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课时(一)名词讲解 一、名词的分类类别意义例词专有名词表示人、地方、组织机构或事物等的专有名词普通名词可数名词个体名词表示一类人或物的个体集体名词表示一群人或一类物的集合体不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念 二、名词的数 名词分为可数和不可数名词。物质名词与抽象名词一般属于不可数名词,它们只有单数形式;个体名词和集体名词一般是可数名词,通常有单数和复数两种形式。1.单数变复数的规则情况构成方法例词一般情况以“辅音字母+y”结尾以“元音字母+y”结尾以s,sh,ch,x等结尾以f或fe结尾部分以o结尾【注】①ch读/k/时,其复数形式应加s,如stomachs(胃,腹部) ②常见的以o结尾要加es的有如:hero,Negro,tomato,potato,mango,可记为“黑人英雄爱吃两菜一果”。 ③以f或fe结尾变f或fe为ves的词有如下: 妻子拿刀去宰狼,小偷吓得着了慌,躲进架子保己命,半片树叶遮目光。2.不规则复数形式 构成方法例词a变eoo变eeouse变为ice词尾加ren单复数同形【注】①man,woman作定语修饰别的名词时,要把man,woman和其他部分都变成复数,如manteacher–menteachers,_____________________(男医生)-_____________________(女职员);②不规则复数形式的记忆口诀:男女警察英法人,都是将man变成men。脚、牙oo变ee,child加上ren。鹿和绵羊是一家,单变复时不变化。 3.“某国人”的复数形式“中日不变英法变,其余s加后边”国家名国籍单数复数China中国人Japan日本人England英国人France法国人Australia澳大利亚人Russia俄国人部分名词以s结尾,但表示单数:physics,maths,politics,news7\n三、名词所有格 在英语中,特别是表示有生命的名词,可以加's表示所属关系,名词的这种形式我们称之为名词的所有格。1.有生命的名词所有格(1)单数名词的所有格加’s。如:母亲节__________________朱迪的办公室_________________(2)以s结尾的复数名词所有格只加’。如:教师节_________________学生用书_________________(3)姓氏以s结尾,也可直接加’。如:Jones的包包_______________________(4)不规则的复数名词变所有格加’s。如: 儿童读物__________________妇女节_____________(5)表示两人共有时,只在最后一个名词后加’s。如: 莉莉和露西的爸爸___________________ 约翰和玛丽的课桌_________________(6)表示两人各自所有时,则两个专有名词都要用所有格形式,而且后面所修饰的名词要用复数形式。 王林的爸爸和李坤的爸爸__________________________ 露西的房间和莉莉的房间__________________________2.无生命的名词所有格(1)无生命的名词所有格常用of结构表示,如:桌腿_________________ 书名___________________(2)表示国家、时间、距离、重量和价值等的名词通过词尾变化表示所有,如: China’sfuture_____________ today’snewspaper_____________ 十分钟的路程_________________ 两周的假期____________________3.双重所有格双重所有格就是将of结构与’s结构或名词性物主代词一起使用,如: afriendofTom’s_____________ afriendofmine_____________4.表示住宅、办公室或店铺的名词所有格后面一般省略它所修饰的名词,如: atJohn’s(home)_____________ atthedoctor’s(office)_____________四.不可数名词的数:数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词,量词可单复数,但of后的名词只用原形,如apieceofpaper,adropofwater,twocupsoftea常见的量词有(bottle,cup,bowl,plate,glass,pair,drop,piece)修饰不可数名词要用much,alittle,little,alotof=lotsof五.名词转化a.某些名词后加y变形容词,表示“充满…的”,cloud-cloudy,sun-sunnyb.某些名词后加ful变形容词,表示“…性质的”,use-useful,care-carefulc.部分表示人的名词后加ly变形容词,具有赞美意味。friendly友好的,fatherly像父亲的,lovely可爱的,lively活泼的,deadly致命的,silly傻的,愚蠢的,daily每日的某些名词后加less表示没有,careless,useless六、名词用法作主语,Englishisuseful.做定语,papertigers,workplaces做宾语,ShelearnsChinesehardeveryday.做表语,Tomismygoodfriend.做宾语补足语,Theychosetheboymonitor.注意:名词作定语(名词修饰名词,修饰词用单数形式)a.用复数作定语:sportsmeeting运动会studentsreading-room学生阅览室b.man,woman用其单数形式修饰单数名词,用其复数形式修饰复数名词。menworkers,womenteachers c.数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式.ten-milewalk十英里路,two-hundredtreesd.复合形容词作定语(基数词-量词-形容词,一旦用了连字符,量词必须用单数形式.)复合形容词可转换成基数词+可数名词复数形式的所有格形式Hehasasix-year-olddaughter.=Hehasasixyears’daughter.7\n 实战演练一.找出下列笑话中的可数名词,并写出其复数形式: Inthemarket,abuyeraskedaseller“Howmuchisthiscat,please?”“100dollars.”“Butyouonlyaskedfor20dollarsyesterday!”“Yes,that’strue.Butthiscatateabirdlastnightandthebirdwasworth80dollars!”二.