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定语从句【关系代词引导的定语从句】(一)、定义:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子,定语从句要放在所修饰的词后。如:1)Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman.2)YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词,叫先行词,定语从句放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose)和关系副词where,when、why关系词常有三个作用:1、引导定语从句2、代替先行词3、在定语从句中担当一个成分(二)、关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人,在从句中做主语(1)TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.(2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.2.whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。(1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedabout.注意:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。(2)Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略(1)Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.(which在句子中做主语)(2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.(which在句子中做宾语)4.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。(1)Thepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityareallhere.(在句子中做主语)(2)Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?(在句子中做宾语)5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语(1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.(2)Ilivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替(3)Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.=Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.(4)Doyoulikethebookwhosecolorisyellow?=Doyoulikethebookisyellow?限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况 1.当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, 5\nsome等不定代词时,或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如: Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. All that can be done has been done. There is little that I can do for you. He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 注意:当先行词指人时,偶尔也可用关系代词who,如: Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。如: The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如: This is the best film that I have ever seen. 4.当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。如: This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。 After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 注意:当先行词指人时,偶尔也可用关系代词who。如: Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 5.当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如: Who is the man that is standing by the gate? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 6.当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如: They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 7.主句是therebe结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which,ThereisabookonthedeskthatbelongstoTom.8.关系代词作表语时一般不用who,而用that,Heisnotthemanthathewas.只用which,不用that的情况。 1.定语从句是物时,定语从句由“介词+关系代词which”引导。如: The thing about which the teacher is talking is very important. 老师正在谈论的那件事非常重要。 2.先行词本身是that, those时,如: What’s that which is flying in the sky? 在天空中飞的那是什么?3.which还有一种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思与andthis相似。例如:Hesucceededinthecompetition,whichmadehisparentsveryhappy.4.“介词+关系代词”可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。此结构中的介词可以是in,on,about,from,for,with,to,at,of,without等,关系代词常常只可用whom或which,不可用that。 例如:Theroominwhichthereisamachineisaworkshop.像listento,lookat,dependon,payattentionto,takecare5\nof等固定短语动词,在定语从句中一般不将介词与动词分开。例如:Thisistheboywhomshehastakencareof.That作介词的宾语,介词不能放在that的前面,只能放在原来的位置。Thecitythat/whichshelivesinisveryfaraway.