初中英语阅读技巧及练习讲解 9页

八年级英语阅读理解与完形填空阅读理解一、阅读理解：在中考中占的比重很大。阅读理解能力属于语言的领会技能。包括对书面语言的识别、理解、推理、判断和快速记忆等几个方面。不仅仅涉及到语音、语法、词汇这些语言因素、还涉及到非语言因素，即：阅读者对所学语言国家的社会和文化背景知识的掌握、对所读材料内容的熟悉、个人经历、生活常识、逻辑知识和语言修养等各方面。二、阅读技巧：1、阅读时要扩大视距。2、要理解段落或文章的细节。3、要学会猜测词义。4、要理解中心思想。5、要具备合理推理和判断的能力。三、考查类型：1、文章主旨和大意的考查。这类试题主要是考查对文章的理解程度，考查内容包括作者的写作目的，文章的中心思想等内容。考生只有读懂全文，才能选出正确答案。2、细节和事实的考查。做此类试题一定要抓住事件发生的时间、地点、人物、发展过程和结局等环节，所选答案一定要符合原文，切不可望文生义。3、词义或句义的考查。这些词句往往具有深层意义，要透过表层意义来理解深层意义，或根据句子的语法关系分析其含义，要反复琢磨，仔细推敲，弄清作者的真正意图，从而选择正确答案。遇到生词，要根据上下文和一定的构词法知识，如前缀、后缀来分析、判断、猜测其词形和含义。4、结论或推论性考查。这类考题答案的选择往往无所谓正确与错误之别，而是最佳与非最佳之别。因此，须读懂通篇文章，弄懂作者的写作要旨，按照文章的内容和逻辑关系，做出符合原文逻辑或主旨的结论或推论，才能选出最佳答案。5、拟选题目考查。一篇文章究竟应加一个什么样的题目为最佳，主要取决于文章的内容，英语文章标题的特点一般多以短语或简单句为主。选择标题的一般标准是：一要切题，即能够概括出全文的主旨；二要简洁，即文字要简单明了。四、阅读理解题型介绍：1、选择答案型阅读理解2、判断正误型阅读理解3、完成句子型阅读理解4、回答问题型阅读理解五、阅读理解的解题步骤：1、浏览全文，捕捉信息。要求学生通过浏览全文，掌握其大意了解作者的观点和写作意图。2、细读思考题，分析信息。通读（浏览全文）短文后，已对文章或段落大意有所了解再读考题，对要捕捉的信息进行分析、推理，这样便可先解答与主题思想有关的问题。3、复读全文，抓住细节。带着问题去复读，可缩小复读的范围，更便于捕捉关键的信息。复读时可边读边用铅笔做些标记，把有关的人物、事件、时间、地点、起因（即5W：who,what,when,where,why）划出来。例如：凡逢人物就圈起来，看完一遍，有几个圈就是几个人，一目了然。经过这样的处理，你对文章的内容和细节便清楚了，对其中矛盾的产生、发展和解决心里就会有底了。另外，在复读全文时，还应特别注意首段或每一自然段的首句，以及结尾句。因为短文的首句和首段往往是作者要说明的对象或事件的起因；作者阐述自己的观点或事件发生的时间、地点与人物的联系。结尾句、段是事件的结论或作者表达的态度、意图、目的等。这样一来便容易抓住中心，为准确、快速地解题打下良好的基础。\n4、解答问题，选定答案。对那些明显的，有把握的题可以断然圈定。遇到不会做的问题可暂时不做，把每个问题阅读完毕，等会做的题已做完，然后再回头做剩下的题目。在做题时，如果遇到困难，再重新查阅。这次重读，要针对问题的要求，抓住重点，一次求得正确答案。5、再读全文，核对答案。这是最后一步，也是重要的一步，不能疏忽。这一步骤要用全文的主题思想统率各考题，把我们在阅读和答题时所得到的信息归纳整理一遍后重新再读一遍短文检查答案，看是否前后一致；意义和语言知识是否和原文相符；是否符合逻辑等。发现前后矛盾、遗漏要点等错误，要立即纠正。要注意的是，改正原来选定的答案，一定要慎之又慎。一定要有充分的理由，才可改前答案。六、阅读理解题技巧分析:1、事实询问题此类题型的问题以what、who、which、when、where、how或why等词引导，就文中某句、某段或某一具体细节设问并要求考生回答：如：TheInternetcanshowyoualotofjobsallovertheworld.IfyouwanttofindajobontheInternet,usethewords“jobsearch”or“employment”tofindthewebsitesyouneed.（）WhatdoesthepassagetellyoutodofirstifyouwanttofindajobontheInternet?A.Totypein“jobsearch”tofindthewebsites.B.Towriteagoodresume.C.ToprepareforaninterviewD.TogetanEnglishdictionary这是一道典型的事实询问题，因为它的答案可以直接从文段中找到。根据第二句话，可以得知A为正确答案。解这类题的主要方法是：1.明确题意。2.寻找答案来源。3.找准关键词。4.反复阅读。2、推理判断题既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。这类试题常以如下句式发问：Whatcanyouconclude（下结论）fromthispassage?What’stheauthor’sattitude（态度）towards...?Wecaninferfromthepassagethat...Whichstatementis(not)true?做这类题要求考生在阅读同时，抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章结构，根据上下文内在联系，挖掘文章的深层含义。其次，对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机、事件中的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析，进一步加强理解，抓住实质性的东西。如：Oncetherewassomethingwrongwithamachineinafactory.TheworkerscoulddonothingbutturntoaGermanengineerforhelp,whodrewalineonitandsaid,“Takeoffthepartwherethelineisandchangeitforanewone.”Themachine,withanewlineon,beganrunningwellagain.Theengineerthenaskedfor$30,000forwhathehaddone.Thefollowingwerewhathewroteonabill,“Thenewpartonlycostsonedollar,andknowingwheretheproblemwiththemachineiscosts$29,999.”