初中英语各类词及练习(完善) 61页

初中英语总复习知识点归纳冠词a/an的用法a用于辅音音素前ausefulbook,auniversity,a"iTOnceaweekhaveaswim/walk/talk/look/dance/drink/resthaveacold/headache/fever/coughhaveagoodtimehaveatryinahurryafterawhilekeepadiarygoforawalkinaminuteinawordinashortwhilean则用于元音音素前anhour,anhonestboy,an“AEFHILMNORSX,9keepaneyeon定冠词the的用法：1）特指双方都明白的人或物：Givemethebook.2）上文提到过的人或事：…Doyouknowtheladyinblue?-Yes,sheisateacherofauniversity.3）指世上独一物二的事物thesun（sky/moon/earth/world/nature/universe）4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，女口：thedollar美元；Thelionisawildanimal.或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：therich/poor/blind/aged/living/impossible5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only,very,same等前面:Iliveonthesecondfloor.\n6）用在表示身体部位的名词前：Shecaughtmebythearm.7)用在表示乐器和表方位的名词之前：Sheplaysthepiano\violin\guitarinthenorthofChina8)用在普通名词构成专有名词前：thePeopledRepublicofChinatheUnitedStatestheGreatWalltheSummerPalace9)用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：theGreensareplayingthepiano.10)intheday,inthemorning(afternoon,evening),inthemiddle(of),intheend,allthetimeatthesametimeonthewhole,bytheway,gotothecinemaatheageofsixatthebeginningofthetwenty-firstcenturyontheothersideofatthemomentthedayaftertomorrowthedaybeforeyesterday,thenextmorning,inthesky(water,field,country)inthedark,intherain,不用定冠词的情况1)国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：China,Europe欧洲LeiFeng雷锋2)物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词；当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失败乃成功之母。3)在季节、月份、节日、假H、H期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；Children^DayMother9sDayFather'sDay4)在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词；Heiscaptainoftheteam.\n5）在三餐、四季，球类运动、学科、娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词如：havebreakfast/supper/lunch,playbasketball/football/volleyball/chess,inspring/summer/autumn/winter6)当by与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词;bybus/train/taxi/bus/ship7)DayandnightfacetofacesidebysidestepbystepwatchTVatschool/work/homeatfirst/lastindangerintroubleonfootondutyonwatchinbedontimeintimegotoschoolgotoworkbytaxi/bikeatnoonatnightonTVattown部分词组有无冠词的区别inhospital生病住院inthehospital在医院里infrontof在一的前面inthefrontof在——内部的前面gotoschool上学gototheschool到学校去anumberof=alotof许多，谓语动词用复数。Thenumberof—的数目，一的总数，谓语动词用单数(第三人称单数)习题训练：Choosethebestanswer(选择最恰当的答案，用A、B、C或D表示，填入空格内)：()1.Thereis“iTinword“unifoirn."・A)an,aB)an,theC)a,aD)a,the\n()2.signherestandsformistake・A)A,aB)A,theC)The,aD)The,the()3.WemadeJoycemonitorherexperience.A)a,becauseB)the,becauseC)/,becauseofD)the,becauseof()4.TwomonthsagoMr.GreenwrotearticleonShanghaiInternationalArtFestival・A)theB)anC)aD)/()5.Q:IsMr.Whiteteacherofyourschool?A:Yes.teacherisfromAustralia・A)a,AB)a,TheC)the,TheD)the,A()6.PaulisEuropeanstudent.HelikestostudyhistoryofChina・A)a,theB)a,/C)an,theD)an,/()7.Thisishoney.Asweallknow,honeyissweet.A)/,theB)/,/C)the,/D)the,the()8.Theydidn'tcatchthelasttrainbecauseof・A)someheavytrafficsB)anyheavyC)heavytraffictrafficD)aheavytraffic)9.Itwon'ttakelong,it'sonlywalk.\nD)ten-minutefs名词:专有名词(很少，地点，姓名，事件等，)和普通名词(个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词)可数名词的单数变复数①一般情况加s②以s,xshch,等结尾的词加・esbus-buseswatch-watches③以o结尾的名词，无生命的加s,如I：photo…photospiano…pianos有生命的es,如I：potato—potatoestomato—tomatoes均可，女口：zero■一zeros/zeroes④以f或fe结尾的名词，去f,fe加ves,如:half—halvesknife…knivesleaf-一leaveswolf■一wolveswife■一wiveslife一・livesthief-・・thieves(力Hs,如:belief■—beliefsroof-・・roofssafe■—safesgulf—gulfs；)⑤以辅音字母+y结尾的词，变y为i,再加esbaby…babies⑥不规则：a.单复数形式一样。Sheep,deer,Chinese,Japanese.People,police,scissors,trousersb.其他的。