初中英语句子结构讲解及练习 52页

红杉树初中语法班2013/4/14SundayMark\n句子成分及练习\n一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。\n二）主语：主语(Subject)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事.是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：\n1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）\n7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）\n（三）谓语谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.\n（三）谓语2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如：DoyouspeakEnglish？Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtabadcold.（3）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。\n（四）表语表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：\n1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分词）5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）\n6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.（介词短语）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）\n注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：Heisateacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：Heseems(tobe)verysad.\n注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。4）感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：Theriverwasbeginningtorundry.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达"结果是;证明是"，之意，例如：Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.\n（五）宾语宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Heisdoinghishomework.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）\n4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）\n宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.\n下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：Herefusedtolendmehisbike.\n下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：Johnhasadmittedbreakingthewindow.\n下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。forgettodo表示“未发生的动作”，forgetdoing表示“已完成的动作”。如：Don'tforgettocomehereearliertomorrow.(还没来)Iforgotreturningthebooktohim.(书已还给他了)\n（六）宾语补足语宾语补足语（ObjectComplement），用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：\n1.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）\n（七）定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（名词）4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）\n5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）8.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.(定语从句)\n（八）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）\n4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.5.Waitaminute.6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（分词短语）（名词）（状语从句）\n9种状语种类如下：1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）\nShecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.9.Iamtallerthanheis.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）\n（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe---)等，如：Tobefrank,Idon’tquiteagreewithyou.\n(一).指出下列句中主语的中心词(4分，4分钟)① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.② There is an old man coming here.③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.\n(二).选出句中谓语的中心词(10分，10分钟)① I don't like the picture on the wall.    A. don't              B. like                C. picture       D. wall② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.    A. get                  B. longer            C. days   D. summer③ Do you usually go to school by bus?    A. Do                B. usually            C. go             D. bus④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.    A. will be           B. meeting          C. the library      D. afternoon⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?    A. Did                B. twins           C. have        D. breakfast⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.    A. Tom             B. didn't            C. do         D. his homework⑦ What I want to tell you is this.    A. want            B. to tell             C. you          D. is⑧ We had better send for a doctor.    A. We              B. had             C. send       D. doctor⑨ He is interested in music.    A. is                 B. interested       C. in         D. music⑩ Whom did you give my book to?    A. give             B. did                  C. whom        D. book\n三)挑出下列句中的宾语（10分，10分钟）①My brother hasn't done his homework.A        B      C           D② People all over the world speak English.A     B                C                    D③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.A         B              C          D④ How many new words did you learn last class?A       B   C    D⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?A                                           B                 C               D⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.A                      B         C        D⑦ They made him monitor of the class.A      B     C      D⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.A            B                        C             D⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.A     B            C     D⑩ They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.A           B          C                     D\n((四)挑出下列句中的表语(5分，5分钟)① The old man was feeling very tired.A             B        C            D② Why is he worried about Jim?A        B      C       D③ The leaves have turned yellow.A           B        C       D④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.A           B              C              D⑤ She was the first to learn about it.A         B       C         D\n(五)挑出下列句中的定语(6分，6分钟)① They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name.A     B                                C        D② What is your given name?A    B           C      D③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.A     B  C              D④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.A       B       C                    D⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.A             B                  C        D⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!A       B                     C                D\n(六)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语(6分，6分钟)① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.             