高中英语名词讲解练习 8页

.名词一、名词的分类专有名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。专有名词抽象名词不可数名词物质名词普通名词集体名词个体名词可数名词个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（CountableNouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（UncountableNouns）。ProperNouns：指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称Eg:Diana;Beijing;Americans;English;May;NewYear’sDay注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写CommonNouns：一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词1.IndividualNouns:指作为个体而存在的人或东西可以指具体的人或物。Eg:aunts;apanda;apartments也可指抽象东西。Eg:ayear;fairytales;adream2.CollectiveNouns:表示若干个个体组成的集合体Eg:army;audience;crew;family;team;police;government;public集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。Hisfamily_____notlarge.Hisfamily______allmusiclovers.有少数集体名词通常用作单数。Eg:Thegangisbeinghuntedbythepolice.OurcompanyissendinghimtoworkinBerlin.个别集体名词则多作复数看待。Eg:Thepolicearelookingforhim.3.MaterialNouns:指无法分为个体的物质。Eg:beer;cake;cloth;cotton;detergent;fur;ice;paint;paper;soil一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：1)有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”Eg:Twostrongblackcoffees,please.(两份)Threebeers,please.(三杯)Itwasaspecialtea.(一种)2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。Eg:rains（雨季）sands（沙滩）snows(积雪)waters(海域)…4.AbstractNouns:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念Eg:education;love;policy;trust;nature;fashion;relief;silence;truth,etc.多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。Eg:He’slearningFrenchforfun.Iwishyougoodluck.抽象名词转化为可数名词。.....\n.Failureisthemotherofsuccess.(失败与成功在此为抽象概念)Asateacher,sheisasuccess,butasamother,sheisafailurebecauseshedevoteslittletimetolookingafterherchild.(成功者，失败者，可数)二、名词的数不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如：health,advice,glass,wood,English,America不可数名词作主语，谓语动词须用单数形式。可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种：情况加法例词一般情况加-sbrothers;schools以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词加-esbuses;watches;dishes以辅音＋y结尾的词去y加-iesladies;countries以f或fe结尾的词把f/fe改成veshalves;leavesNotes:1.stomach--stomachs2.以元音+y或以专有名词+y结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s.Eg:boys;toys;Henrys3.以-o结尾的名词+es在课本中出现的有hero,potato,tomato；其余以-o结尾的词+s:(photo,piano,radio,bamboo,zoo…)4:以f/fe结尾只加-s的词：proofs;gulfs;cliffs;roofs;serfs;beliefs;chiefshandkerchief（手帕，手绢）的复数形式两者都可以。不规则变化：变内部元音：foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,mouse-mice,man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen词尾加-en或ren：ox-oxen,child-childrenouse–ice：mouse-mice;louse-lice（虱子）有些外来词的不规则复数形式：Eg:analysis-analyses;basis-bases;thesis-theses;crisis-crisescriterion-criteria;phenomenon-phenomena;medium-media单复数相同的情况：sheep;deer;means;fish;works;species;Chinese;Japanese以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。Eg:yuan,jiao,fen,jin,mu只有复数形式的情况：trousers(裤子);glasses(眼镜);compasses(圆规)apairofthanks;clothes;remains;goods;people;cattle“某国人”的复数形式：•单、复数相同Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,…•词尾加-sAfricans,Asians,Canadians,Australians,Italians,……•变man为menEnglishman---Englishmen,Frenchman---Frenchmen但：German---Germans复合名词的复数形式：1.一般将主体名词变为复数。father-in-law→fathers-in-law,passer-by→passers-by,looker-on→lookers-on,editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief2.无主体名词的在词尾加复数。如：grown-ups,good-for-nothings（无用的人），go-betweens（中间人），look-outs（守望者）3.