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- 2022-09-06 发布
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一、名词【考点直击】1.可数名词和不可数名词的用法;2.名词所有格的构成及用法;3.近义名词的辨析。【名师点睛】一、名词的数1.单数和复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成,其主要变法如下: (1)一般情况在词尾加-s,例如:book→books,girl→girls,boy→boys,pen→pens,doctor→doctors,boy→boys。 (2)以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词加-es,例如:bus→buses,class→classes,box→boxes,watch→watches,brush→brushes。 (3)以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,例如:orange—oranges。 (4)以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如:city→cities,factory→factories,country→countries,family→families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boy→boys,day→days。 (5)以o结尾的词多数都加-es。例如:hero→heroes,potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。例如:zoo→zoos,radio→radios,还有某些外来词也只加-s,例如:photo→photos,piano→pianos。 (6)以f或fe结尾的词,多数变f为v再加-es,例如:knife→knives,leaf→leaves,half→halves。 复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法如下表所示。 复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法情 况读法例 词在[p][t][k][f]等清辅音后[s]cups,hats,cakes在[s][z][t][][F]等音后[iz]glasses,pages,oranges,buses,watches,faces在[d][][v]等浊辅音后[z]beds,dogs,cities,knives (7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式,例如:man→men,woman→women,tooth→teeth,foot→feet,child→children,mouse→mice。 【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如:anEnglishman,twoEnglishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;man,woman等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如:men workers,womenteachers。 有个别名词单复数一样,例如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时,可以加复数词尾。 (8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。 (9)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。例如:ten-minutes’walk,an8-year-oldgirl,aten-milewalk。 (10)还有些名词仅有复数形式,如:trousers,clothes,chopsticks,glasses,goods,ashes,scissors,compasses。 (11)只用作单数的复数形式的名词有: 科学名词:physics,mathematics/maths 游戏名称:bowls 专有名词:theUnitedStates,NiagaraFalls 其他名词:news,falls2.不可数名词“量”的表示方法\n 在英语中,不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念,可以用以下两种方法: (1)用much,alittle,alotof/lotsof,some,any等表示多少,例如: Therichmanhasalotofmoney. Thereissomemilkinthebottle. Isthereanywaterintheglass? Idon'tlikewinterbecausethere'stoomuchsnowandice. (2)用apieceof这类定语,例如: apieceofpaperapieceofwoodapieceofbread abottleoforangeaglassofwater(milk)acupoftea acupofteaabagofricethreebagsofrice 如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时,在容器后加复数,例如: twocupsoftea fourpiecesofpaper threeglassesofwater 不可数名词也可用alotof,lotsof,some,any,much等来修饰。二、名词的所有格 名词所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。1.表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加's,其复数形式是s',例如:astudent'sroom,students'rooms,father'sshoes。2.如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加's,如:Children'sDay。3.在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用's,例如:atwentyminutes'walk,tenmiles'journey,aboat'slength,twopounds'weight,tendollars'worth。4.无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,例如:amapofChina,theendofthisterm,thecapitalofourcountry,thecoloroftheflowers。5.双重所有格,例如:afriendofmyfather's。【注意】 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示“分别有”,例如:John'sandMary'srooms(约翰和玛丽各有一间,共两间);Tom'sandMary'sbikes(两人各自的自行车)。 两个名词并列,只有一个's,则表示“共有”,例如:JohnandMary'sroom(约翰和玛丽共有一间);TomandMary'smother(即Tom与Mary是兄妹)。【实例解析】1.