初中非谓语动词讲解及练习资料 12页

7、动词的非谓语形式：动词不做谓语时的固定形式。(1)动词的非谓语形式包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式；其中分词又包含现在分词和过去分词两种形式。它们在句子中不能单独作谓语。(2)动词不定式：①形式：动词不定式基本形式由“不定式记号to+动词原形”构成。它的否定形式只要在“to”前面加上“not”。它的疑问形式是：“wh-疑问词+to+动词原形”。*它的被动形式：“tobe+过去分词”。*它的完成形式：“tohave+过去分词”。②动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,即可以在句子中作主语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。但不定式也保留动词的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟宾语、表语和状语。动词不定式加上相关成分就构成不定式短语。③动词不定式可以放在谓语前句子作主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it”作形式主语(有时在不定式的前面还会用forsb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。如：Tohelpanimalsishelpingpeople.(帮助动物就是帮助人)Itisverydifficult(forus)tolearnChinesewell.((对于我们而言)学好汉语是非常的困难)Ittookmehalfanhourtoworkoutthisproblem.(解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间)④动词不定式可以作谓语动词(及物动词)的宾语。[A]及物动词+不定式一般形式：谓语动词(vt.)+不定式(作宾语)[说明]\nwant(想)/try(试图)/decide(决定)/wouldlike(想要)/hope(希望)/love(喜爱)/learn(学会)/afford(提供)/agree(同意)/fail(失败、未能)/mean(意味着)/prefer(宁愿)/wish(希望)+to(do)(无)help(帮助)to可以省略begin(开始)/start(开始)/hate(憎恨)也可跟动名词,意义变化不大forget(忘记)/remember(记得)/like(总爱)也可跟动名词,意义变化较大如：Iwouldliketohavearestatthemoment.(我现在想休息一下)Theybegantosearchtheroomforthethief.(他们开始在屋子里搜寻小偷)Helikedtohaveaswiminthepoolnearhishouse.(他喜爱在靠家的水塘里面游泳)WhendidyoulearntospeakEnglish?(你什么时候开始学英语的？)Don’tforgettoclosethedoorwhenyouleave.(你离开时别忘了关门[比较]Heforgottoturnoffthelight.(他忘了关灯.)(没关)Heforgotturningoffthelight.(他忘记关过灯.)(关了)Pleaseremembertoringmeup.(记得给我打电话.)(还没打电话)Iremembercallingyouyesterdaybutyouforgot.(我记得昨天给你打电话了,但是你忘记了.)(打过电话)[B]及物动词+疑问词+不定式：谓语动词(vt.)+wh-疑问词+不定式(作宾语)[说明]tell(告诉)/show(显示)/know(知道)/ask(问)/findout(发现)/understand(明白)/wonder(疑惑)/learn(学会)/forget(忘记)/whatwhere+how+to(do)who\nremember(记得)/teachsb.(教某人)/discuss(商讨)which……不定式疑问形式还可以作句子的主语、表语等。如：Hedoesnotknowwhichonetotake.(他不知道该选哪个)Tellmehowtogettothestation.(告诉我怎么样去火车站)Sheaskedmewhattodofortoday’shomework.(她问我今天家庭作业做什么)Canyouteachmehowtosearchtheinternet?(你能教我怎样上网吗？)[C]不定式作宾语而后面又有宾语补足语时,通常用it代替作形式宾语,而不定式则后置。如：Ifounditnotveryeasytolearntorideabike.(我发现学骑车不很容易)⑤动词不定式可以在句子中用作定语,放在名词或代词后面。[A]记住下面的一些结构：被修饰部分+不定式(作后置定语)汉语意思akeytolockthedoor锁门的钥匙aboxtoholdthesethings装这些东西的箱子giveherabooktoread给她一本书读Isthereany(+名词/代词)to(do)?有…要(做的)吗?It’stimetogo.是走的时间了。/该走了。Doyouhaveanyworktodo?你有工作要做吗?I’dlikesomethingtoeat.我要点儿吃的。Ihavenothingtosay.我没有话要说。Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?你要点儿喝的吗？[B]在这种情况下,如果不定式动词是不及物动词,则后面必须加介词。如：Theycouldnotfindaplacetolivein.(他们找不到住的地方)\nPleasegivemeachairtositon.(请给我一张椅子坐坐)Hehasgotawritingbrushtowritewith.((他找到了写字的毛笔)⑥动词不定式可以在句子中用作状语,有下列几种情况：[A]放在不及物动词(come,go,stop,finish,wait等词)的后面。如：Hecametoseeheryesterday.(他昨天来看望她)(表示来的目的)Istoppedtohavearest.(我停下来休息一会儿)(表示停下来的目的)[B]放在完整的谓语之后(即“谓语+宾语”、“谓语+宾语+补语”、“动词+表语”之后)。如：Wecleanedtheroomtolethimplayinit.