A          B                          C                                             D② He asked her to take the boy out of school.A     B            C                   D③ She found it difficult to do the work.A      B     C               D④ They call me Lily sometimes.A    B   C       D⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.A  B          C               D⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?A                 B                     C                     D\n(七)挑出下列句中的状语（8分，8分钟）①There was a big smile on her face.A      B          C             D② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.A                B          C           D③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.A       B          C                   D④ The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast.A               B                        C              D ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.A                                   B    C       D⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.A     B          C                     D⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.A       B                    C                         D⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.A            B                C                        D\n(八)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语(5分，5分钟)① Please tell us a story.② My father bought a new bike for me last week.③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.⑤ Did he leave any message for me?\n练习一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.S.AttributeO.PredicateAdverbialAttributeAdverbialAdverbial\n6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.AttributePredicativeO.PredicateS.PredicateS.PredicativePredicateO.AdverbialAO.RO.\n14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest，yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.O.AttributeParenthesisO.AdverbialAdverbialAS.PredicativeO.C.O.C.Predicative\n划分句子成分1.weareworking.2.Icanswimverywell.3.Thewaiterbroughtabottleofbeertome.4.Whydoesthewindblow.5.Therainhasbeenpullingdownforawholeday.6.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.7.Jimaskedyoutogivehisbestwishestoeveryone.8.Youmustgetthecarreadybytomorrow.\n9.Ihavealotofclothestowash.Ihavealotofclothestobewashed.10.Hegavehissonsomeadviceonreading.11.Readmethefirstparagraph.12.I’veorderedsomesoupforyou.13.HebeganleaningEnglishtenyearsago.14.Mybeinglateworriedmyteacher.15.Thatpresidenthimselfwouldvisitourschoolexcitedallofus.16.April’Dayisthespecialdayoftheyearwhenyouplayajokeonsomeone.\n17.Heusuallytakesanapafterlunch,asishishabit.18.Ifoundthebookinthecorneroftheroom.19.hefinishedlunchandwentintothegarden.20.Thetelephonerang.21.Westudyhard.22.Hisfathermighthavedied.23.Willyouleavethedooropenwhengoingout.24.Canyoumakethedogstandstill?\n25.Thelandlordhadthemworkingdayandnight.26.Ithinkasoundknowledgeofgrammarisimportanttogoodwriting.27.Weallbreathe,eat,drink.28.Iwokeupat6:00inthemorning.29.Thebookweighsfivekilos.30.TheywillbeflyingtoLondon.31.Theshopassistantfoundsomecertainmaterialsforme.32.HepromisedmeanewEnglish-Chinesedictionary.\n33.Pleasepassanewly-publishedmagazinetome.34.HelivedinGuangZhou.35.Thefatherisshowingtheboyhowtoplanttrees.36.Hisunclelefthimsomemoney.37.SheisteachingthepianotoseveralofthevillagechildrenandshehastaughtusEnglishfor3years.38.Ilikepopularmusic.39.Sheknowswhattodonext.40.Itexcitedallofusthatthepresidentwouldvisitourschool.\n二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（—）、谓语（＝）、宾语（～）：Ihopeyouareverywell.I'mfine,buttired.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm.Augustisthehottestmonthhere.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat.Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm.\nAlthoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim.Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest.Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden.Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere.Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden.Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell.Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden.\n三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（—）、状语（＝）、补语（～）：MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime.Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy.Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside.It'sgreat!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion.Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer.Idon't,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty.InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates.TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates.InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime.HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep.Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents.\n四、选择填空：()1.____willleaveforBeijing.A.NowtherethemanB.ThemanherenowC.ThemanwhoisherenowD.Themanisherenow()2.Theweather____.A.wetandcoldB.iswetandcoldC.notwetandcoldD.werewetandcold()3.Theappletasted____.A.sweetsB.sweetlyC.nicelyD.sweet\n()4.Hegotup____yesterdaymorning.A.latelyB.lateC.latestD.latter()5.Theactor______attheageof70.A.deadB.diedC.dyedD.dying()6.____wereallverytired,butnoneof____wouldstoptotakearest.A.We,usB.Us,weC.We,ourD.We,we\n()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch______.A.crowdB.crowdingC.crowdedD.crowdedly()8.Ithink_____necessarytolearnEnglishwell.A.itsB.itC.thatD.thatis\n()9.Thedog____mad.A.looksB.islookedC.isbeinglookedD.waslooked()10.Iwillneverforgettheday______Ijoinedthearmy.A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.where\n句子成分详解表句子成分意义充当词类例句主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么事名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或句子WestudyinHuangQiaoMiddleSchool.谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样动词或动词词组Sheisdancingunderthetree.宾语表示动作行为的对象同主语BothofuslikeEnglish.表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语Herfatherisachemist.Hiswordssoundreasonable.定语用来修饰名词或代词形，代，数，名,副，介词短语或句子Wehaveeightlessonseveryday.状语修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等副词，介词短语或句子Heworksveryhard.TheyheldapartyinHollywood.宾语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词，名词，介词短语等Shealwayskeepsthehouseclean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！