foot一feettooth■一teethchild一childrenmouse一・miceman—・menwoman—womenbusinessman・—businessmenGerman■一Germanswomendoctors集体名词：People,police/一般表示一个整体，谓用复数)class,family,glasses\n不可数名词:\n常见的不可数名词有：information,news,room（空间），work,work,weather,advice,bread,food,milk,tea,ice,glasses,meat①Alittle,abitof,some,much,alotof,quitealotof常彳參饰不可数名词.②不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。③如果用and连接两个不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Timeandmoneyare-④Acup\glass\bottle\box\kilo\group\crowd\class\pairofTwoandahalfkilosof=twokilosandahalfof名词所有格在英语中有些名词可以加"'S”来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，女口：ateachefsbooko名词所有格的规则如下：1）单数名词词尾加％笃复数名词词尾没有s,也要加”M”,如theboy'sbag,men'sroomChildren'sDayMother9sDayFather9sDay2）若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加H如1：Teachers9Dayladies，roomtwentyminutes9walk3）凡不能加忖的名词，都可以用”名词+of+名词”的结构来表示所有关系，如:thetitleofthesong歌的名字；Apictureoffamily;amapofChina\n而常常不出现它所修饰的名词，女□:thebarbefs理发店。1)如果两个名词并列，并且分别有匕则表示"分别有"；只有一个's,则表示'共有'。John*sandMary*sroom(两间)JohnandMary'sroom(一间)2)复合名词或短语，’s加在最后一个词的词尾。女口：amonthortwo'sabsence3)双重所有格afriendofmine/hers/his/theirsafriendofMary9smother's习题训练：Choosethebestanswer(选择最恰当的答案，用A、B、C或D表示，填入空格内)：()1・Hehasgottotellyou.A)agoodnewsB)somenewsC)alotnewsD)manynews()2.It'sseveno'clock.aresittingattable・A)Mr.GreensB)TheGreen*sC)TheGreensD)Greens()3.Yourbrotheristhesamemine・A)oldasB)ageasC)oldlikeD)agelike()4.Ourbodiesneedfoodtogiveus・\nA)healthB)strongC)energyD)taste()5.Alemonisthesameasabanana.A)yellowB)colourC)freshD)sweet()6.Whatkindofdoyoulikebest?A)watermelonB)thewatermelonC)awatermelonD)watermelons()7.Lookatthismagazine・Let'sdotheabouteatinghabits.A)quizB)listC)cookingD)dinner代词\n1、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词\nI一me一my一mine一myselfyou一you一your一yourself(yourselves)he一him一his一his一himselfshe一her一her—hers一herselfit—it——its——its—itselfwe——us——our—ours——ourselvesthey一them一their一theirs一themselves人称顺序you,he,she,I;we,you,they主格作主语；宾格作宾语，动词和介词之后通常作宾格；形容词性物主代词不能单独使用，通常放在名词之前；名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词，“of+名词性物主代词"表示所属关系。Afriendofmine我的一位朋友；teacherofhers她的老师代词it的用法：①指代前面提到过的事物。②表天气。③表距离。④指婴儿和不明身份的人。…John,someoneinyourclassphonedyouthismorning.■一Oh,whowasit?①用作形式主语。It'skind/good/nice/clever/polite/foolishofsb.todosth.It'simportant/necessary/possible/easy/difficultforsbtodosth,It，stimetogetup.Ifstimeforlunch.ITsone^sturntodoItseemsthatIttakessb.sometimetodosth.②用作形式宾语。Find/think/feel+it+adj+todosthItone的区别\nIt特指上文提到的同一对象，同一事物。one同类而不同一。that常用于比较结构中，代替前面提到的名词，以避免重复。反身代词构成规则：一、二物主，三为宾。运用:hurt/teach/wash/buy/enjoyoneselfby/Helponeself(oneselves)to-一/Lookafteroneself/Saytooneself/Cometooneself2、不定代词little,alittle,few,afew=several(some),some,anymuch,toomuch,muchtoo,morethen=over,lessthan=nearlysomething某事，某物，用于肯定句。注意：（1）由复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。Everyoneishere.⑵修饰不定代词的形容词anything任何事物，某事物，用于否定句、疑问句。everything每件事，一切事物，用后置。Ihavesomething\n于各种句型。importanttotellyou.nothing没什么，没有任何东西。⑶在反意疑问句中，表示人=not——anything的复合代词在陈述句中作主语somebody某人，有人二someone时，附加问句中的主语用he或anybody任何人（用于否定句、疑they,表物的用it。问句，条件从句中）nobody没有人little,几乎没有，表示否定意思，用以修饰不可数名词。Alittle①一点点，表示肯定，用以修饰不可数名词。Onlyalittle仅一点点•②也可修饰形容词和副词。③一点点，放在动词、动词宾语后。few几乎没有，表示否定意思，用以修饰可数名词。afew=several几个，一些，表示肯定意思，用以修饰可数名词。some一些，修饰可数名词，后跟复数形式名词或ones,也可修饰不可数名词。在表示请求、委婉语气的疑问句和表示希望得到对方的肯定回答的问句中，常用some.Couldyougivemesomeapples?any一些，任何一些。一般用于疑问句中或否定句中和IF引导的条件句中。much许多。修饰不可数名词，放在不可数名词前，可用alotof替换。toomuch太多的，用法相当于much,放在不可数名词前。Heathisveryimportanttous.Weshouldeatmorevegetablesandfruitinsteadoftoomuchrichfood・\nmuchtoo太，用法相当于too,放在形容词和副词前。Keepquiet!It'smuchtoonoisyhere・morethan超过，多于。=overmoreorless或多或少，差不多。=aboutatleast至少alot许多，修饰动词。