【关系副词引导的定语从句】1. when 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。 I still remember the day when I first came to this school. The time when we got together finally arrived. October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded. Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 2. where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。 Shanghai is the city where I was born. The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 3. why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 注意:关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如: From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句 形式上:不用逗号“,”与主句隔开。 意义上:是先行词不可缺少的定语,如删除,主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。 译法上:译成先行词的定语:“...的” 关系词的使用上:A.作宾语时可省略 B.可用that C.可用who 代替whom 非限制性定语从句 形式上:用逗号“,”与主句隔开。 意义上:只是对先行词的补充说明,如删除,主句仍能表达完整的意思。 译法上:通常译成主句的并列句。 关系词的使用上:A.不可省略 B.不用that C.不可用who 代替whom 限制性定语从句: The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。 In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 非限制性定语从句举例: His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 一、典型例题()1、-Doyouknowtheman______istalkingwithyourfather?5\n-Yes,he‘sourheadmaster.A.heB.whoC.whichD.whom()2、Thegirl______isreadingunderthetree_____mysister.A.which;isB.whom;wasC.who;isD.who;was()3、HaveyouseenthefilmTitanic___actorsareveryfamous?AwhoBwhoseCthatDwhom()4、Annaskedthepoliceman___heworkedtocontacthimwhenevertherewasanaccident.AwithhimBwithwhomCwhoDwhom()5、Achild____parentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.AwhichBhisCwhoseDwith()6、Thisisthereason______hetoldme.A、thatB、whyC、onwhichD、forthat()7、Doyouknowthescientist_______gaveusatalkjustnow?A.whoB.whomC.whichD.whose()8、Thisisthedictionary_______Mumgavemeformybirthday.A.whichB.whatC.whoseD.whom()9、ShaolinTemple________liesinthewestofZhengzhouwelcomesthevisitorsbothathomeandabroad.A.whereB.whichC.whoD.what()10、—Doyouknowthegirl_______isstandingunderthetree?—Sheismylittlesister.A.whoB.whomC.whoseD.which三、课后练习()1.Beijingisthe29thcity_______holdstheOlympicGames.A.whereB.thatC.whichD.what()2.Haveyoureadthebook_______Igaveyouyesterday?A.thatB.whenC.where()3.Theman_______cametoourpartywithapresentismyoldfriend.A.whenB.whichC.who()4.Ilikewriters_______writeshortstories.A.whichB.whatC.whomD.who()5.Thisisthequestion_______wearetalkingaboutnow.A.thatB.whoC.whereD.when()6.—Whatareyoulookingfor?—Iamlookingforthebook_______Iboughtyesterday.A.whoB.whichC.whose()7.Jack,thereissomeoneintheoffice_______wouldliketospeakwithyou.A.whoB.whichC.whom()8.Ifabagisfilledwithbooksandpens,itmustbelongtosomeone_______workshard.A.whichB./C.whomD.who5\n()9.Manyyoungpeoplepreferthesongs_______havegreatlyrics.A.whichB.whoC.whereD.whom()10.Eventeacherscan’tunderstandsomeexpressions_______theirstudentsuseindailylife.A.whoseB.whoC.thatD.whom()11.Thebridge____abigshipcangohasbeenbuilt.A.underwhichB.underthatC.inwhichD.onwhich()12.Thebook____istornismine.A.thecoverofwhichB.thecoverofthatC.whichthecoverD.whosecoverof()13.Hetalkedabouttheclassmatesandtheschool____hehadvisited.A.whoB.thatC.whichD.aboutwhich()14.Youhaveseenthegirl____sisterisaChineseteacher.A.whomB.ofwhomC.whoseD.ofwhich()15.Weshoulddoall____isusefultopeople.A./B.thatC.itD.which()16.Wecametoaplace____theyhadneverpaidavisitbefore.A.whichB.inwhichC.onwhichD.towhich()17.Those____finisheddoingitputupyourhands.A.whohaveB.whohasC.whichhaveD.have()19.Theman____wasafriendofmine.A.thatyoujusttalkedtoB.whomyoujusttalkedtohimC.whoyoujusttalkedtohimD.whichyoujusttalkedto()20.Iwenttotheschool____myfatheronceworked.