找出不可数名词,在横线上打勾,并将可数名词变成复数形式: homework___________half___________advice____________money_________food___________ foot_________music__________chicken______________mouth_____________bread___________ information__________milk__________cow___________orange____________water___________ 三.选择填空:()1.Thedeerhasfour______. A.foot B.feet C.feets D.foots()2.Hertwobrothersareboth______. A.policeman B.policemans C.policemen D.policemens()3.Therearefour_____andtwo______inthegroup. A.Japanese,Germen B.Japaneses,Germen C.Japanese,Germans()4.Two______wouldcometothevillage. A.woman-doctors B.womendoctor C.womendoctors D.womandoctors()5.Canyouseenine_____inthepicture? A.sheep B.dog C.pig D.horse()6.The_____hastwo______. A.boys,watches B.boy,watch C.boy,watches D.boys,watch()7.Theboyoftenbrusheshis_____beforehegoestobed. A.tooth B.tooths C.teeth D.teeths()8.TheJapanese____willnotleaveChinauntilshefinishesherstudy. A.woman B.women C.man D.men()9.Therearelotsof_____inthebasketonthetable. A.tomatos B.tomato C.tomatoes D.tomatoss()10.Thecatcaughttwo______lastnight. A.mouses B.mice C.mouse D.mices 四.名词所有格练习:()1.Canyouimaginewhatlifewillbelikein________time?A.20years’B.20yearsC.20-years’D.20-years()2.Thisisa________bike.________isoverthere.A.visitor’s;MyB.visitor’s;MineC.visitor;My()3.WangTaoisill,sohehastogotothe________.A.doctorB.doctors’C.doctor’sD.doctor’()4.Thisis________,andIborrowedittwodaysago. A.apictureofMr.Cox B.apictureofMr.Cox’sC.aMr.Cox’picture D.Mr.Cox’spictures()5.Theseare________books.LiMingboughtsomeatthisbookstoreandBrainboughtsomeatthatbookstore. A.LiMing’sandBrainB.LiMingandBrain’s C.LiMing’sandBrain D.LiMing’sandBrain’s()6.Heis________. A.onestudentofmymother B.oneofmymother’sstudent C.mymother’sstudents D.onestudentofmymother’s()7.It’sabout________frommyhometoourschool. A.thirtyminutes’walk B.walkofthirtyminutes’ C.walkofthirtyminutes’D.thirtyminute’swalk()8.Thisyear,themostpopular________hatisthatkind.7\n A.woman’sB.womens’ C.women’sD.womans’9.__________________________(李明的父母)workinabighospital.10.Thisis__________________________________(我妹妹的语文书)11.________________________________(John和Sally的母亲)areAmericans.12.______________________________(王平和王明的父亲)isahotelmanager.13.Isthis___________________________________(你的好朋友的钢笔)?14.Theyare___________________________________(Peter和Sam的老师).15.___________________________(教师节)isonSeptember10th.16.___________________________________(学生们的桌椅)areverynew.17.Weareveryhappyon____________________________________(儿童节).18.____________________________(赵敏的鞋)arewhite.五.名词复数形式和数词的练习:1.Thereare___________________________(58个学生)inourclass.2.Thereare___________________________(22个孩子)intheroom.3.Icansee____________________________(六杯茶)onthetable.4.Thereare____________________________(44位女老师)inherschool.5.Wecansee__________________________________(18个妇女)overthere.6.______________________________(多少幅画)arethereinyoubedroom?7.Ihave________________________________(3本字典).8.Ourschoolhas_________________________________(2个图书馆).9.Thereare___________________________________(12个月)inayear.10.Thereare______________________________(13辆公共汽车)onthestreet.词类转换分类记忆I.