由man,woman,构成的复合名词应将前后两个词都变成复数。men-doctors,women-drivers,women-singers•boyfriends,girlfriends,boystudents,girlstudents有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。.....\n.beauty(美，美貌)---abeauty(一个美人/物)danger(危险)—adanger(一件危险的事/人)failure(失败)—afailure(一件失败的事/人)honour(光荣)—anhonour(带来荣誉的/或事)pity(遗憾)—apity(一件可惜的事)success(成功)—asuccess(一件成功的事/人)surprise(惊奇)—asurprise(一件令人吃惊的事)pleasure(乐趣)—apleasure(一件有趣的事)worry(担心)—aworry(一件令人担心的事)experience(经验)—anexperience(一次经历)service(服务)—aservice(一个服务机构)英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。apoem(一首诗)poetry(诗歌总称)amachine(一台机器)machinery(机器总称)ajob(一件工作)work(工作)alaugh(一个笑声)laughter(笑声)apermit(许可证)permission(允许)agarment(一件衣裳)clothing(衣裳总称)abag(case)(一件行李)luggage,baggage(行李)aloaf(一只面包)bread(面包)ahair(一根头发)hair(头发)几个名词的特殊用法1.hairHishairiswhite.（他的头发是白的。）Hehasafewgreyhairs.（他有几根白的头发。）2.fruitThefruitissweet.Helikespears,peaches,grapesandotherfruits.3.policeThepolicearesearchingforthemurderer.dozen,scoretwo(many,several)dozenpencilsthreedozenofthem/thesepencilsdozensofstudentstwoscoreofstudentsscoresofpeopleword（消息，通知）,man（人类），前面不加冠词，也不用复数形式，谓语用单数。三、名词的格英语中的名词（代词）有三个格：主格、宾格、所有格。所有格表示所有关系，修饰另一名词，作定语，它有两种形式：一种是由名词词尾加’s构成，另一种是由介词of加名词构成，前者多用来表示有生命的东西，后者多用来表示无生命的东西。所有格的形式：1.一般的名词所有格在后面加’s：Mary’sbook2.以–s结尾的复数名词所有格在后面仅加’：Teachers’Day,thestudents’reading-room3.以–s结尾的专有名词所有格：Engels’sworks或Engels’works4.复合名词的所有格是在其词尾加’s：hismother-in-law’sphototheeditor-in-chief’sopinion.....\n.5.如果一样东西为两人共有，则只在最后一个名词后加’s,如果是分别所有，则两个名词后都要加’s：TomandMarry’sfather,Tom’sandMarry’sfathers6.在表示“某人家”、“店铺”的所有格时，一般省略它所修饰的名词：atthedoctor’s,atthebarber’s,atMr.Green’s,atthetailor’s7.有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加’s来构成所有格：today’snewspapertenminutes’walkChina’sindustrythestation’swaiting-roomtheearth'ssurfaceadollar'sworth8.凡不能加’s构成所有格的名词，都可以与of结成短语，来表示所有格关系。就是有生命的东西的名词也可如此，特别是当这个名词有较长的定语时：thedoorofourclassroomDoyouknowthenameofthegirlstandingatthegate?·在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常使用双重所有格，即“of词组+所有格”结构。这种结构带有一定的感情色彩，表示赞美、厌恶等。afriendofhermother’safewfriendsofTom’sthatbookofTom’sseveralclassmatesofhis9.一个名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重复。如：Thisisnotmypen,butMary’s.10.名词原形直接作定语（不表示所有关系）roomnumbercoffeecupshoefactorygeographylessoncolourfilmtoothbrushpowerplantwelcomepartyhearttroublefoodindustryappletreephysicsteacher但：有的名词习惯于用复数作定语parentsmeeting(家长会)goodstrain(货车)salesdepartment(销售部)sportsmeet(运动会)名词所有格(ThePossessiveCaseofNouns)somepatterns:1.I’lltaketheriskforfriendship’ssake.(为了友谊)2.Shewasatherwit’send.（黔驴技穷）3.Nowtheycouldsingattheirheart’scontent.（尽情地）4.Weshouldgetthechildrenoutofharm’sway.（不受损害）5.Wehadbestkeepthematarm’slength.（保持距离）6.Forgoodness’sake,stoparguing.（看在上帝的份上）7.Janegotthemoney’sworthoutofthecoat.（很合算）1.Thelionisconsideredthekingoftheforestasitisa(n)_____ofcourageandpower.A.exampleB.signC.markD.symbol2.Hedroppedthe_______andbrokeit.A.cupofcoffeeB.coffee’scupC.cupforcoffeeD.coffeecup3.Ineed_______cloth,forI’mgoingtomake_______clothes.A.alotof;manyB.much;muchC.many;manyD.many;alot4.Hegainedhis_______byprinting_______offamouswriters.A.wealth;workB.wealths;worksC.wealths;workD.wealth;works5.Manycountriesareincreasingtheiruseofnaturalgas,windandotherformsof_______.A.energyB.sourceC.powerD.material6.You’llfindthismapofgreat_______inhelpingyoutogetroundLondon......\n.A.priceB.costC.valueD.usefulness7.