（）Whatcanyouconcludefromthispassage?A.theengineeraskedfortoomuchmoneyB.theworkersshouldpaythemoneyC.theknowledgeisworthmoneyD.thenewpartcouldcostmore这篇短文是作者讲的一个故事，那么通过这个故事我们可以判断出什么呢？虽然作者没有言明，但是我们可以断定，发现问题的所在需要智慧和知识，知识是创造价值的源泉，因此此题的正确答案应为C。\n3、数据推算题此题要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。VisitSwanseaZooComeandseetheIndianelephantsandthenewtigersfromAmerica.Thebearsarewaitingtomeetyou,andthemonkeysfromChinaarewaitingtothrowthingsatyou.ThelovelydogsfromAustraliaarewaitingtolaughatyou,andthegiraffesfromZambiaarewaitingtolookdownonyou.TicketsOpeningtimeGrown-ups:$39:00am–––4:00pmChildren:Over12:$2exceptFridayUnder12:Free10:00am––3:00pm（）1.HowmuchdoesMrSmithhavetopayifhevisitsthezoowithhissonsoffourteenandten?A.$2.00b.$5.00C.$4.00D.$3.00（）2.Whichofthefollowingisthevisitingtime?A.8:30am,WedB.9:30am,FriC.3:00pm,SunD.4:00pm,Tue做此类题一要抓住有关的数据，二要从众多的信息中找出那些有用的信息，三要抓住一些关键词。实际上，上述两题都可看作数据推算题，一题是算钱，另一题是算时间。通过阅读我们发现布告中的所有数据都是有用的，那么关键词是：grown-ups,children,over12,under12,openingtime,exceptFriday。第一题中MrSmith是成人，须买3块钱的门票，他一个14岁的儿子需买2块钱的门票，另一个不满12岁的儿子可免票，所以MrSmith先生需花5块钱，B是正确答案。第二题C是正确答案。4、主旨大意题此类题型用以考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解。如：Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?Whatdoesthewriterwanttotellus?Whatisthebesttitleofthispassage?每一篇文章都有它的主题句，而每一个段落也各有主题句，它一般都用来表示一篇文章或一个段落的主旨大意。因此，找出文章和各段落的主题句（往往为第一句或最后一句）是解题的关键。抓住了主题句，文章的最佳标题也就不难确定了。如：推理判断题哪一节中的例文我们给它起个什么标题好呢？我们在它后面再加上一段话：Onedollarforchanginganewpartsoundsreasonable（合理的）,butthe$29,999isexactlythevalueofwisdomandknowledge.（）Thebesttitleforthepassageshouldbe________.A.TheValueofKnowledgeB.HelplessWorkersC.TheExpensiveMachineD.TheLuckyFactory文中的最后一句是整篇文章的主题句，也就是文章的标题，即：TheValueofKnowledge“知识的价值”，A为正确答案。5、经验常识题此类题主要是考查中学生应有的多项综合知识，包括：社会、天文、史地、科普及生活常识等。此类题往往与文章没有直接关系，学生只能凭自己的常识进行判断，然后做出符合规律的正确选择。如：（）Wecanguesswhenagiraffeseesatiger______.A.itwillrunawayasfastaspossibleB.itwillruntoeatthetigerC.itwillmakethetigerbringitsomethingtoeat\nD.itwillmakeoneofthesmallestanimalsbringthetigersomethingtoeat这就是一道考查常识的题，长颈鹿看到老虎当然是尽快跑开，故A是正确答案。6、任务型阅读任务型阅读是近几年随着任务型教学出现的新题型，它往往集中了上面所述的几种题，以看图或阅读文章填表，填空等形式出现。要求考生通过阅读完成所给任务。考查学生对图表或文章的理解程度以及表达自己观点的能力。请看下例：根据题目要求完成任务。（2004，北京海淀）假如你正在为一些中国学生做导游，参观，游览英国伦敦的一个公园。请你根据下面公园的示意图，为他们说明a、b、c、d四项公园规则。（请写关键信息，句式不限。）例：Norecorders,please.62.Signa:________________________Signb:___________________________63.Signc:_________________________Signd:____________________________这道题让考生辨认图标，是一道常识和识图解意相结合的题，同时也是读写结合题。通过考生所写文字判断他对图的认识程度和根据语言功能造句的能力。本题答案如下：Sinaa:Don’tplayfootballhere!Signb:Nobikeshere!Signc:Don’tthrowbottlesintothelakeSignd:Noswimming!中考阅读理解短文的题材广泛，包括：政治、经济、文学、史地、社会生活、科普知识、人物传记等。体裁以叙述文、议论文、说明文、应用文为主。叙述文描述人或事及相关情景的发生和发展经过。说明文是对事物现象的说明或解释。议论文论证某一观点是否正确，由论点、论据与论证构成。应用文以广告为主。中考阅读理解题主要考查考生对单词、词组、语法、句型、惯用法的综合运用及其英语思维的能力。其文段长度一般为200－300单词，生词率不超过3％，要求考生阅读速度为每分钟50－70个词。