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.onwhich()21.Ishallneverforgetthoseyears_______Ilivedinthecountrywiththefarmers,_________hasagreateffectonmylife.A.that;whichB.when;whichC.which;thatD.when;who()22.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,_______wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it()23.CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,___personallyIdoubtverymuch.A.itB.thatC.whenD.which()24.Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,___,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.A.whoB.whichC.thisD.what()25.Haveyouseenthefilm"Titanic",________leadingactorisworldfamous?A.itsB.it'sC.whoseD.which5\n典型例题1B2C3b4b5c6a7a8a9b10a课后练习1B2A3D4D5-9ABADA10C11解析:考查定语从句随意性关系引导词。基本常识:定语从句随意性关系引导词由搭配介词+which/whom构成,先行词指人用前者,先行词指事/物用后者。定语从句引导词的判断方法为将先行词想方设法放入从句,使从句成为一个完整且有先行词成分的陈述句。此句中,先行词为thebridge;从句为abigshipcango,二者构成的完整句为Abigshipcangounderthebridge.因此,答案为A12解析:考查定语从句随意性关系引导词以及所属关系引导词。此句中先行词为thebook,从句应为coveristorn,二者构成的完整句为thecoverofthebookistorn.因此随意性关系引导词结构为thecoverofwhich或所属关系引导词结构whosecover.因此,答案为A13解析:考查先行词即指人又指物的定语从句相同意思引导词。定语从句相同意思引导词基本要点,无论限定性还是非限定性定语从句的主宾表引导词均为相同意思引导词。先行词指事物的情况,用引导词which.此句中,先行词为theclassmatesandtheschool,从句为hehadvisited,二者构成的完整句为Hehadvisitedtheclassmatesandtheschool.所以不难发现先行词在限定性定语从句中作visited的宾语使用,先行词既指人又指物。因此,答案为B14解析:考查定语从句所属关系引导词。此句先行词为thegirl,定语从句为sisterisaChineseteacher,二者构成的完整句为Thegirl'ssisterisaChineseteacher.先行词的's所有格构成的所属关系结构在从句中作定语。因此,答案只能为C.定语从句固定关系引导词相关要点:先行词在定语从句中除作从句主宾表成分以外的成分,均为相关意思引导词,其中包括固定关系引导词和随意性关系引导词。固定关系引导词只有when(时间关系),where(地点关系),why(先行词为thereason,原因关系)whose(所属关系,包括's所有格关系和of所有格关系,由whose修饰的名词成分前不能用冠词成分,whose应为名词的前置性定语成分);随意性关系引导词为相关搭配介词+which/whom构成的引导词结构充当。15解析:考查限定性定语从句中先行词为不定代词的相同意思引导词。此句中先行词all为不定代词,从句为isusefultopeople,从句缺主语,二者构成的完整句为Allisusefultopeople.为了便于理解,All=Allthethings/everything.所以从句的完整句还可以写成Everythingisusefultopeople;或Allthethingsareusefultopeople.因此,答案为B16解析:考查定语从句随意性关系引导词。此句先行词为aplace,从句为theyhadneverpaidavisitbefore,二者构成的完整句为Theyhadneverpaidavisittotheplacebefore.因此,答案为D。此句的可转换概念进行相同意思引导词的考查,题干为Wecametoaplace_____theyhadnevervisitedbefore.其答案可以为which/that/省略引导词。17解析:考查为指示代词在从句中作主语的指代分析以及引导词的数量。此句中,those为定语从句的先行词,相当于thosestudents/clerks,finisheddiongit为定语从句成分,从句缺主语以及谓语动词的完成时态助动词。主语指人,用一般引导词who,引导词数量与先行词一致为复数。因此,答案为A19解析:考查完整的定语从句。此句中先行词在从句中作介词宾语,先行词相同意思用引导词充当,先行词指人。因此,答案为A20解析:考查定语从句相关意思引导词。此句先行词theschool,定语从句myfatheronceworked,二者构成的完整句o为Myfatheronceworkedintheschool.intheschool可以用固定关系引导词中的地点关系引导词where表示,也可以用随意性关系引导词inwhich表示。因此,答案为C21解析:前一空考查定语从句相关意思引导词;后一空考查定语从句整句先行词相同意思引导词。前一定语从句的完整句为Ilivedinthecountrywiththefarmersthoseyears.先行词在从句中作非主宾表成分,先行词与时间相关。后一定语从句的完整句在理解基础上的意思转换为Theexperiencehasagreateffectonmylife.Theexperience=Ilivedinthecountrywiththefarmersthoseyears。所以为整句先行词在从句中作主语。因此,答案为B22解析:考查定语从句整句先行词在从句中作主语。非限定性定语从句在意思理解基础上的完整句为Thisnaturalphenomenanwasmorethanwecouldexpect.Thisnaturalphenomenan=Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood.因此,答案为B23解析:考查定语从句整句先行词在从句中作宾语。非限定性定语从句的完整句为PersonlyIdoubtthattheworkwouldbedonebyOctoberverymuch.因此,答案为D24解析:考查非限定性定语从句整句先行词在从句中作主语。非限定性定语从句完整句为ItmadetheothersunhappythatDorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay.It=Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay.在从句中构成形式主语与真实主语关系。因此,答案为B25解析:非限定性定语从句引导词考点,先行词thefilm,放入从句为Theleadingactorofthefilmisworldfamous,先行词放入从句为of所有格作后置性定语,用相关意思引导词中的所属关系引导词。答案为C6