高中英语阅读理解讲义 44页

峨眉二中：马培勇阅读理解专题讲解---探究做题时的困惑\n情况调查：1.做阅读理解时无法把握全文中心。2.材料能读懂，但是经常有两个选项不能区分排除。3.遇到生词多，就不想继续做题。心理感到烦躁。4.词义猜测题无从着手。5.不喜欢科普性较强的阅读材料。\n根据考纲阅读理解对学生提出如下能力要求一、题材分析能力二、题干分析能力三、猜词能力四、综合应用语言能力\n1.把握主题中心。2.排除干扰选项。专题：\n主旨大意题的提问方式常见有以下几种：1）Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageisabout____．2）Thepassageismainlyabout____．3）Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage？4）Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage？5）Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto…6）Thepassageismeantto….第一、抓主题中心\n1.寻找中心词。2.寻找主题句。3.综合归纳主题中心。怎么把握全文的结构和作者的意图呢？思路方法：\n（一）寻找中心词。方法：出现频率最高的单词或者短语。步骤：1.阅读全文，找出中心词。2.学会主动构架作者的思路。3.注重体会阅读材料的语言特色。\nWhatisthepassagemainlyabout______?A.Itisabadthingforustobenear-sighted.B.Wecan’tjudgethedistancewithonegoodeyeC.Wecanseeeverythingwithtwogoodeyes.D.Weshouldtakegoodcareofoureyesevenifwecanseewell.\nExample:Whenweseewell,wedonotthinkaboutoureyesveryoften.Itisonlywhenwecannotseeperfectlythatwerealizehowimportantoureyesare.Peoplewhoarenear-sightedcanonlyseethingsthatareveryclosetotheireyes,Everythingelseseemsblurry(=unclear).Manypeoplewhodoalotofwork,suchaswriting,readingandsewingbecomenear—sighted.ThenPeoplewhoarefar-sightedsufferfromjusttheoppositeproblem.Theycanseethingsthatarefaraway,buttheyhavedifficultyinreadingabookunlesstheyholditatarm’slength.Iftheywanttodomuchreading,theymustgetglasses,too.\nOtherpeopledonotseeclearlybecausetheireyesarenotexactlytherightshape.Theyhavewhatiscalledastigmatism(散光).This,too,canbecorrectedbyglasses.Somepeople’seyesbecomecloudybecauseofcataracts(白内障).Longagothesepeopleoftenbecameblind.Now,however,itispossibletooperateonthecataractsandremovethem.Havingtwogoodeyesisimportantforjudgingdistances.Eacheyeseesthingsfromaslightlydifferentangle(角度).Toprovethistoyourself,lookatanobjectoutofoneeye;thenlookatthesameobjectoutofyourothereye.Youwillfindtheobject’srelationtothebackgroundandotherthingsaroundithaschanged.Thedifferencebetweenthesetwodifferenteyeviewshelpsustojudgehowfarawayanobjectis.Peoplewhohaveonlyoneeyecannotjudgedistanceaspeoplewithtwoeyes.\n分析：Whenweseewell,wedonotthinkaboutoureyesveryoften.Itisonlywhenwecannotseeperfectlythatwerealizehowimportantoureyesare.Peoplewhoarenear-sightedcanonlyseethingsthatareveryclosetotheireyes,Everythingelseseemsblurry(=unclear).Manypeoplewhodoalotofwork,suchaswriting,readingandsewingbecomenear—sighted.ThenPeoplewhoarefar-sightedsufferfromjusttheoppositeproblem.Theycanseethingsthatarefaraway,buttheyhavedifficultyinreadingabookunlesstheyholditatarm’slength.Iftheywanttodomuchreading,theymustgetglasses,too.\nOtherpeopledonotseeclearlybecausetheireyesarenotexactlytherightshape.Theyhavewhatiscalledastigmatism(散光).This,too,canbecorrectedbyglasses.Somepeople’seyesbecomecloudybecauseofcataracts(白内障).Longagothesepeopleoftenbecameblind.Now,however,itispossibletooperateonthecataractsandremovethem.Havingtwogoodeyesisimportantforjudgingdistances.Eacheyeseesthingsfromaslightlydifferentangle(角度).Toprovethistoyourself,lookatanobjectoutofoneeye;thenlookatthesameobjectoutofyourothereye.Youwillfindtheobject’srelationtothebackgroundandotherthingsaroundithaschanged.Thedifferencebetweenthesetwodifferenteyeviewshelpsustojudgehowfarawayanobjectis.Peoplewhohaveonlyoneeyecannotjudgedistanceaspeoplewithtwoeyes.