初中被动语态及练习题 12页

.-一、被动语态概述　　语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般来说，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被〞、“受〞、“给〞等词来表示被动意义。　　如：Heopenedthedoor.他翻开了这扇门。〔主动语态〕Thedoorwasopened.　这扇门被翻开了。〔被动语态〕二、被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词〞构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词局部不变。疑问式和否认式的变化也如此。1、被动语态的时态较常见的八种，现以动词clean为例列表说明：　1)am/is/are+done(过去分词)一般现在时例Visitorsarerequestednottotouchtheexhibits.2〕has/havebeendone现在完成时　　例Allthepreparationsforthetaskhavebeencompleted,andwe'rereadytostart.　　3〕am/is/arebeingdone现在进展时　　例Anewcinemaisbeingbuilthere．　　4〕was/weredone一般过去时　　例IwasgiventenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer.　　5〕hadbeendone过去完成时　　例Bytheendoflastyear,anothernewgymnasiumhadbeencompletedinBeijing.-.word.zl\n.-　　6〕was/werebeingdone过去进展时　　例AmeetingwasbeingheldwhenIwasthere.　　7〕shall/willbedone一般将来时　　例Hundredsofjobswillbelostifthefactorycloses.　　8〕shall/willhavebeendone将来完成时　　例TheprojectwillhavebeencompletedbeforeJuly.2、被动语态的句式变化：　　以一般现在时和动词invite为例，列表说明被动语态的句式变化：3、含有情态动词的被动语态　　情态动词的被动语态构造为：情态动词+be+过去分词；　　其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成，“be+过去分词〞局部不变。　　如：Tablescanbemadeofstone.　桌子可由石头制造。Tablescouldbemadeofstoneatthattime.　那时桌子可由石头制造。〔一般过去时〕Cantablesbemadeofstone?　桌子能用石头制造吗？〔疑问句〕三、被动语态的用法：1、不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。　　如：Thebridgewasbuiltlastyear.　这座桥是去年建造的。Hewaselectedchairman.　他被选为主席。2、当更加强调动作的承受者时。此时动作的执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后，不需要时可以省略。　　如：Theroomhasn'tbeencleanedyet.　房间还没有清扫。Thetigerwaskilledbyhim.　老虎被他杀死了。3、当动作的执行者不是人时，多用被动语态。　　如：Thewindowwasblownbywind.　窗户被风吹开了。Thewholevillagehas-.word.zl\n.-beenwashedawaybytheflood.　整个村庄都被洪水冲走了。4、表示客观的说明常用“Itis+过去分词〞句型。一些表示“据说〞或“相信〞的动词如believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句〞或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋todosth.〞。有：Itissaidthat…据说,Itisreportedthat…据报道，Itisbelievedthat…大家相信，Itishopedthat…大家希望，Itiswellknownthat…众所周知，Itisthoughtthat…大家认为，Itissuggestedthat…据建议。　　　例Itissaidthattheboyhaspassedthenationalexam.〔＝Theboyissaidtohavepassedthenationalexam.〕　　如：ItissaidthatLucyhasgoneabroad.　据说露茜已经出国了。Itisbelievedthatheisaspy.(=Heisbelievedtobeaspy.)　大家相信他是个间谍。四、主动语态变为被动语态　　转换图示：1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤：(1)将主动句的宾语变为主语：注意：如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其由宾格变为主格。如：Tomkilledhim.→HewaskilledbyTom.(2)将动词改为“be+过去分词〞。注意：Theyheldameetingyesterday.→Ameetingwasheldbythemyesterday.他们昨天开会了。(3)将主动语态的主语改为by…放在谓语动词后。注意：如果原主语是代词，那么应由主格变为宾格。如：He-.word.zl\n.-sangasong.→Asongwassungbyhim.2、主动语态变为被动语态的本卷须知：(1)主动句中的主语如果是people,we,you,they,somebody等模糊地表示“人们〞、“大家〞的单词，变为被动句时，通常删去“by…〞，但原主语被强调时除外。　　如：Theysetupthishospitalin1975.→Thishospitalwassetupin1975.这所医院建于1975年。Onlyhecanfinishthejob.→只有他能完成这项工作。Thejobcanbefinishedonlybyhim.这项工作只能由他来完成。(2)含有双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。　　如：Jacktoldusthetruth.杰克告诉了我们真相。WeweretoldthetruthbyJack.Thetruthwastold(to)usbyJack.五、动词的主动形式表示被动之意　以主动形式表示被动之意的动词多为连系动词，如：look，feel，smell等。以下动词没有被动式：happen，cost，have　如：Anaccidentwashappenedyesterday.〔×〕昨天发生了一起事故。Anaccidenthappenedyesterday.〔〕Theflowersmellssweet.这花闻起来很香。Thewatchlooksgood.这表看起来很好。Thisbooksellswell.这本书畅销。六、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义-.word.zl\n.-　　1.英语中有很多动词如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。　　例Thiskindofclothwasheswell.　　