(我们打扫了房间以便让他在里面玩)Iopenedthewindowtoseemoreclearly.(我打开窗子以便看得更清楚点儿)[C]有时表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首。如：Toarrivethereontime,Igotuponehourearlierthanusual.(为了按时到达,我们比平时早起了一个小时)(表示早起的目的)[注意]stoptodo与stopdoing的不同。如：Theystoppedtohavealook.(他们停下来看看)(不定式作“停下来”的目的状语)Theystoppedlookingoutofthewindowandbegantolistentotheteahcher.(他们停止向窗外望,开始听老师讲课)(动名词作宾语,表示“停止”的内容)⑦动词不定式可以在句子中用作表语,限用于连系动词之后。如：Myjobistokeepthegoal.(我的工作就是守住球门)⑧动词不定式可以在句子中用作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。谓语动词(vt.)+宾语(人/物)+不定式(作宾语补足语)ask(请)/tell(关照)/teach(教)/want(想要)/wouldlike(想要)/get(让)/help(帮)/invite(邀请)/like(喜欢)/warn(警告)/+sb./sth.+to(do)make(使得)/let(让)/hear(听)/see(看)/feel(感觉)/watch(观看)/have(使得)/+sb./sth.+(do)\nhelp(帮助)如：Mumaskedmetohelpherwiththecooking.(妈妈叫我帮助她做饭)Iwouldlikeyoutoseemyparents.(我想要你见见我的父母)Thebossoftenmadetheworkerswork14hoursaday.(老板常让工人们一天工作14小时)Nowletmehearyouplaytheviolin.(现在让我来听你拉小提琴)[注意]help之后做宾补的不定式符号to可以省略；hear/see/feel/watch之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,需特别注意,(参见现在分词部分)。试比较：IheardhercryingwhenIwalkedpast.(我路过时听到她正在哭)(指当时瞬间的情况)Isatnearherandheardhersingthenewsong.(我坐在她附近听她唱新歌)(指整个过程)(3)动名词①动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被状语修饰；它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。动名词加相关词语(宾语或状语等)构成动名词短语。②动名词可以作主语。一般可用it作形式主语而将动名词短语后移。如：LearningEnglishallbyyourselfisnotsoeasy.(自学好英语不那么容易)(=ItisnotsoeasylearningEnglishallbyyourself.)③动名词可以作宾语。[A]want/need之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。如：Yourcarneedsreparingbadly.(你的车急需修理。)(被修)Myhairneedscutting.(我要理发。)(头发被理)[B]remember/forge/stop/finish之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。如：Iforgottowritealettertohim.(我忘了给他写封信)(根本没写)Iforgotwritingalettertohim.(我忘了给他写过信)(写了却忘了)Theystoppedtolookback.(他们停下来向后看)(停下的目的是向后看)\nTheystoppedlookingback.(他们停止向后看)(不向后看了)[C]enjoy/mind/keep/hate/go等词一般用动名词作宾语。如：Doyoumindmyclosingthedoor?(把门关上你介意吗？)Shehatestravellingbyair.(她讨厌坐飞机旅行)Theywentswimmingeveryafternoon.(他们每天下午去游泳)Ienjoywalkingaroundthetown.(我喜欢在镇上转悠)[D]like/love/start/begin/learn后面用动名词时,与用不定式意思相近或相同。如：WebegantostudyEnglishwhenwewereatprimaryschool.(我们在小学时就开始学英语了)WebeganstudyingEnglishwhenwewereatprimaryschool.(我们在小学时就开始学英语了)④动名词可以作表语,此时特别注意不要与现在进行时混淆。如：Myjobisputtingthesepartstogether.(我的事情是把这些部件拼起来)Iamputtingthesepartstogether.(我正在把这些部件拼起来)⑤动名词与现在分词构成相同,但是含义不同,动名词主要表示事情,而现在分词则主要表示进行着的动作。如：Eatingtoomuchisnotgoodforyourhealth.(动名词短语,作主语)Seeingisbelieving.(动名词短语,分别作主语和表语)Heranafteramovingbusandgotontoit.(现在分词,作定语)Hisfathersawhimsittingonsomeeggs.(现在分词,作宾补)(4)分词：包含现在分词和过去分词。(高中学习重点)①主要区别：现在分词一般有主动的意思或表示动作正在进行的意思；过去分词有被动或动作已经完成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。②分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等。[A]作定语：分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,则要放在所修饰的名词之后。如：Ihavegotarunningnose.