\nPeople…near-sightedThenPeople…far-sightedOtherpeople…notexactlytherightshapePeople…haveonlyoneeye注意体会：then,other四个people体现的并列关系。important\n像这类阅读材料一般的规律是:（二）寻找主题句。总总总总②①③①①②②③③1.总分2.分总3.总分总\nWhat’sthemainideaofthepassage?A.Smokingcancausecancer.B.SmokingisaterriblekillerC.Smokingisharmfultoourhealth.D.Anexperimentonsmoking.\nSmokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingcanalsocauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smoker’scough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?Example：\n（三）综合归纳主题中心在材料中勾画所说的人物、事件、事情、行为动词、所举的例子等，归纳综合理解。\nThemainideaofthisparagraphisthat______.A.Tom,whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfouryears,movedtoanotheruniversity.B.TombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfromHarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege.C.TomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedatBerlinuniversity.D.Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation\nTomstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.\n分析：Tom1.studied…attheUniversityofParis2.transferredtotheUniversityofBerlingraduatedwithhonors3.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackgroundreceivedanexcellenteducation\n第二、排除干扰项1.感觉文章信息杂乱，找不到原文。2.没有审清题干和选项的信息。3.所学的知识不知道怎么用。4.没有生单词，但是不能理解原句。5.主要是生单词太多。6.粗心。成因分析：\n思路方法：1.线索词（快速定位）2.审清题干3.综合应用知识原则：1.与原文不完全相同就是错误。2.原文没有提到的也是错误的。\n读者线索词原文材料图示：线索词好比是卫星线索词\n请同学们完成下面三篇阅读材料：A篇（线索词定位演练）B篇（语法知识的应用）C篇（文体分类和词义的理解）\n42.Whatcanweinferfromthetext?A.Workingwomenusuallyhavebreakfastinahurry.B.Manypeoplehavewrongideasaboutbreakfast.C.Therearesomeeasywaysofcookingameal.D.Eatingvegetableshelpssaveenergy.与say,think有关。（线索词定位演练）\n[2009年全国II卷]Iknowwhatyou’rethinking:pizza？Forbreakfast?Butthetruthisthatyoucanhavelastnight’sleftoversinthemorningifyouwantto.Iknowlotsofwomenwhoskipbreakfast,andtheyhaveatonofdifferentexcusesfordoingit.Somesaytheydon’thavetime,othersthinkthey’re“saving”calories(热量单位,卡),stillothersjustdon’tlikebreakfastfood.Butthebottomlineisthateatinginthemorningisveryimportantwhenyou’retryingtoloseweight…Andevenpizzacanbehealthyifit’sloadedwithvegetables,andyousticktoonesmallpiece.A选项定位B选项定位D选项定位\nAccordingtothepassage,thechildren’sjury_______.A.awardsabouttwentyprizesB.watchesmorethan100moviesbeforethefestivalC.announcestheawardsatthefestival’sawardceremonyD.ratesthefilmsbasedontheirownexperience（语法知识的应用）题干分析：thechildren’sjury执行announce这个动作。\nA“children’sjury”meetsinAugusttowatchmorethan100moviesthatwillappearinthefestival.Theyratethefilmsbasedonplot,character,setting,actingandsound.Thejuryawardsmorethanadozenprizes.Theawardsareannouncedatthefestival’sClosingNightAwardCeremony.\n分析：题干分析：得出是thechildren’sjury执行announces这个动作。主动语态被动语态原文材料：Theawardsareannouncedatthefestival’sClosingNightAwardCeremony.