初中中考句子成分详解及练习 13页

句子的成分是指组成句子的各个部分，即：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）、补足语、定语、状语等。主要成分：主语和谓语次要成分：表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等一、主语：句子所叙述的主体。一般位于句首，表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”。一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。注意：在therebe结构、疑问（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语动词、助动词或情态动词后面。例如：Tomisagoodboy.(名词)WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代词)One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.(数词)Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(动名词)Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化形容词)Whenwearegoingtohaveatesthasnotbeendecided.(主语从句)Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it为形式主语，真正的主语是不定式)（二）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”\n，一般由动词或动词短语来充当，一般放在主语之后。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。谓语的构成如下：1.简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Ilikeapples.(动词)Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.（动词短语）2.复合谓语：（1）由（情态动词或其他助动词+动词原形）构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由（系动词+表语）构成。Wearehavingaquickbreakfast.（三）表语：用于说明主语的性质、身份、特征和状态等，说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及从句充当。位置：用在动词be和系动词（如keep,remain,become,get.grow,turn,look,seem,feel,smell,sound,taste等）的后面。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语，即成系表结构。Mymotherisadoctor.(名词)Isityours?(代词)Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）\nThespeechisexciting.（现在分词）Thedoorisclosed.（过去分词）Threetimessevenistwentyone.（数词）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介词短语）Timeisup.Theclassisover.(副词)Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）（四）宾语：表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面,说明主语“做什么”，由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式和宾语从句。及物动词必须加宾语。Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.（名词）Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.（代词）Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavethree.（数词）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化形容词）Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词）Ithink(that)heisfitforthisjob.（宾语从句）宾语种类：<1>双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）有的动词后面可接双宾语，包括常用来指人的间接宾语\n和常用来指物的直接宾语。Lendmeyourdictionary,please.=Lendyourdictionarytome,please.间宾直宾直宾间宾※这类词有bring,give,show,send,pass,tell,lend,offer,buy,make,do等。带双宾语的及物动词,如果把直接宾语置于间接宾语之前,必须在变换时加“to”或“for”。这类词可以归纳为“七给”一“带”to不少,“买”画“制作”for来了：1、“七给”(give,pass,lend,write,show,send,hand)和“带”(bring)8个及物动词,在直接宾语前置时,必须在后面加上“to”。即“vt.+sth.+to+sb.”如：Helentsomemoneytome.类似动词的还有：get,mail,offer,pay,promise,read,sell,take,teach等2、“buy”(买)；“draw”(画)；“make”(制作)三个动词,在直接宾语前置时,则必须在后边加“for”,构成“vt.+sth.+for+sb.”Motherboughtanewdressforme。类似动词还有：build，choose,cook,cut,do,find,fix,leave,order等。3、当直接宾语是代词时，间接宾语for和to于直接宾语之后。如：\nRichardmadeitforhim。理查德为他做的这个东西Giveittome。把它给我4、有些动词后可单独用直接宾语、间接宾语或双宾语，如ask,teach,tell,owe,pay.IaskedJohn.我问约翰Iaskedaquestion.我问了一个问题IaskedJohnaquestion.我问了约翰一个问题<2>复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.宾语宾语补足语（五）宾语补足语：有些及物动词除了要有一个宾语之外,还须加上一个补足语。如果没有宾补,有时候句子的意思就不完整。用来补充说明宾语的特征、状态或身份，宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。并与宾语一起构成复合宾语的句子成分。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make,let,see,find,name等）或介词（如with）+宾语+宾补如HisfathernamedhimDongMing.(名词)Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.(形容词)Letthefreshairin.（副词）Iaskhimtogohomenow.(不定式)\nWesawherenteringtheroom.（现在分词）Hefoundthedoorlocked.（过去分词）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(从句)（六）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由名词、形容词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、分词等来充当。Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）Chinaisadevelopingcountry.（现在分词）Americaisadevelopedcountry.（过去分词）Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（名词）Hismathisverygood.（形容词性物主代词）Iamthelastpersontoleavetheclassroom.（不定式）Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnGerman.（介词短语）（七）状语：用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，以说明地点,时间,方式,程度,原因,目的,结果,条件，让步，伴随状态，比较等。一般由副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、从句或相当于副词的词组或短语等来充当。如：Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副词性词组)\nHehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介词短语）Heisproudtohavepassedthecollegeentranceexamination.(不定式)Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.