Thanksalot.alotof=lotsof许多的，可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。anumberof许多的,=many只用于修饰复数形式名词，放在可数名词复数前。every用于三个或三个以上，着眼于整体。后可跟数词。词组有everytenminuetseach用于两个或两个以上，着眼于个体。词组有eachofeither两个中任何一个either——orboth两个都both——and―bothof―neither两个中一个也没有e.g.■一Doyouliketalkingwithyourfriendsonthetelephoneormobilephone?■一Neither,IenjoyusingQQ.neither■—nor■一\nany三个以上中任何一个all三个以上中全部none三个以上中一个也没有。Noneof…中没有一个，表示三个或以上数目的人或物中没有一个，表否定，作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。others表示“泛指"除自己外，别的人。Some——,otherstheother表示两个中的另一个。One——,theother——theothers表示特指的另一些。another后跟单数名词。表示泛指另一个人。后跟带数词的复数名词，表示“再，还要''的意思。other别的，另外的，一般后跟复数名词或ones,在other前可加some,many或数词，表示“几个，一些别的"Suchatallbuildingsuchanexcitingfootballmatchsomanypeopleeachother相互，彼此,指两个或两个物时。oneanother相互，彼此，指三者或三者以上的彼此。oneanother^相互的，彼此的。习题训练：Choosethebestanswer(选择最恰当的答案，用A、B、C或D表示，填入空格内)：()1・Showyourwatchme・isslow.\nfor,My()2.doyoulike,thesummerholidaysorthewinterholidays?A)What,betterB)What,bestC)Which,betterD)Which,best()3.Shewrotealetterandenclosedaphotooftakeninherhousingestate・A)herselfB)herC)her'sD)myself()4.ShetoldJack,Tomandmetoamong.A)talkitover,usB)talkoverit,usC)talkitover,ourselvesD)talkoverit,ourselves()5.I'lldoitbymyself.Iwon'tneedhelp.A)anyone'selseB)anyoneelse9sC)anyoneothers9D)otheranyone's()6.1hearduntilmyfriendtoldmeaboutit.A)everythingB)somethingC)nothingD)anything()7.Wouldyoulikemorebread,Jack?A)anyB)anotherC)littleD)alittle()8.Onlyonestudentgottherightanswer.Butdidn't.A)theotherB)anotherC)othersD)therest()9.Hedoesn'tthinkofthemwillgotherewithyou.\nmuch)10.Thefilmisdullandpeoplelikeit.A)afewB)fewC)alittleD)little()11.Haveyouall?A)gotreadyeverythingreadyforC)goteverythingreadyB)goteverythingD)gotreadyforeverything)12.Helptosomesweets,everyone.A)yourselvesB)yourownC)yourselfD)byyourself)13.Hehassixuncles.Fiveofthemaredoctorsandisadriver.A)anotherB)thesixthC)otherD)theother()14.Believeornot,Ididitallby・A)meB)usC)myselfD)ourselvesismine.\nD)neither()16.Neitherofthetwinsthetoytrain.A)likeB)likesC)islikeD)arelike、介词：介词是一种虚词，它不能单独使用，后面要跟名词、人称代词宾格或动名词。同一个动词，搭配不同的介词，可以衍变出各种不同含义的词组来，而且在不同场合所用介词也各不相同。因此，介词的用法是比较复杂的，要求我们去逐个记住。只有在看懂、理解整个句意的前提下，才能选对正确的介词。例题解析：()Mr.BrownflewtoWashingtonthenightbeforelast.A)inB)onC)atD)/在表达某一天的具体时间时，应该用介词"on"o但是本句是表达“在前天的夜里”,与“在前天"(thedaybeforeyesterday)相仿，前面不该用任何介词，所以本题答案应该选“D”o()Theschoolgateisthenorthoftheclassroombuilding.\n在英语中，表达“东、南、西、北”的方位介词常见有三个:表示在方位区域的内部时，用介词"in”。如1：Theplaygroundisinthesouthoftheschool.(操场在学校的南面。)表示在与方位区域连壤的外部时,应该用介词“on”o如I：Room203isonthewestofRoom205.(203室在205室的西面。)表示在与方位区域不连壤的外部时，应该用介词"to”o如:ShanghaiistotheeastofNanjing.(上海在南京的东而。)本题的“校门”在“教学大楼”的北面，应该用介词“to”，所以答案应该选“B”。()You'llgetonethousanddollars・A)afterallB)atallC)inallD)alltogether"afterall"意为“到底”、“毕竟”、“终于”；"atall"通常与“not”连用，意为“完全不”、“一点也不”；"inall"通常用于数量词后面，意为“总共”，同义词是"altogether"。所以本题答案应该选。()Thisbuscanrun70milesanhour.A)forB)withC)atD)in在表示“速度”、“温度”、“价格”意思时，应该用介词“at”o所以本题答案应该选“C”o()It'ssaidhestayedtherequietlytwoo'clockthatafternoon.\n“attwoo'clockthatafternoon”意为“在昨天下午两点钟”，时态通常用"过去进行时”；"bytwoo'clockthatafternoon意为"在昨天下午两点钟前”，时态通常用“过去完成时"untiltwooYlockthatafternoon"意为“直到昨天下午两点钟”，时态通常用“一般过去时”。本句中“stay”是延续动词，因此可用“until”句型；如果句中谓语是瞬间动词的话，就应该用“not…until”句型了。所以本题答案应该选。()Tomdidn'tattendthelectureyesterdayeveninghisillness.A)asB)forC)becauseD)becauseof在本句中，“因为生病”是一个词语，而不是原因状语从句,因此，不能选连词“as”、"for"或"because"来连接，而要用介词词组"becauseof"。所以本题答案应该选。()Nowit'squiteimportantustomakefulluseoftime.A)forB)toC)ofD)withTt，simportanttosb.”(意为"它对某人来说很重要”)是词语搭配，"Ifs...forsb.todo..."(意为“做某事对某人来说是怎样的”)是句型。当两者交叉、重叠使用时，词语要让位于句型。所以本题答案应该选“A”o同样，likeitsomuchthat句型中用“so”、而不用“very”，也属于这种类型的表达方式。\ncar-raceisveryexciting.\nA)of,forB)for,forC)of,ofD)for,of这句是"Ifs...ofsb.todo"句型，意为“某人真是怎么样,做了某事”。