(2004年上海徐汇区中考试题)These_________havesavedmanychildren’slives.A.womandoctorsB.womendoctorC.womendoctorsD.womandoctor 答案:C。该题考查的是名词作定语时的变化。woman作定语时要和被修饰的名词保持数的一致。2.(2004年河北省中考试题)Thisis_________bedroom.Thetwinsisterslikeitverymuch.A.AnneandJaneB.Anne’sandJane’sC.Anne’sandJaneD.AnneandJane’s 答案:D。该题考查的是并列名词的所有格。两人共有一个房间时,只在后面的名词后加’s。\n3.(2004年吉林省中考试题)---Arethereany________onthefarm?---Yes,therearesome.A.horseB.duckC.chickenD.sheep 答案:D。该题考查的是特殊名词的复数形式。从谓语动词来判断,主语应该是复数名词。只有sheep可用作复数名词。4.(2004年佛山市中考试题)---Whatwouldyouliketodrink,________ororange?---Orange,please.A.hamburgerB.chipC.tea 答案:C。该题考查的是名词的类别。三种东西中只有tea能喝。【中考演练】一.单项填空1.---Wherehaveyoubeen,Tim? ---I’vebeento______. A.theHenryhouse B.theHenryfamily C.TheHenry’shome D.Henry’s2.InEngland,if____isinthemiddleoftheday,theeveningmealiscalledsupper. A.food B.lunch C.breakfast D.dinner3.Youlookedforittwice,butyouhaven’tfoundit.Whynottry____. A.threetimes B.athirdtime C.thethirdtime D.once4.---Theyarethirsty.Willyoupleasegivethem______? ---Certainly. A.somebottlesofwaters B.somebottlesofwater C.somebottleofwater D.somebottleofwaters5.Mikehurtoneofhis______intheaccidentyesterday. A.tooth B.feet C.hand D.ear6.Thereissome_______ontheplate. A.cakes B.meat C.potato D.pears7.InEngland,thelastnameisthe _______. A.familyname B.middle C.givenname D.fullname8.Thearegoingtofly_______toBeijing. A.Germen B.Germany C.Germanys D.Germans9.The______hastwo_______. A.boys;watches B.boy;watch C.boy;watches D.boys;watch10.Thelittlebabyhastwo_______already. A.tooth B.tooths C.teeth D.teeths11.What’syour_______forbeinglateagain? A.idea B.key C.excuse D.news12.---It’sdangeroushere.We’dbettergooutquickly. ---ButIthinkweshouldlet_______gooutfirst. A.womanandchildren B.womenandchild C.womanandchild D.womenandchildren13.---YoucanseeMr.Smithifthereisasign“_______”onthedoorofhisshop. ---Thanks.\n A.ENTRANCE B.BUSINESSHOURS C.THISSIDEUP D.NOSMOKING14.Aretheygoingtohaveapicnicon_______? A.Children’sDay B.Childrens’sDay C.ChildrensDay D.ChildrenDay15.Wherearethestudents?Aretheyin_______? A.theRoom406 B.Room406 C.the406Room D.406Room二.根据下列句子的情景及所给汉语注释,写出所缺单词。1.We’vegotalotofnew________(杂志)inourschoollibrary.2.Pleaseturntoanother_______(频道),Idon’tlikethisshow.3.Yesterdaythe_________(航班)toLondonwasputoffbecauseofthebadweather..4.Autumnismyfavourite(季节)5.---Howmany_______(小刀)doyouhave?---Three.6.__________arewidelyusedinthemodernworld. 7.June1stis__________(儿童)Day.8.Mary,wouldyoupleasetellmeyournew________(地址)sothatIcanwritetoyou.9.---Doesthispieceof______(音乐)soundnice?---Yes.It’swonderful!10.May12thistheInternational_______(护士)Day.Let’ssay“Thanks”tothemfortheirwork.三.根据句意和所给首字母写出所缺的单词。1.“What’syourn_______?”“LiLei.”2.Howmanyd_______doesyourunclehave?3.Pleaseclosethew______.It’scoldoutside.4.IfyouwantstudyEnglishwell,youmustpayattentiontoyourp________.5.Acomputerisoneofthegreatesti_________intheworld.6.ZhangHuiisveryexcited.HewillgotoJapanwithhisp_______duringtheSpringFestival.7.Atthea______ofseven,thelonelygirlhadtoworktomakeliving.8.It’sonlyaboutanh_____flightfromQingdaotoBeijingbyair.9.Healthismoreimportanttomethanm_______.10.Becareful!It’sd__________torunacrossthestreetnow.【练习答案】一.1.D2.B3.B4.B5.B 6.B7.A8.D9.C10.C11.C12.D13.B14.A15.B二.1.magazines2.Channel3.flight4.season5.knives6.Computers7.Children’s8.address9.music10.Nurses’三.1.name2.daughters3.window4.pronunciation5.inventions6.parents7.age8.hour’s9.money10.dangerous