(现在分词短语)Waitaminute.（名词）Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（状语从句）Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（表时间）Lastnighthedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（表原因）Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（表条件）Mr.Smithlivedonthethirdfloor.（表地点）Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（表方式）Shecameinwithabookinherhand.（表伴随状态）Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（表目的）Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（状语从句表结果）Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（状语从句表让步）Iamtallerthanheis.（状语从句表比较）状语的位置：1.only在句中的位置比较灵活,但位置不同,意义也不同.Theactoronlysangasong.Onlytheactorsangasong.Theactorsangonlyonesong.2.两个或多个状语同时修饰时的顺序1）地点状语在前,时间状语在后.\nWewillhaveameetinginRoom202tomorrow.2）较小单位的状语在前,由小到大Mr.Lilivesat88ChongwenRd.,Suzhou,Jiangsu.3）一个句子有几个不同种类的副词作状语,其顺序大都是:程度副词,方式副词,地点副词,时间副词Shesangverywellatthemeetinglastnight.3.时间和地点状语也可以位于句首,表示强调或使上下文更为连贯UsuallyIreadthenewspapersinthemorning,butyesterdayIreadthemintheevening.（八）独立成分：与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词:yes否定词:no称呼语：称呼人的用语。插入语：一些句中插入的Ithink,Ibelieve,等。如:Thestory,Ithink,hasnevercometotheend.我相信,这个故事还远没结束.效果测试1.指出下列句中主语的中心词①Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.②Thereisanoldmancominghere.\n①Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.④Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.2.选出句中谓语的中心词。（）①Idon'tlikethepictureonthewall.A.don'tB.likeC.pictureD.wall（）②Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.A.getB.longerC.daysD.summer（）③Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.bus（）④Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoon（）⑤Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?A.DidB.twinsC.haveD.breakfast（）⑥Tomdidn'tdohishomeworkyesterday.A.TomB.didn'tC.doD.hishomework（）⑦WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.A.wantB.totellC.youD.is（）⑧Wehadbettersendforadoctor.A.WeB.hadC.sendD.\ndoctor（）⑨Heisinterestedinmusic.A.isB.interestedC.inD.music（）⑩Whomdidyougivemybookto?A.giveB.didC.whomD.book3.找出下列句中的表语①Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.②WhyisheworriedaboutJim?③Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.④SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.⑤Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.4.挑出下列句中的宾语①Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.③Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.⑦Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.⑧Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.⑨Youwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.\n⑩Theydidn'tknowwho"FatherChristmas"reallyis.5.划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语①Pleasetellusastory.②Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.③Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.④Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.⑤Didheleaveanymessageforme?6.挑出下列句中的宾语补足语①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.④TheycallmeLilysometimes.⑤IsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.⑥DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?7.找出下列句中的定语①TheyuseMr.,Mrs.withthefamilyname.②Whatisyourgivenname?③OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass④Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.⑤Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.⑥Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!\n8.找出下列句中的状语①Therewasabigsmileonherface.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.④Themanonthemotorbikewastravellingtoofast.⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.⑥Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.⑦Iamafraidthatifyou'velostit,youmustpayforit.⑧ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.答案1.①teacher②man③dictionary④Todo2.①B②A③C④A⑤C⑥C⑦D⑧C⑨A⑩A3.①tired.②worried③yellow.④interested⑤thefirst4.①homework.②English.③attention④words⑤togoswimming⑥hewasill.⑦himmonitor⑧bridgemuseum⑨itschool.⑩who“FatherChristmas”reallyis.5.①us,间接宾语astory,直接宾语②me,间接宾语anewbike,直接宾语③us,间接宾语history,直接宾语④Tom,间接宾语it,直接宾语⑤me,间接宾语message,直接宾语6.①toreadnewspapersandbooks②totaketheboy③difficult④Lily⑤getonthebus⑥playingfootball7.①family②given③third④some⑤downstairs⑥oftheothershoe!8.①onherface.②Everynight③whenhewaseleven.④toofast.⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm⑥\nbecauseshelovesbooks.⑦ifyou’velostit⑧toseetheothermachine.