\nTheadvertiseroftheinformationintendsto________.A.takecareofvillagechildrenB.employsomeEnglishteachersC.providesomejobsforgraduatesD.helpvillagechildrenwithEnglish（文体分类和词义的理解）\n题干分析得出：BD选项差异在于：employ，help同学们一定要注意employ和help之间的语义区分。文体分类方面来说：很多同学误以为是：招聘广告。其实是：招募广告。\nExample:EnglishTeacherinVillageSchoolRequirements:TherearenospecificrequirementsfortheprogramotherthanfluencyinwrittenandspokenEnglish.However,thebestthingsyoucanhavearepatienceandageniusdesiretoteachandhelpthechildren.Suggestions:Dependingonthesubject,volunteerscanbringalongteachingmaterialssuchaspicturebooks,instruments,flashcards,artsupplies,andsongs.(andagoodsenseofhumor!)Email:info@infonepal.orgTel:977-1-4700210\n（2010年上海高考卷C篇）The2012LondonOlympicshadenoughproblemstoworryabout.Butonemorehasjustbeenadded-acommunicationsblackoutcausedbysolarstorms.AfteraperiodofcalmwithintheSun,scientistshavedetectedthesignsofafleshcycleofsunspotsthatcouldpeakin2012,justintimeforthearrivaloftheOlympictorchinLondon.第三、阅读练习\n72.Thephrase"communicationsblackout"inparagraph1mostprobablyreferstoduringthe2012Olympics.A.theextinguishingoftheOlympictorchB.thecollapseofbroadcastingsystemsC.thetransportationbreakdowninLondonD.thedestructionofweathersatellites语法知识结合语境\n原文出处：acommunicationsblackoutcausedbysolarstorms.matterstormsjamsatellitesinteractlinkscollapse定语从句后置定语第三段：NowscientistsbelievethatthispeakcouldresultinvastsolarexplosionsthatcouldthrowbillionsoftonsofchargedmattertowardstheEarth,causingstrongsolarstormsthatcouldjamthetelecommunicationssatellitesandinteractlinkssendingfiveOlympicbroadcastfromLondon.\n73.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthesolaractivitydescribedinthepassage?A.ThemostfatalmatterfromthecoronafallsontoEarth.B.Thesolarstormpeakoccursinthemiddleofeachcycle.C.IttakesseveralsecondsforthechargedmattertoreachEarth.D.Thenumberofsunspotsdeclinesaftercoronalmassejections.线索：matter→earth线索：time/speed应用综合常识和题干分析能力peak,middle\nA.ThemostfatalmatterfromthecoronafallsontoEarth.sunearthmost错误原文:throwbillionsoftonsofchargedmattertowardstheEarthcarryabilliontonsofsolarmaterialintospace\nB.Thesolarstormpeakoccursinthemiddleofeachcycle.原文:TheOlympicscouldbeinthemiddleofthenextsolarmaximumcycle的正确理解：\nC.IttakesseveralsecondsforthechargedmattertoreachEarth.earthsun1.471亿公里原文：carryabilliontonsofsolarmaterialintospaceatoveramillionkilometresperhour.D.Thenumberofsunspotsdeclinesaftercoronalmassejections.sunspotsthatcouldpeakin2012注意对peak的正确理解。peak\n74.Accordingtothepassage,NASAwilllaunchasatelliteto_________.A.takeimagesofthesolarsystemB.provideearlywarningofthunderstormsC.keeptrackofsolaractivitiesD.improvethecommunicationsonEarthNASAisscheduledtolaunchasatelliteformonitoringsolaractivity表明目的\n75.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.SolarStorms:AnInvisibleKillerB.SolarStorms:EarthEnvironmentinDangerC.SolarStorms:ThreateningtheHumanRaceD.SolarStorms:HumanActivitiestobetroubled综合归纳主题中心\n首段：onemoreproblem---acommunicationsblackoutcausedbysolarstormsSolarstorms主体部分jaminteractaffectdeadlydisablecausedisturbbetroubled\n小结1.综合应用语言知识。2.认真分析题干信息。3.要有明确的做题策略：先易后难。4.不能主观设置情结臆断答案。5.要养成良好的阅读习惯。\nThankyou!祝福同学们学习取得进步！