注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态那么强调外界作用造成的影响。　　试比较：Thedoorwon'tlock．〔指门本身有毛病〕　　Thedoorwon'tbelocked．〔指不会有人来锁门,指“门没有锁〞是人的原因〕　　2.表示“发生、进展〞的不及物动词和短语，如：happen,last,takeplace,breakout,comeout,comeabout,cometrue,runout,giveout,turnout等以主动形式表示被动意义。　　例Howdothenewspaperscomeout?这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？　　3.系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel,sound,taste,book,feel等在主系表构造中常以主动形式表示被动意义。　　　例Yourreasonsoundsreasonable七、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义　　在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。　　1．在need，want，require,bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。　　例Thehouseneedsrepairing〔toberepaired〕．这房子需要修理。　　2．形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。　　例Thepicture-bookiswellworthreading．〔＝Thepicture-bookisveryworthytoberead．〕　　3.动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。-.word.zl\n.-　　例Ihavealotofthingstodothisafternoon．(todo与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)　　试比较：I’llgotothepostoffice.Doyouhavealettertobeposted?(此处用不定式的被动语态作定语说明you不是post动作的执行者。)　　4.在某些“形容词＋不定式〞做表语或宾语补足语的构造中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。　　例Thisproblemisdifficulttoworkout.〔可看作toworkout省略了forme〕.　　5．在too…to…构造中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。　　例Thisbookistooexpensive(forme)tobuy.　　6.在therebe…句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。　　例Thereisnotimetolose〔tobelost〕．〔用tolose可看成forustolose；用tobelost，谁losttime不明确。〕　　7.在betodo构造中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,以下动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。　　例Whoistoblameforstartingthefire?八、介词in,on,under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义　　表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。　　1.“under+名词〞构造，表示“某事在进展中〞。常见的有：undercontrol〔受控制〕,undertreatment〔在治疗中〕,underrepair〔在修理中〕,underdiscussion〔在讨论中〕,underconstruction〔在施工中〕。-.word.zl\n.-　　例Thebuildingisunderconstruction(isbeingconstructed).　　2．“beyond+名词〞构造，“出乎……胜过……、围、限度〞。常见的有：beyondbelief(令人难以置信)，beyondone’sreach〔鞭长莫及〕，beyondone’scontrol〔无法控制〕，beyondourhope．我们的成功始料不及。　　　　例Therumourisbeyondbelief〔=can’tbebelieved〕．　3.“above+名词〞构造,表示“(品质、行为、能力等)超过……、高于……〞。　　　　例Hishonestcharacterisaboveallpraise．=Hishonestcharactercannotbepraisedenough．　4．“for+名词〞构造，表示“适于……、为着……〞。如：forsale(出售),forrent〔出租〕等。　　例Thathouseisforsale.(=Thathouseistobesold).　5．“in+名词〞构造，表示“在……过程中或围〞常见的有：inprint〔在印刷中〕，insight(在视野围)，等。　　　例Thebookisnotyetinprint．(=isnotyetprinted)　　6．“on+名词〞构造,表示“在从事……中〞。常见的有：onsale(出售)，onshow〔展出〕,ontrial〔受审〕。　　例Todaysometreasuresareonshowinthemuseum(=arebeingshowed).　　7．“outof+名词〞构造；表示“超出……之外“，常见的有：outofcontrol(控制不了)，outofsight〔超出视线之外〕，outofone’sreach(够不着),outoffashion(不流行)等。　　　例Theplanewasoutofcontrol(can’tbecontrolled)．。　　8．“within+名词〞构造，“在……、不超过……〞。　　　　例Hetooktwodaysoffwithintheteacher'spermission一．选择填空-.word.zl\n.-1.Insomecountries,tea______withmilkandsugar.A.isservingB.isservedC.servesD.served2.Greatchanges_____inmyhometownsince1980.A.havebeentakenplaceB.tookplaceC.havetakenplaceD.weretakenplace3.Thenewtypeofcarisgoingto______inthreeyears.A.turnoutB.beturnedoutC.hasturnedoutD.havebeenturnedout4.Thewomanmurderedherfriendand______to______.A.wassentenced,deathB.sentencing,dieC.sentenced,deathD.sentenced,die5.－Doyouliketheskirt?