后半句中“ticketfor”是固定词语，意为“什么内容的票子”。所以本题答案应该选。习题训练：Choosethebestanswer(选择最恰当的答案，用A、B、C或D表示，填入空格内)：()1.Youcandrawitpaintsandbrushes・A)byB)withC)inD)use()2.Whatdidyouhavebreakfast?A)asB)withC)aboutD)for()3.Thepolicehelpingtomakeourcityasafeplacetoliveandwork・A)is,inB)are,inC)is,/D)are,/()4.Fvegotthreequestionyoutothinkabout.A)ofB)forC)giveD)toshow\n()5.WecanaskpeopletheFestivaltodothequiz.\n()6.Whathappenswhenweputsomesugaraglassofwarmwater?A)onB)offC)outD)into()7.theyarrivedatthevillageafterall.A)AttheendB)IntheendC)LastD)Attentively()8.TheclassteacherwassentChristmascardssomeofthestudents・A)to,byB)/,byC)to,fromD)/,to()9.Q:Whatisthatfilm?A:It'sasciencefilm.A)likeB)aboutC)onD)for()10.Whynotaskyourfriendsomeadviceifyou'rereallyintrouble?A)offerB)togiveC)toD)for()11.Thebeautifulhouseissale・Butitwon'tbesale.A)on,forB)for,onC)with,forD)with,on()12.Theweatherherewascoldlastweek.A)akindB)akindofC)kindofD)kindsof()13.Thesinginggroupismadefourhandsomelads.A)ofB)fromC)upofD)叩from()14.Somethingwrongmywatch,Fmafraid.\nare,in()15.Thereamanandtwowomenthepicture・A)is,onB)are,inC)are,onD)is,in()16・Marydoesn'tknowwhatliesahead・,she9sonly12.A)AtallB)InallC)AfterallD)Forall()17.Shouldwethepostagetheparcelbyourselves?A)pay,onB)pay,ofC)payfor,onD)payfor,of()18.Aliceherservicetothepublic・A)wasawardedtheprizeforB)wasdeservedtogettheprizeforC)wasproudforD)waspleasedfor\n数词表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。一、基数词和序数词1）基数词写法和读法：①百位与十位，用and,十位与个位，写时用“一”②先确定分节号，从右至左，每隔三位数是一个分节号。③第一个分节号是千位thousand4第二个分节号是千位million⑤第三个分号节是十亿位billion.1,234,567,892onebilliontwohundredandthirty-fourmillionfivehundredandsixty-seventhousandeighthundredandninety-two2）分数表示法构成：分子基，分母序，分子大于1时，分母在序数词后加S：1/2ahalf1/3one-third；2/3twothirds3/4threequarters=threefourths2・3/4twoandthreefourths3）表示”年代”，用in4-the+数词复数；inthe1980s（20世纪80年代）4）表某人几岁时：in+物主代词+数词的复数形式inone'stwenties5）HelivesinRom88.Oneplustwoisthree・Threetimesfiveisfifteen.6）hundred,thousand,million等词前有具体的数字时,不能加S如threehundreds这种说法是错误的7)hundredsofthousandsofmillionsof8)a21-year-oldgirlthreedaysandahalf=threeandahalfdaysoneanda\nhalfhours=onehourandahalfwe'llhavetwoweeks'holiday(two-weekholiday)7)(基数词变序数词的口诀)一、二、三特别记，th从四以上记;怎么加很容易，八减t,九减e;f来把ve替，见y变ie;若是遇到几十几，变换个位就可以。One-firsttwo-secondthree-thirdfive-fiftheight-eighthnine・ninthtwelve一twelfththirteethirteenthfifteefifteentheighteeeighteenthtwenty・twentiethtwenty・one■—twenty-firstthirty-thirtiethforty-fortiethfifty-fiftiethsixty-sixtiethseventy・seventietheighty-eightiethninety-ninetieth序数词的缩写形式：first…1stsecond…2ndthirty-first…31st习题训练：Choosethebestanswer(选择最恰当的答案，用A、B、C或D表示，填入空格内)：()1・JohnhastwelvecoinsandJoanhasones,threetimesasmanyasJohn.A)thirteenB)fifteenC)thirty-sixD)forty-eight()2.Thepostcodeusedinourneighbourhoodis・A)56348574B)200333C)aquarterD)adozen()3.Todayisherbrother'sbirthday.ison・\nA)She,fifthofMayB)She,MayfifthC)Hers,MayfifthD)Hers,Maythefifth()4.ofthestudentsgotoschoolbybike.A)Two-threeB)Two-thirdsC)Two-threesD)Two-third()5.Thereareaboutseatsinthehall.A)twohundredsB)twohundredC)hundredsofD)twohundredof()6.A:Howoftenshouldwepublishthepaper?B:・A)Inoneweek'stimeB)OnceamonthC)AftertwoweeksD)Forhalfamonth()7.AboutthestudentswenttotheScienceMuseumlastThursday・A)hundredsofB)twohundredC)twohundredofD)twohundreds形容和副词①修饰something,anything,everything,anybody等不定代词的形容词，形容词要放在不定代词之后。IhaveSomethingimportanttotellyou.②enough修饰形容词、畐ij词时,enough要放在形容词和副词之后。Farenough©interesting,exciting,boring,amazing,surprising,moving主诰为物。\nInterested,excited,amazed,surprised,frightened,tired,pleased主语为人。④Much,far,alot,alittle,even等后要用形容词或副词的比较级oIfellevenworsenow.5.连系动词be,感官动词(look,smell,taste,sound,feel)三个变(get,become,turn,)keep后跟形容词.