----Whodidyouspendlastweekendwith?----_______.A.Palmer’sB.ThePalmers’C.ThePalmersD.ThePalmer’s8.Myparentsalwaysletmehavemyown_______ofliving.A.wayB.methodC.mannerD.fashion9.Thelionisconsideredthekingoftheforestasitisa(n)_______ofcourageandpower.A.exampleB.signC.markD.symbol10.Wevolunteeredtocollectmoneytohelpthe_______oftheearthquake.A.victimsB.folksC.fellowsD.villagers11.Ifyoudon’ttakeawayallyourthingsfromthedesk,therewon’tbeenough_______formystationery.A.areaB.placeC.roomD.surface12.Itiswidelyacceptedthatyoungbabieslearntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto_______.A.rewardsB.prizesC.awardsD.results13.Inthebotanicgardenwecanfinda(n)_______ofplantsthatrangefromtalltreestosmallflowers.A.speciesB.groupC.amountD.variety14.----Canyoushootthatbirdatthetopofthetree?----No,it’soutof_______.A.rangeB.reachC.controlD.distance15.ThelifeofLondonismadeupofmanydifferent______.A.elementsB.sectionsC.materialD.realities16.Forthesakeofherdaughter’shealth,shedecidedtomovetoawarm_______.A.weatherB.temperatureC.seasonD.climate17.Toregaintheir______afteranexhaustinggame,theplayerslayinthegrass.A.forceB.energyC.powerD.health18.IsawBobplaythepianoatJohn’spartyandonthat_______hewassimplybrilliant.A.sceneB.circumstanceC.occasionD.situation19.Itcan’tbea(n)_______thatfourjewelrystoreswererobbedinonenight.A.coincidenceB.accidentC.incidentD.chance20.Accordingtotherecentresearch,heavycoffeedrinkandheartattackisnotnecessarily_______andeffect.A.reasonB.impactC.factD.cause21.----I’msorryIsteppedoutsideforasmoke.Iwasverytired.----Thereisno_______forthiswhileyouareonduty.A.reasonB.excuseC.causeD.explanation22.Themanagerhasgotagoodbusiness________sothecompanyisdoingwell.A.ideaB.senseC.thoughtD.thinking23.Don’tleavematchesorcigarettesonthetablewithin______oflittlechildren.A.handB.reachC.spaceD.distance24.Theenvironmentalistsandwildgoats’_______onthevastgrasslandswasagoodindication.....\n.ofthebetterenvironment.A.escapeB.absenceC.attendanceD.appearance25.Thevillageisfarawayfromhereindeed.It‘s_____walkA.afourhourB.afourhour'sC.afour-hoursD.afourhours’26.Ihavereadthematerialseveraltimesbutitdoesn'tmakeany________tome.A.meaningB.importanceC.senseD.significance27.Itisgenerallybelievedthatteachingis___________itisascience.A.anartmuchasB.muchanartasC.asanartmuchasD.asmuchanartas28.Thepoliceareofferinga__________toanyonewhocangiveinformationaboutthelostkey.A.priceB.prizeC.rewardD.money29.Ikeepmedicinesonthetopshelf,outofthechildren’s.A.reachB.handC.holdD.place30.Atthemeetingtheydiscussedthreedifferent_______tothestudyofmathematics。A.approachesB.meansC.methodsD.ways31.Alwaysreadthe_______onthebottlecarefullyandtaketherightamountofmedicine.A.explanationsB.instructionsC.descriptionsD.introductions32.Youhavebeensittingonmyhatandnowitisbadlyoutof______。A.dateB.shapeC.orderD.balance33.Tomakemembersofateamperformbetter,thetrainerfirstofallhastoknowtheir_____andweaknesses．