－It_______soft.A.isfeelingB.feltC.feelsD.isfelt6.Areyoustillhere?Youwerehereanhourago.Who________for?A.areyouwaitingB.didyouwaitC.wereyouwaitingD.doyouwait7._____toknowProfessorZhang.A.HesaidB.IsaidC.HeissaidD.Itsays8.－Iwanttositatthetablenearthewindow.－Sorry,______already.A.ittookB.ittakesC.itistakingD.ithasbeentaken9.Theletter_______threedaysagoandit______yesterday.-.word.zl\n.-A.hadpost,hadarrivedB.wasposted,arrivedC.posted,arrivedD.hadbeenposted,wasarrived10.Hetoldmethatthefinalexamination_______nextThursday.A.isgivenB.willbegivenC.wouldhavegivenD.wouldbegiven11.Water______intoice.A.willchangedB.mustbechangedC.shouldchangeD.canbechanged12.Plays______twiceamonthinthattheatre.A.putonB.areputonC.wasputonD.oftenputon13.Thebirds_______flyawaylastSaturday.A.lettoB.islettoC.wasletD.wereletto14.Astrangesound______yesterdayevening.A.washeardB.hearsC.heardD.isheard15.Abeautifulbike_______himbyhisclassmates.A.senttoB.willsenttoC.wassenttoD.willbesentfor16.MissChen______just______tospeakatthemeeting.A.has…beenaskedB.hasbeen…askedC.Havebeen…askedD.have…beenasked17.Meat_______outinthisshop.Wecan_________now.A.havebeensold,getnothingB.hasbeensold,getnothingC.hasbeensold,getsomeD.havebeensold,getsome18.Thenewplay_______intheatrenow.Whydon’tyougoinandseeit?A.isbeingshownB.isshowingC.isshownD.shows-.word.zl\n.-19.Canyoutell_______?A.whendidithappenB.whenwasithappenedC.whenithappenedD.whenitwashappened20.______thejob______byLucyorbyJohn?Tellmethetruth,please.A.Has…finishedB.Has…beingfinishedC.Is…finishD.Has…beenfinished二.用所给动词的适当时态和语态填空1.When_____thefirstman-madesatellite_______(send)upintospace?2.Lastyearvegetables____(grow)inthegardenbyTomandhe_____(sell)themhimself.3.She______(help)himwithhishomeworktomorrowevening.4.Howmanymagazines______(canborrow)inyourlibraryeveryweek?5.John______(hear)togoupstairstwohoursago.6.－Who______(save)herfather?－He______(save)bythatpoliceman.7.Thedoctor______(sendfor)becausehisgrandpawasill.8.Mooncakes______(make)byhismothereveryyear.______yourmother_____(make)mooncakesforyoueveryyear?9.Sometoys______(buy)asapresentsforthesechildrenlastMonday.10._____paper______(make)ofwood?三.Correctthesesentences.(改正以下句子)1.Thishousebuilt100yearsago.2.Footballplaysinmostcountriesoftheworld.___________________-.word.zl\n.-3.Whydidthelettersendtothewrongaddress?___________________4.Agarageisaplacewherecarsrepair.____________________5.Whereareyouborn?____________________6.HowmanylanguagesarespeakinginSwitzerland?_______________7.Somebodybrokeintoourhousebutnothingstolen._______________8.Whenwasinventedthebicycle?____________________四.填空(完成被动语态填空)1.Theyoftencleantheirclassroomafterschool.(改为被动语态)Theirclassroom_____often______bythemafterschool.2.LiLeigaveTomanewpenlastweek.(同上)Anewpen_________________Tomlastweek.3.AlotofpeopleinChinacanspeakEnglishnow.(同上)English________________byalotofpeopleinChinanow.4.IhavelearnedEnglishforabouttwoyears.(同上)English__________________forabouttwoyears.5.Theywillpublishthesestory-booksnextmonth.(同上)Thesestory-books_______________nextmonth.一.1－5BCBAC6－10ACDBD11－15DBDAC16－20ABACD二.1.wassent2.weregrown,sold-.word.zl\n.-3.willhelp4.canbeborrowed5.washeard6.saved,wassaved7.wassentfor8.aremade,Does…make9.werebought10.Is…made三2.Footballisplayedinmost…3.Whywasthelettersentto…4.wherecarsarerepaired5.Wherewereyouborn?6.Howmanylanguagesarespoken…7.…butnothingwasstolen.8.Whenwasthebicycleinvented?四.1.iscleaned2.wasgivenby3.Canbespoken4.hasbeenlearned5.willbepublishe教育之通病是教用脑的人不用手，不教用手的人用脑，所以一无所能。教育革命的对策是手脑联盟，结果是手与脑的力量都可以大到不可思议。-.word.zl