⑥既可作形容词又可作副词的词有：hard作形容词^difficult,作副词,放在work,rain等后，表努力地做。well作形容词身体好；作副词，做得好。long作形容词，表事物的长度，作副词，放在last,talk等后，表动作持续。Fast作作形容，放在系动词后，作副词放在rain,makesth•等词后,表“做得快程High作形容词“山，海浪的高。作副词，放在fly,jump等后表飞得高，跳得高。⑦五、形容词变为副词①+lyuseful,wide,strong②改y为i,再加lyhealthy,heavy,happy,lucky,noisy,③goodwellterrible■一terriblyprobable■一probably⑧多数以ly结尾的词是副词。但friendly,lonely,lovely,likely,daily,lively是形容词。⑨ChinaislargerthananyothercountyinAsia.（同一范围内）ChinaislargerthananycountyinAfirca・（不同范围内）\n⑥howmany对可数名词数量的提问。Howmanypeoplearethereinyourfamily?Howmuch对不可数名词数量的提问和提问价格。Howlong多久，多长时间。回答常用：for+段时间since+点时间。Howsoon多快，多久以后。回答常用：in+段时间Howoften多长时间一次，提问频率。回答常用：once（twice）aweek,threetimesaday,oftenHowfar多远，对距离提问。回答常用：fifteenminutes9walk,10metersaway形容词和副词的比较级和最高级：原级：as+原级+as;notas/so+原级+as=反义词+thanEnglishisasinterestingasChinese.Mr.Zhangisn'tasoldasMr.Li.=Mr.ZhangisyoungerthanMr.Li.比较级的标志词①than,Lily'sbagisbiggerthanhers.②much,far,alittle,even,nexttime（Dwhich/who——A,B?Whichismorebeautiful,Tom,Jim?④the+比较级——,the+比较级——Themorewegettogether,thehappierwe'llbe.⑤比较级+and+比较级（多音节词和部分双音节词用moreandmore+原\n级）越来越——harderandharder,ourhometownisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful.最高级标志词:①the+最高级+of/inShanghaiisthebiggestcityinChina.②Oneofthe+最高级+名词复数ZhouJiekunisoneofthemostpopularsingers.③Which/who——+最高级,A,BorC?Whocityisthemostbeautiful,Beijing,ShanghaiorKunming?④序数词+最高级，表“第几最・…ChangjiangisthefirstlongestriverinChina・thesecondlargestpopulation形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成规则(略)不规则：good/well…better■一bestbad/badly/ill—worse—worstmany/much—more——mostlittle—less■一leastfar—farther(较远)■一farthestfar■一further(进一步)——furthesttired一-moretired一-themosttired(right,tired,glad,pleased・real)习题训练：Choosethebestanswer(选择最恰当的答案，用A、B、C或D表示，填入空格内)：()1.Staywithus.wewillhaveLanternFestival・\nA)NowB)ThenC)QuicklyD)Soon()2.You'dbetterwearscarvesandgloves.Thenyou'llbeA)warmenoughB)warmerenoughC)enoughwarmD)enoughwarmer()3.It'shereQingMingFestival・rainy,at\n()4.Youareasmycousin,Ithink・A)ashealthyB)sohealthyC)healthierD)lesshealthy()5.Mr.Linghadanunhealthydietanddidexercise・A)neverB)notC)noD)alittle()6.Hedoesalotofdifferentthings・A)eitherB)alsoC)aswellD)so()7.Therewasusuallyajambecauseofthetraffic・A)bigB)busyC)heavyD)much()8.Joeis.Henevermakeshisbedortidieshisroom.A)brightB)safeC)deliciousD)lazy()9.Thedriverwastiredandalmostimmediatelyfell・A)sleepyB)sleepingC)asleepD)sleep()10.Shelikedthewhitecatmuchthatshekeptitthereforalongtime.A)so,watchingB)very,watchingC)so,towatchD)very,towatch()11・myopinion,thebearisstill・A)To,aliveB)To,livingC)In,aliveD)To,living\nnow.A)probably,enteringB)probably,enterC)possibly,enteringD)possible,enter()13.It'snoteasytolearnEnglishwell,weneedtopractiseasaspossible・A)soonB)moreC)muchD)harder()14.ThismorningIgotupearlier・A)thanusuallyB)thanusualC)thanusuallydoD)thanIusually()15・Watercanbeturnedintoiceifthetemperatureisenough.A)littleB)coldC)coolD)low()16.Jackdiditmorecarefullythanintheteam.A)anyboyB)anyothergirlC)anyotherboysD)anyoftheotherboys()17.Heneversmokes.doeshisfather.A)SoB)NeitherC)AlsoD)Too()18.Peopleovertheredon'tspeakEnglish.areB)isC)liveD)\nA)thehigherB)higherC)highestD)averyhigh()20.WebelievethatTimcanruntowinthefirstprize.A)toofastB)sofastC)fastenoughD)enoughfast()21.MostofusliketobuytheseTeddyBears.TheylooksoA)nicelyB)wellC)beautifullyD)lovely()22.JeiryisaCEOofafamouscompany.Heisasasabee.A)busyB)braveC)blindD)bright()23.Marywasstill,soshehadonemorecake・A)thirstyB)coldC)hungryD)angry()24.—DoyoumindifIturntheTVabit?—Yes,Ido.Fmbusywithmyhomeworknow.A)onB)upC)downD)off\n动词的时态时态名称结构标志词被动语态难点与要点一般?am\issometimes,am/is/are注意现在时\areoften,usually,+done第三人称?therealways,单数情况be结构everyday,once?