(我流鼻涕)Thewomanrunningafterthethiefshoutedveryloudly,“Stopthethief!”(跟着小偷追的妇女大喊：捉小偷！)\nYesterdayImetamancalledMr.Black.(昨天我遇见了一个名叫布莱克先生的人)Heonlygavemeabrokenglass,soIwasveryangrywithhim.(他只给了我一个坏玻璃杯,所以我很生他的气)[B]现在分词可以作下列动词的宾语补足语。(参考不定式作宾语补足语)谓语动词(vt.)宾语宾语补足语keep(保持)/see(看到)/hear(听到)/watch(注意到)/feel(感觉到)sb./sth.(do)ing如：Mumkeptmeworkingalltheweek.(妈妈让我一个星期都在工作)WhenIenteredtheroom,IsawJackeatingabigpear.(我进入房间时看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)InthedarkIfeltsomethingverycoldmovingonmyfoot.(黑暗之中我感到有个冷的东西在我的脚上移动)[C]现在分词可以作状语,表示伴随情况。如：Shecameintotheclassroom,holdingapileofpapersinherhand.(他走进教室,手上抓着一沓纸)Iamverybusythesedaysgettingreadyforthecomingoraltest.(这些日子我正忙着准备即将来到的口语考试)[D]过去分词可以作表语,放在连系动词后面,但要注意不要与被动语态混淆,“主系表”主要表示状态,而被动语态则表示动作。常用过去分词作表语的结构有：beworried(焦虑)/bepleased(高兴)/betired(疲劳)/getdressed(打扮好)/getlost(迷路)/getcaught(遭遇)/beomefrustrated(沮丧)/becomeinteretedin(对…感兴趣)等等。例略。[E]过去分词可以作宾语补足语。如：Ihadmyhaircutthismorning.(今天早上我让人给我理了发)(注意：havesth.done表示动作由别人来做,而havedonesth.则为现在完成时的结构,两个结构不可以混淆)一、用所给动词适当形式填空：\nA.①Iwantonemagazine______.(read)②Myteacherwantedme______thisquestion.(answer)③Thewomanwantedherhusband______atonce.(examine)④Mybicyclewants_______.(repair)B.①Whatmadeyou______so?(think)②Thegirlwasmade_____amanshedidn'tloveatall.(marry)③Theshowmademe_______inthestudyofscience.(interest)④Heraisedthepicturetomakeeveryone_______clearly.(see)⑤Heraisedhisvoicetomakehimself_______.(hear)⑥Myfatherhimselfmadesomecandles_______light.(give)⑦Thebossmadetheworkers_______dayandnight.(work)C.①You'dbettergetyourownroom_______.(clean)②Yesterdayhegothiswallet_______.(steal)③Youshouldgetyourfriends_______you.(help)④Thelecturegotus_______.(think)⑤Don'tget________intherain.(catch)D.①Didyouseesomebody_______intotheroom?(steal)②Isawhim_______intheroomatthattime.(read)③Shewasgladtoseeherchild________goodcareof.(take)④Isawher_______atthewindows,thinking.(seat)⑤Shewasseen________here.(come)E.①Ilike_______verymuch.(swim)②Idon'tlike_______TVatthistime.(watch)③Heneverlikes_______atthemeeting.(praise)④Ifeellike_______tothecinema.(go)⑤Wouldyoulike______withme?(go)F.①Theman______atthemeetingnowisfromthesouth.(speak)②Idon'tknowtheprofessor______atthemeetingtomorrow.(speak)③Heistheprofessor_______todinner.(invite)G.①Itwassocoldandhehadthefire_______allnightlong.(burn)\n②Ihavealotofexercises________today.(do)③"Doyouhavenayclothes_______today?"askedMother.(wash)④You'dbetterhavethatbadtooth_______out.(pull)⑤Iwanttohavehim_______acarforme.(find)H.①Hedoesn'tdoanythingbut_______allday.(play)②Wehavenochoicebut_______.(obey)③I'mthinkingofhow_______myEnglish.(improve)④Hemadeanapologyfor_____late.(be)I.①Hetoldusabouthistripinan_______voice.(excite)②Hetoldushisstoryina_______voice.(tremble)③Atthesightofasnake,thelittlegirlwasvery_______.(frighten)④Theboywas_______,soIdidn'tbelievehimagain.(disappoint)J.