初中英语定语从句讲解及练习 11页

初中英语定语从句讲解及练习一.定语从句及相关术语1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as 等； 关系副词有where,when,why等。 关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。二.关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在从句中做主语 (1)theboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromclassone. (2)yesterdayihelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.2.whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。 (1)mr.liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus. (2)mr.lingisjusttheboywhomiwanttosee.   注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。 (3)themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.3.第11页\nwhich指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 (1)footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys. (2)thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.4.that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (5)thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion. (6)whereisthemanthat/whomisawthismorning?5.whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 (1)hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor. (2)ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替 (3)theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired. (4)theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired. (5)doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow? (6)doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow?三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句    关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导 (1)theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisvery第11页\nfamous. (2)theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous. (3)tomorrowiwillbringhereamagazine(that/which)youaskedfor. (4)tomorrowiwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked. (5)we'llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/that/who)wehaveoftentalkedabout. (6)we'llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked. 注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等 (1)thisisthewatchwhich/thatiamlookingfor.(t) (2)thisisthewatchforwhichiamlooking.(f)2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose (1)themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.(t) (2)themanwho/thatyoutalkedwithismyfriend.(f) (3)theplaneinwhichweflewtocanadaisverycomfortable.(t) (4)theplaneinthatweflewintocanadaisverycomfortable.第11页\n(f) 3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词 (1)helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim. (2)inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someof whichhavegonebad. (3)therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.解答"介词+关系代词"类型的定语从句题时，关键在于分析定语从句中的谓语动词（该动词是不及物动词）习惯上常及什么介词搭配使用。这就需要同学们在平时学习时要注重某些不及物动词和介词惯用的情形，并要灵活运用。例如：inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasingleperson________shecouldturnforhelp.a.thatb.whoc.fromwhomd.towhom简析:本题定语从句中的turn及介词to构成固定短语"turntosb.forhelp(向某人求助）"。所以，d是正确选项。四．关系副词引导的定语从句1.when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语 (1)istillrememberthedaywhenifirstcametothe第11页\nschool. (2)thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame.2.where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语 (1)shanghaiisthecitywhereiwasborn. (2)thehousewhereilivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.3.why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语 (1)pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane. (2)idon'tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.   注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 (1)thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear, (2)fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup. (3)greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich/whereiwasborn. 关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于"介词+which"结构，因此常常和"介词+which"结构交替使用，例如： thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustyield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)iwasborn.第11页\n北京是我的出生地。 isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedouroffer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？五．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句举例： (1)theteachertoldmethattomwastheonlypersonthaticoulddependon. (2)chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory. 非限制性定语从句举例： (1)hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.(2)china,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.要注意区分以下几个句子的不同 (1)hisbrotherwhoisnowadoctoralwaysencourageshimtogotocollege. 他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥） (2)hisbrother,whoisnowadoctor,alwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.  第11页\n他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）难点分析   （一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况 1．当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时，或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时 (1)haveyoutakendowneverythingthatmr.lihassaid? (2)thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld. (3)allthatcanbedonehasbeendone. (4)thereislittlethaticandoforyou.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who (4)anymanthat/.whohasasenseofdutywon'tdosuchathing.2. 当先行词被序数词修饰 (1)thefirstplacethattheyvisitedinlondonwasthebigben.3.  当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 (1)thisisthebestfilmthatihaveseen.4.  当形容词被thevery,theonly修饰时 (1)thisistheverydictionarythatiwanttobuy, (2)afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthathe第11页\nowned.当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who (3)wanghuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting/5.  当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时 (1)whoisthemanthatisstandingthere? (2)whichisthet-shirtthatfitsmemost?6.  当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时 (1)canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned? （二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句 as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1．as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。(1)hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.(2)hewashonest,as/whichwecansee.2.as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思 (1)asisknowntoall,chinaisadevelopingcountry. (2)heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent. (3)john,asyouknow,isafamouswriter. (4)hehasbeentoparismorethanseveraltimes,which第11页\nidon'tbelieve. 注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which (5)tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.3. 当先行次受such,thesame修饰时，常用as (1)ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells. (2)heisnotsuchafoolashelooks. (3)thisisthesamebookasilostlastweek.注意：当先行次由thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同 (4)sheworethesamedressthatsheworeatmary'swedding. 她穿着她在mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。 (5)sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.     她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。（三）以theway为先行词的定语从句通常由inwhich,that引导，而且通常可以省略。 (1)thewayinwhich/that/./heansweredthequestionwassurprising.(四)but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句 (1)thereareveryfewbutunderstandhisidea.(but=第11页\nwhodon't)(五)区分定语从句和同位语从句1．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系 (1)theplanethathasjusttakenoffisforlondon.    定语从句 (2)thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.    同位于从句2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导，充当成分 (1)thenewshetoldmeistrue. (2)thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue. (3)theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.     定语 (4)theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以 (1)theideathatwecouldasktheteacherforadviceis第11页\nwonderful.     (2)theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice. (3)thefactthattheearthmovesaroundtheearthisknowntoall.同位语 (4)thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundtheearth.第11页