间问题，即时态。\n1.Thebuilding______nowwillbeagym.2.Thebuilding______nextyearwillbeagym.3.Thebuilding______lastyearisagym.A.havingbeenbuiltB.tobebuilt C.beingbuiltD.built分析：句1中now说明大楼正在被修，故用进行式，选C。句2中nextyear说明大楼将在明年被修，故用表将来的不定式，选B。句3中lastyear说明大楼已被修，但不能选A，因为现在分词的完成式不能作定语，故用过去分词，选D。\nThankyou!GOODBYE