行为aweek动词现在am/is/now,look,am/is/are动词进行时are+Vinglisten,rightnow,at4-being+done1NG形式themoment,的构成ifs+几点一般?was/yesterday,last,was/were注意过去时were+表语ago一家;justnow,+done动词的过\n结构?Vedintheolddays,amomentago,longago,ihthe1990s去式的构成一般?will/tomorrow,nextwill/shall+注意将来时shall+V原year,thisyear,atthebe+done动词过去形endofthisterm,begoingto分词的构?befromnowon,+be+done成（与过goingto+Vinthefuture,去式的区原形inafewdays1别）timeP255过去was/at+具体时间,atwas/were与一进行时were4-Vingthistime.,when+一4-being+done般过去时般过去时从句的区别现在have/already,yet,注意完成时has+donejust,never,ever,瞬间动词for,since,在现在完sofar成时中的运用过去?would宾语从句中，从Would/将来时/should+V句动作在主句动作should+be\n原形之后发生.+done\n?was/weregoingto+V原形begoingto+be+done过去完成时had-t-doneby+过去某一时占・八,before+过去某一时间点;bythetime+从句；从句动作在主句动作前发生Had+been+done情态动词情态动词+be+done注：不规则动词过去式和过去分词详见初三课本的255页。祈使句祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。1)祈使句否定在句首加Dont：Don*tmove.Donftbelate.2)Let'sshallwe?letus\himwillyou/won'tyou?感叹句How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语+其它Howlovelythebabyis!Whata/an+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语+其它Whatacleverboyheis!\nWhat形容词+可数名词复数+主语+谓语+其它Whatwonderfulideas(wehave)!What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语+其它Whatcoldweatheritis!反意疑问句1）陈述部分用no,nothing,nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,little,too—to等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。Someplantsneverblown（开花），dothey?2）陈述部分有haveto+v.（hadto+v.）,疑问部分常用don't+主语（didn't+主语）oWehavetogetthereateighttomorrow,don'twe?3）陈述部分的谓语是usedto时，疑问部分用didn*t4-主语或usedn't+主语。Heusedtotakepicturesthere,didn'the?/usedn'the?4）陈述部分有hadbetter+v.疑问句部分用hadn'tyou?You'dbetterreaditbyyourself,hadn'tyou?5）陈述部分由neither...nor,either...or连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。NeitheryounorIamengineer,arewe?6）陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this,\n疑问部分主语用itoEverythingisready,isn'tit?7)陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况:a.并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。Mr.SmithhadbeentoBeijingforseveraltimes,heshouldhavebeeninChinanow,shouldn'the?b.带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：Heisnotthemanwhogaveusatalk,ishe?HesaidhewantedtovisitJapan,didn'the?c.上述部分主句i胃语是think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。Idon'tthinkheisbright,ishe?Webelieveshecandoitbetter,cantshe?8)陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,noone等，疑问部分常用复数they,有时也用单数he。Everyoneknowstheanswer,don'tthey?(doeshe?)Nobodyknowsaboutit,dothey?(doeshe?)9)省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用willyouoDon'tdothatagain,willyou?Gowithme,willyou/won*tyou?注意：Lets开头的祈使句，后用shallwe?Let*sgoandlistentothemusic,\nshallwe?Letus开头的祈使句，后用willyou?Letuswaitforyouinthereading-room,willyou?7)陈述部分是"therebe11结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代Tn]onotbeanytrouble,willthere?11）否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。Itisimpossible,isn'tit?Heisnotunkindtohisclassmates,ishe?并列句and和，并且，workhard,andyoucanpasstheexam.but但是heisrichbutheisnothappy.Or否则，要不然，或者（在否定句中表和）Huiry叩,oryouTlbelate.so因此,所以Katewasillsoshedidn^gotoschool.For因为Ihavetostayuplate,forIhavealotofworktodo.