形容词——副词1、加ly2、去y加ieasy容易的heavy大量angry生气的hungry饥饿的happy快乐的lucky幸运的3、le结尾的,去e变ypossible可能4、不变hard难的;努力地,猛烈地fast快early早late晚enough足够straight笔直II.动词——名词加er、or、ress加erfarm耕种—farmer农民drive驾驶—driver驾驶员teach教—teacher老师work工作—worker工人write写—writer作家report报道—reporter记者win赢—winner获胜者own拥有—owner拥有者paint画、粉刷---painter画家manage经营—manager经理7\nrecord记录—recorder录音机加oract--actor男演员visit—visitor观光者invent--inventor发明家calculate—calculator计算器edit–editor编辑sail---sailor水手加resswait—waitress女服务员act—actress女演员加ion结尾add—addition加collect—collection收集discuss—discussion讨论decide—decision决定invent—invention发明物invite—invitation邀请operate—operation手术pollute—pollution污染review—revision复习solve—solution解答organize—organization组织locate—location地点suggest—suggestion建议protect---protection保护加ingbegin—beginning开始build—building大楼say—saying谚语paint—painting绘画meet—meeting会议end—ending其他serve—service服务speak—speech演讲、言语fish—fisherman渔夫enter—entrance入口know—knowledge知识weigh—weight重量please—pleasure愉快develop—development发展choose—choice选择tour—tourist游客die—death死亡succeed—success成功fly—flight飞行、航班memorize—memory记忆mix—mixture混合物cook—cook厨师save—safety安全act—activity活动able—ability能力III.名词——名词art艺术—artist画家science—scientist科学家city—citizen市民custom—customer顾客office—officer官员engine—engineer工程师friend—friendship友谊business—businessman男商人business—businesswoman女商人law法律—lawyer律师IV.名词——形容词7\n名词后加fulcare—careful小心的use—useful有用的help—helpful有帮助的thank—thankful感激的wonder—wonderful精彩的power—powerful强大的harm—harmful有害的2、名词后加ycloud—cloudy多云的rain—rainy下雨的wind—windy有风的snow—snowy下雪的sun—sunny晴朗的noise—noisy吵闹的health—healthy健康的fun—funny滑稽的luck—lucky幸运的3、名词后加lyfriend—friendly友好的love—lovely可爱的4、形容词以al结尾nation—national国家的education--educational教育的nature—natural自然的tradition—traditional传统的medicine—medical医药的physics—physical物理的chemistry—chemical化学的history—historical历史的5、名词末尾的ce变成tdifference(s)—different不同importance—important重要的6、名词后加enwood—wooden木制的gold—golden金色的(wool—woolen羊毛的)7、名词以ness结尾kindness仁慈—kind仁慈的illness病疾病---ill有病的不健康8、形容词后加ydifficult—difficulty困难honest—honesty诚实9、形容词后加domfree—freedom自由wise—wisdom聪明10、其他danger—dangerous危险的office—official官方的、正式的fool傻瓜—foolish愚蠢的west—western西方的height高度—high高的length长度—long长的favour恩惠—favourite最喜欢的foreigner外国人foreign外国的home家—homeless无家可归的7\nexpense费用—expensive昂贵的truth真相—true真实的wound创伤—wounded受伤的pleasure—pleasant令人愉快的/pleased满意的response相应反映---responsible负责的有责任的electricity电—electric电的—electronic电子的V.动词——形容词interest引起兴趣—interesting有趣的/interested感兴趣的excite—exciting令人激动的/excited激动的freeze—freezing寒冷的/frozen冷冻的frighten—frightening令人害怕的/frightened害怕的forget—forgetful健忘的/unforgettable难忘的depend—independent独立的有主见的like—likely很有可能发生的有希望的realize意识到—real真的break—broken碎的follow—following下面的fill—full满的、饱的enjoy—enjoyable使人愉快的change—changeable多变的act—active积极的attract—attractive吸引人的die—dead死的widen拓宽—wide宽的live—alive活的VI.前缀possible—impossible(polite,patient)可能—不可能tell—retell说—复述build—rebuild建造—重建healthy—unhealthy健康的—不健康的honest—dishonest诚实—不诚实的appear—disappear出现—消失like—dislike喜欢—不喜欢VII.国名——国籍Australia—AustralianAmerica—AmericanCanada—CanadianBritain—BritishEngland—EnglishItaly—ItalianChina—ChineseJapan—JapaneseGermany—German(德国人复数Germans7