①Heislookingforwardto______college.(enter)②Heislookingforwardto_____nothing.(see)K.①Whenheheardthenews,hecouldn'thelp________withjoy.(jump)②Icouldn'thelp______bythebeautyofnature.(strike)③Sorry,Ican'thelp______thehouseworktoday.(do)L.①______enoughtime,we'lldoitbetter.(give)②______acandle,hewentonreading.(light)③______fromthehill,theparklooksmorebeautiful.(see)④______thepeoplewell,wemustworkhardatourlessons.(serve)二、单项选择：（1）1.Sayingalwayshaslessdifficultythan_____.A.doneB.doingC.todoD.havingdone2.Thegirlisseriouslyill.Thereis_____.A.nothingtodobutsendforadoctorB.somethingtodobuttosendforadoctorC.nothingtodobuttosendforadoctor\nD.anythingtodobutsendingforadoctor3.Therestofthemoney_____toAlice.A.istosendB.aretosendC.istobesentD.aretobesent4.Althoughswimmingishisfavoritesport,yethedoesn’tlike_____today.A.toswimB.swimmingC.swimD.tohaveswim5.Shesaidshewassorry_____thetrain,soshehadtostayhereforanotherday.A.missingB.havingmissedC.tomissD.tohavemissed6._____thesamemistakeagainmadehisparentsveryangry.A.HisbeingmadeB.HehasmadeC.HehadmakingD.Hismaking7.Ifindthemanhard_____.A.tobepleasedB.pleasingC.pleasedD.toplease8.You’dbetternothavethelights_____alldaylong.A.burningB.burnedC.toburnD.beingburnt9.Itis_____thinkingaboutitnow.A.ofnouseB.notuseC.nouseD.notofanyuses10.—Wouldyouliketosingasongforus?—_____.A.IprefernotB.IprefernottoC.IprefertonotD.Iwouldn’tprefer11.Heinsisted_____theworkingsite.A.tobesenttoB.beingsenttoC.onbeingsenttoD.thattobesentto12.Duringthenexttenyears,shehadtoworkhard_____forthenecklace.\nA.payingB.topayC.forpayingD.inordertopaying13.Janetwasangryat_____.A.mynotwaitingforherB.Ididn’twaitforherC.menotwaitforherD.metonotwaitforher14.Ipreferstayingathome_____thetheater.A.togotoB.forgoingtoC.togoingtoD.ratherthango15.Pleasegetsomeone_____thewashingmachine.Iwanttogetit_____assoonaspossible.A.torepair/toberepairedB.repair/repairedC.torepair/repairingD.torepair/repaired16._____moretime,hecouldhavedonetheworkmuchbetter.A.TobegivenB.TogiveC.GivenD.Giving17.Theinformation_____tousisofgreatvalue.A.broughtB.takenC.beingtakenD.beingcarried18.Thebuilding_____nextmonthwillbeamodernhospital.A.builtB.beingbuiltC.tobebuiltD.bebuilt19.Jessiewassick_____suchnoise.A.ofhearingB.tohearC.ofbeingheardD.heard20._____,helefttheroom.A.FinishingtheworkB.HadfinishedtheworkC.AfterfinishedtheworkD.Havingfinishedthework21._____afraid_____behind,Billstudiedevenharderthaneverbefore.A.Tobe/offallingB.Being/fallC.Being/offallingD.Tobe/tofall\n22.Themachinerequires_____,sotheworkersarerequired_____ready.A.repair/togetB.repairing/togetC.repairing/gettingD.toberepaired/getting23.Everyonedislikes_____.A.beinglaughedB.tobelaughedC.beinglaughedatD.tobelaughedat24.WouldyoulikeHelen_____yousinceyouhavesomedifficulty?A.helpingB.tohelpC.hashelpedD.help25.Heisbeginning_____hismistakes.A.correctB.tocorrectC.correctingD.corrected