状语从句当状语从句的引导词为If,when,before,after,until,assoonas等，主句和从句有下列情况:主句从句①一般将来时（主将从现）一般现在时Iwillgototheparkifitdoesn'traintomon*ow・\n②祈使句一般现在时③含有情态动词的句子一般现在时\n④一般过去时一般过去时习题训练：Choosethebestanswer(选择最恰当的答案，用A、B>C或D表示，填入空格内)：()1・Staywithus.wewillhaveLanternFestival・A)NowB)ThenC)QuicklyD)Soon()2.You'dbetterwearscarvesandgloves.Thenyou'11beA)warmenoughB)warmerenoughC)enoughwarmD)enoughwarmer()3.It'shereQingMingFestival.A)raining,onB)raining,atC)rainy,onD)rainy,at()4.Youareasmycousin,Ithink.A)ashealthyB)sohealthyC)healthierD)lesshealthy()5.Mr.Linghadanunhealthydietanddidexercise・little\n()6.Hedoesalotofdifferentthings・A)eitherB)alsoC)aswellD)so()7.Therewasusuallyajambecauseofthetraffic・A)bigB)busyC)heavyD)much()8.Joeis・Henevermakeshisbedortidieshisroom.A)brightB)safeC)deliciousD)lazy()9.Thedriverwastiredandalmostimmediatelyfell・A)sleepyB)sleepingC)asleepD)sleep()10.Shelikedthewhitecatmuchthatshekeptitthereforalongtime.A)so,watchingB)very,watchingC)so,towatchD)very,towatch()11・myopinion,thebearisstill・A)To,aliveB)To,livingC)In,aliveD)To,living()12.Mrs・Blueisathome・Isawherthegatejustnow.A)probably,enteringB)probably,enterC)possibly,enteringD)possible,enter()13.It'snoteasytolearnEnglishwell,weneedtopractiseasaspossible・\nA)soonB)moreC)muchD)harder()14.ThismorningIgotupearlier・A)thanusuallyB)thanusualC)thanusuallydoD)thanIusually()15.Watercanbeturnedintoiceifthetemperatureisenough.A)littleB)coldC)coolD)low()16.Jackdiditmorecarefullythanintheteam・A)anyboyB)anyothergirlC)anyotherboysD)anyoftheotherboys()17>Heneversmokes.doeshisfather.D)A)SoB)NeitherC)AlsoToo()1&Peopleovertheredon'tspeakEnglish.A)/B)isC)liveD)are)19.TheOrientalPearlTVTowerisTVtowerinAsia.A)thehigherB)higherC)highestD)averyhigh()20.WebelievethatTimcanruntowinthefirstprize.enoughfast)21.MostofusliketobuytheseTeddyBears.Theylookso\nA)nicelyB)wellC)beautifullyD)lovely()22.JerryisaCEOofafamouscompany.Heisasasabee.A)busyB)braveC)blindD)bright()23.Marywasstill,soshehadonemorecake・A)thirstyB)coldC)hungryD)angry()24.—DoyoumindifIturntheTVabit?—Yes,Ido.Fmbusywithmyhomeworknow.A)onB)upC)downD)off\n英语句子中如果一看到Thought——but——;because——so…这种结构，就是错误.倒装句S0+助动词VBE动词\情态动词+另一主语，表示后者与前者一致。so+上句主语+助动词\BE动词\情态动词，真的，确实如此。TomwatchedTVlastnight,sodidAnn.Tomdidn'twatchTVlastnight.NeitherdidAnn.・・・You'veleftthelighton.—SoIhave・I'llgoandturnitoff.宾语从句?从句用陈述句语序。?主句与从句的关系。A・主现从不限；B.主过从过；C.真金不怕火炼。Theearthmovesaroundthesun.③常见的宾语从句。\nShesaysthat——discussiontonight.\nCouldyoutell/showme—Couldyoupleasetellmewheretheteacher^officeis?Doyouknow——DoyouknowwhereMr.Lilives?Pleasetellme―Sheaskedme…Idon'tknow——Idon'tknowwhetherTomwillgoornot.定语从句that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换，但在下列情况下,一般用that而不用whicho(1)先彳亍词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much等不定代词时。Iamsureshehassomething(that)youcanborrow.(2)先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修饰时。Fvereadallthebooksthatarenotmine・(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。Thisisthefirstbook(that)hehasread・(4)先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时。Thisistheverybookthatbelongstohim.一般用that而不用who(1)先行词是who或who引导的主句。\nWhoisthegirl(that)drovethecar?Who(that)brokethewindowwillbepunished.(2)主句以Therebe引导时。Thereare200people(that)didn'tthat和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换，但在下列情况下，一般用which而不用thato(1)关系代词在限制性定语从句中紧跟介词作宾语(介词提前)oThosearemanytreesunder(which)theycanhavearest.(2)在非限制性定语从句中。Football,(which)isaverypopulargame,isplayedallovertheworld・后跟ing的词有FinishdoingBefore2008BeijingwewillfinishbuildingtheOlympicPark.enjoydoing喜欢做某事IenjoyreadingEnglishloudly.minddoing介意(反对)做某事wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?practicedoingsth・练习做某事weshouldpracticespeakingEnglishasoftenaspossible・bebusydoingsth.忙于做某事beworthdoingsth•值得做某事feellikedoingsth=wanttodosth.想要做某事spend…(in)doingsth花费时间做某事\nstop/prevent/keep——fromdoing阻止某人做某事havetrouble\problem/ahardtimedoingsth.做某事很困难Havefundoingsth.=haveagoodtimedoingsth.做某事很快乐goondoingsth接着做原来做着的事goshopping/swimming/skating/surfing…dosomerunning/washing/cooking…介词（for,with,without,about-一）后跟动词原形：whydon'tyouwhynotyou'dbetter（not）wouldyouplease（not）make\let\have\［注意：在被动语态中，to要加上］后跟ing和TO的区别developingcountry发展中国家developedcountry发达国家stoptodosth•停下手中的事而去做另外的事（事情有两件）Stopdoingsth.