A.strengthsB.benefitsC.techniquesD.values34.Theschooladvisershelpyoutalkthroughyourproblembuttheydon’tgiveyouanydirect__.A.solutionB.targetC.measureD.function35.Jamestookthemagazinesoffthelittletabletomake______forthetelevision.A.roomB.areaC.fieldD.position36.Thosewhosufferfromheadachewillfindtheyget______fromthismedicine.A.reliefB.safetyC.defenseD.shelter37.Lastyearthenumberofstudentswhograduatedwithadrivinglicencereached200,000,a(n)______of40,000peryear.AaverageBnumberCamountDquantity38.Aftertheearthquake,tilefirstthingthelocalgovernmentdidwastoprovide____________forthehomelessfamilies.A.accommodationB.occupationC.equipmentD.furniture39.Thedoctorisskilledattreatinghearttroubleandneveracceptsanygiftfromhispatients,sohehasaverygood_____.A.expectationB.reputationC.contributionD.civilization40.Thisrestauranthasbecomepopularforitswide_________offoodsthatsuitalltastesandpockets.A.divisionB.areaC.rangeD.circle41.Ihaven’tseenSarasinceshewasagirl，andshehaschangedbeyond______.A.hearingB.strengthC.recognitionD．measure42.Ifoundhersittinginthecorner,reading_____newspaper,with_____inhereyes.A.a,tearB.apieceof,tearsC.a,tearsD.apieceof,tear43.Herfatherworksasa______inahotelandhermothera______inaprivatecompany......\n.A.cooker,typewriterB.cook,typistC.cooker,typistD.cook,typewriter44.“Whycouldn’ttheymeetusatfiveo’clock?”“Becausetheyweredelayedby________.”A.heavytrafficB.heavytrafficsC.crowdedtrafficD.crowdedtraffics45.Infact,_______onecausethatleadstotheproblem.A.cattleisB.cattleareC.cattlesareD.thecattlesare46.Byall_______,youmusttryevery_______tohelphim.A.mean,meanB.means,meansC.means,meanD.mean,means47.Jimis______person,andeveryoneiswillingtobe______withhim.A.sokinda,friendsB.soakind,friendsC.sokinda,friendD.soakind,friend48.Wealreadyhave______pencils,butweneedtwo______pens.A.dozenof,dozenB.dozensof,dozenC.dozensof,dozenD.dozensof,dozenof49.Sheraisedherfingertoherlipsas_____forsilence.A.anideaB.amarkC.asignD.aword50.MayItakeyourordernow?”“We’dlikethreeblack_______andtwogreen_______.”A.coffee,cupsofteasB.coffees,teasC.cupsofcoffee,teaD.cupofcoffees,teas51.Tenyearshadpassed.Ifoundshehad_______.A.afewwhitehairsB.alittlewhitehairC.somewhitehairD.morefiftyhair52.—Hi,thisway,please.—OK.Isometimeshavenosenseof______whenIarriveatthecrossroad.A.positionB.directionC.situationD.condition53.ShellyhadpreparedcarefullyforherEnglishexaminationsothatshecouldbesureofpassingitonherfirst________.A.intentionB.attemptC.purposeD.desire54.Ididn’thavetoworkallweekend—Ididitby_______.A.chanceB.choiceC.accidentD.myself55.“Didyouget_____totheparty?”“Yes,Irepliedtoitthismorning.”A.ananswerB.aninvitationC.aquestionD.aletter56.Ipaidhim￡50forthepainting,butitstrue______mustbeatleast￡500.A.priceB.moneyC.valueD.importance57.HisletterwassoconfusingthatIcouldhardlymakeany______ofit.A.explanationB.meaningC.senseD.guess58.You’vejustmissedyour______,andyouwillhavetowaitforthenextround.A.chanceB.turnC.timeD.part59.—LiLinisverybrightandstudieshardaswell.—It’sno______healwaysgetsthefirstplaceinanyexamination.A.questionB.doubtC.problemD.wonder60.—HowcanIusethiswashingmachine?—Well,justrefertothe_______.A.explanationsB.expressionsC.introductionsD.directions61.Jimwaslatefortwoclassesthismorning.Hesaidthatheforgotbothofthe______.A.roomsnumberB.roomnumberC.room’snumbersD.roomnumbers62.—Hello,I’dliketospeaktoHenry.—Oh,which_______?Therearetwo______inouroffice......\n.A.Henrys,HenrysB.Henries,HenriesC.Henry,HenrysD.Henrys,Henries63.Electricity,likeotherformsof______,hasgreatlyincreasedinpriceinrecentyears.A.pressureB.forceC.strengthD.energy64.Inordertolearnthe_______ofthefamilybusiness,Billtookajobasmessengerboyinoneoftheoffices.A.insandoutsB.dosanddon’tsC.headsandtailsD.t’sandi’s65.—I’vegotan“A”intheexamination.—That’sagood______.Youwillsurelywinasecond.A.resultB.newsC.startD.idea.....