停止正在做的事情（事情只有一件）Remembertodosth•记住要去做某事（事情没有做）Rememberdoingsth.记得曾经做过某事（事情已经做）Forgettodosth.忘记去做某事（事情没做）\nForgetdoingsth.忘记曾经做过的事情（事情已经做）Trytodosth.努力去做某事Trydoingsth.试着去做某事Goontodosth.做完一件事，接着改做另外一件事Goondoingsth.继续不停地做某事See/hearsbdoing/do情态动词Can①能，可能，表示能力，猜测。过过式could②可能，也许。主要用在疑问句、否定句中，表示怀疑、估计，不用肯定句中。③对could的委婉语气回答一般不直接用yes和no,要用certainly,ofcourse・Ok・Sure・④wouldyoupleasenotdo——?⑤wouldyouliketoplayfootballwithmetonight?Yes,Fdloveto.Sorry,Iambusy.Yes,Fdloveto.But——⑥wouldyoulikesomebananas?Yes,please・No.thanks.⑦在表示请求、委婉语气的疑问句和表示希望得到对方的肯定回答的问句中，常用some.Couldyougivemesomeapples?May①可以，表许可。mayI——？回答：Yes,youmay.Yes,of\ncourse・No,youmaynot.No,you'dbetternot.①也许，可能。表猜测，但把握性不是很大。②maybe二perhaps是副词，放在句首或句末。Maybe和Maybe不同。Must①MustI——?否定回答用No,youneedn't.No,youdon'thaveto.②必须。应该。mustn%禁止，绝对不能。③must表主观。Haveto表客观。Don'thaveto=needn't©must一定。用于表推测。表示有很大的把握时用，只用于肯定句、不用疑问句。否定句中can%有不可能之意。Need①don'thavetodosth.=needn'tdosth.②肯定回答Yes,——must.否定回答No,…needn^.不定式不定式常跟在以下及物动词后面作宾语:want,like,wish,hope,try,ask,start,begin,forget,remember,learn,choose,agree,tell,decide,needE.g.Wanttodosth.Asksb.(not)todosth.Tellsb.todosth.Decidetodosth.Wouldliketodosth.Setouttodosth.Warnsbtodosth.Helpsb.(to)dosth.动词不定式还可用在某些表示感情的形容词之后:glad,happy,pleased,\nsorry,sad,afraid不定式作宾语的有:somethingtodrink\eat;havesthtodo;thewaytodosth.不定式作宾语：特殊疑问词(what,where)——+不定式wheretogo\n主谓一致1・邻近和靠近原则rhtherebe,either...or,neither...nor,notonly...but(also)连接两个并列的主语，谓语动词遵守就近原则。2.Eitherof,neitherof,eachof作主语，谓语动词用单数。3・Each,every,manya,no修饰并列单句时，谓语动词用单数。4.在百分数、分数等后，如跟可数名词，谓语动词用复数。如跟不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。5.表示时间、重量、长度、价值等名词作为主语，谓语动词用单数。6.动词不定式或动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。7.算术题中主语是数词，谓语动词用单数。8.Thenumberof+名词复数，谓语动词用单数。Anumberof+名词复数，谓语动词用复数。9・Oneandahalf+名词复数，谓语动词用单数。单词的词性变化单词的词性变化\n动词变为名词①+cleasellplayesurferer(r)ner,errjumspetraveteacherperakerlersinowngererwopainrkerter,waitermererr,Runwinrobb(waitress)fardivdrivewriternernerer②+Visiinventorcoinspector(检Actortornductor查员）(actress)crossroswashwashingmeetmingsingeetingngparkparkipackpacking（包装）fingsurfsurmeanmeahikingbreathingnmgBeginningShopping©describe■一descinventdiscuss—disdisappearription…inventioncussion…disappearanceenter—entranceknow—knlive—lifedie■一deathowledge\nplease■一pleasuresit…seatfly■一flightrob■一robberydevelopdecide—developmentdecision二、动词变为形容词Close—closedexcitedxcitedfrustratefrustrated（挫败的）interest-interestedsurprisesurpriseddiedeadfrightenfry■friedworry-frightenedworriedbreakbrokenenjoy—enjoyableloselostamaze-amazingmiss———missingfollowfollowing（下列的）exciteexcitinginterestinterestingmovemovingsleepasleepwakeawakewonderwonderfulthankthankfulforgetforgetful\n三、名词变为形容词carecarefulcolorcolorfulhelphelpfulPainpainfuluseusefulsuccesssuccessfulnoisenoisyheathhealthy1uck1uckycloudcloudyrainrainymistmistyshowershowsnowsnowywindwindyeryfogfoggysunsunnysouthsouthernorthnorthernnwoolwoolenconfidencedangerdangerousonfidentpersonpostpostalfriendfriendlypersonalAmericaAustraliaCanada———Canadian—American-AustralianItalyItalianchinaJapan———JapaneseChineseBritainEnglandFrance一—French—British-EnglishGermanyGerman\n四、形容词变为名词goodgoodnessbusybusinessdifferentdifferenceforeign-foreignertruetruthproud——Pridedifficultsafesafetydifficultydrydroughtconfidentimportantconfidence（信心）■一improtance五、形容词变为副词①+lyuseful,wide,strong②改y为，再加lyhealthy,heavy,happy,lucky,noisy,goodwellterrible■一terriblyprobable—probably六・形容词和副词同形。earlyenougfastfarfirstharhiglatemurightch七、否定的unluckyunknownunlikeunhappunusuaunfriendlydiscoverdisappearimpossibl\ncarelesshomeless八、其它。sciencecrossacrosspasspast