（一）Hi,Louis!I’mwritingtotellyousomethingaboutthecustoms(习俗)andfestivals(节日).Everyonelovesholidayssinceonedoesn’tneedtogotoschoolorwork.Althoughallholidaysmeannoschoolandwork,butnotallofthemarethesame.Onsomeofthemyougooutwithfriends;onothersyoustayhometoeat,talk,andhavefunwithyourfamily.ForexampleintheU.S.,everyonethinksNewYear’sEveandNewYeararebothforpartyingwithfriends.Christmasisthetimetostayhomeandexchangegiftswithfamilymembers.TheoppositeistrueinJapanthough.Forexample,inJapan,NewYearisforspendingtimewiththefamilytoeat,talk,havefun,andgotothetemples.ButChristmasisforboyandgirlfriendstogooutandexchangegifts.OriginallyChristmasshouldbetocelebratethebirthofChrist.IhavebeeninterestedinforeigncustomssinceIwaslittle.Ifyoulearnthesedifferentholidaycustoms,youwilllearnaboutdifferenthistoriesandcultures.Thisismuchmoreinterestingthanlearningthematthelibrary\nfrommorningtoevening.Love,Sue根据短文内容，判断正误。正确的用“T”表示，错误的用“F”表示。1.Usually,nobodygoestoschoolorworksduringholidays.2.Christmasisthetimetostayhometoeat,talkandhavefunwiththefamily.3.Allthecountrieshavethesamewaytocelebratetheholidays.4.Beinginterestedinforeigncustomsmeansbeinginterestedindifferenthistoriesandcultures.5.ThispassageisaboutthecustomsandholidaysinJapan.（二）Candolphinstalk?Maybetheycan’ttalkwithwords,buttheytalkwithsounds.Theyshowtheirfeelingswithsounds.Dolphinstravelinagroup.Wecallagroupoffisha“school”.Theydon’tstudy,buttheytraveltogether.Dolphinstalktotheotherdolphinsintheschool.Theygiveinformation.Theytellwhentheyarehappyorsadorafraid.Theysay“welcome”whenadolphincomesbacktotheschool.Theytalkwhentheyplay.Theymakeafewsoundsabovewater.Theymakemanymoresoundsunderwater.Peoplecannothearthesesoundsbecausetheyarevery,veryhigh.Scientistsmaketapesofthesoundsandstudythem.Sometimespeoplecatchadolphinforalargeaquarium（水族馆）.Peoplecanwatchthedolphinsinashow.Dolphinsdon’tliketobeawayfromtheirschoolinanaquarium.Theyaresadandlonely（孤独的）.Therearemanystoriesaboutdolphins.Theyhelppeople.Sometimestheysavesomebody’slife.Dolphinmeatisgood,butpeopledon’tliketokillthem.Theysaythatdolphinsbringgoodluck.Manypeoplebelievethis.1.Dolphinsshowtheirfeelingswith___________.A.picturesB.wordsC.waterD.sounds2.Peoplecan’thearthedolphin’ssoundsbecause________.A.theyareabovethewaterB.theyareunderthewaterC.theyareveryhighD.theyareverylow3.Whichoneistrueaccordingtothepassage?A.DolphinsswimtogetherinaschoolbecausetheywanttostudyB.Theydon’tstudy,buttheytravelinagroupC.Dolphinsliketobeawayfromtheirschoolonanisland.D.Dolphinsliketokillpeople（三）\n1.Youare26yearsoldandwanttobeateacher.Youshouldapplyto________.A.CapesTaxi,17PalaceRoad,RostonB.RecruitmentOffice,SouthernAirlines,HeathrowAirportWest,HR37KKC.theDirectorofStudies,InstantLanguagesLtd.,279CanalStreet.Roston.D.aprivatelanguageschool.2.WhatstopsJack,anexperiencedtaxidriver,workingforCapesTaxis.A.Fondofbeerandwine.B.Punished（处罚）fordrivingtoofastandwrongparking.C.Unabletospeakaforeignlanguage.D.Nothavingcollegeeducation.3.Ben,aged22,fondofswimminganddriving,hasjustfinishedcollege.Whichjobmightbegiventohim?A.DrivingforCapesTaxiB.WorkingforSouthernAirlinesC.TeachingatInstantLanguagesLtd.D.WorkingforNorthernAirlines.4.Whatprevents（阻止）Mary,aged25,frombecominganairhostessA.SheoncebrokeatrafficlawandwasfinedB.Shecan’tspeakJapaneseverywell.C.ShehasneverworkedasanairhostessbeforeD.Shedoesn’tfeellikeworkinglonghoursflyingabroad.5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtalkedaboutinthethreeadvertisements?A.WhetherheorsheismarriedB.WhethertheyaremenorwomenC.TheireducationD.Theages（四）Allmyfriendsatschoolsmoked.Mydadsmoked;hedidn’twantmetosmokebutmyfriendskeptsayingIwasstupid.TheyaskedwhenIwasgoingtogrowup.SoIstartedwhenIwassixteenandafteramonthIcouldn’tstop.ButtwoyearslaterIcouldfeelwhatsmokingwasdoingtome.Icouldn’trunfar,andIcoughedeverymorning.Igotveryillanddecidedtostop.Itwasn’teasy,butnowI’vedoneit,andIfeelbetter.NowIhavemoneyforotherthings.Ifyousmoke,youaretwiceaslikelytodiefromaheartattack.Andthemoreyousmoke,theearliertheheart\nattackislikelytobe.Forexample,a50-year-oldwhosmokesmorethan20cigarettesaday,isfourtimesmorelikelytohaveheartdiseasethananon-smokerofthesameage.Whatdoessmokingdototheheart?Firstofall,itmakestheheartbeatfasterandincreasesthebloodpressure.Thecigarettesmokealsoreducestheamountofoxygenintheblood.Consequently,thehearthastoworkharder,withlessoxygen.Finally,yourarterieswillnarrowfasterifyousmoke.Soifyouwanttoreduceyourchancesofgettingheartdisease,theansweriseasy––nottosmoke.Don’tcopyyourfriendsandotherpeoplewhosmoke.Ifyousmoke,findouthowtostop.Stoppingisn’teasy,butyou’llbehealthier,and....1.Whoismorelikelytohaveheartdisease?A.AsmokerB.Anon-smokerC.A50-year-oldperson2.Whatdoesthewriterthinkofsmoking?A.ItisgoodforhishealthB.SmokingisbadforhimC.Isitneithergoodnorbadforhisheath3.Whathappensafterthewriterstoppedsmoking?A.HebecomesrichB.HehasmorefriendsC.Hebecomeshealthierandhasmoneytodootherthings.（五）NewYorkisoneofthemostexcitingcitiesintheworld.YoumightwanttodosomeshoppinginNewYork.FifthAvenueisprobablyNewYork’smostfamousshoppingstreet,butifyougo,bepreparedto“windowshop”only.Thisisshoppingfortherich.Thereareother,lessexpensiveshoppingareasnearby,andyou’llsooncomeacrossfamousstoressuchasBloomingdales,Macy’sandFAOSchwartz.Andifyou’vebroughtyourrollerblades,thenavisittoCentralParkisamust.Thisisalarge,openparkrightinthemiddleofManhattan,butifyouthoughtthatpeoplecameheretorelax,sitdownforafewminutesandgetawayfromtherushofNewYorklife,thenyou’dbewrong.NobodysitsinCentralPark:theyrun,jog（慢跑）,andmostofalltheyrollerblade.WhenyouleaveNewYork,youmightbetired,evenpoorandoverweight,buttheonethingyouwon’tbeisbored!根据短文内容，回答问题。1.Whywouldyouprobablyonly“windowshop”inFifthAvenue?_____________________________________________________________2.WhatdosomewaitersandwaitressesinNewYorkwearontheirfeet?_____________________________________________________________3.Whatdon’tpeopledoinCentralPark?_____________________________________________________________（六）IntheUSA,therearemanytypesofrestaurants.Fastfoodrestaurantsareveryfamous.YoucanfindMcDonald’sandKentuckyFriedChickeninmanycountriesaroundtheworld.Youlookatamenuabovethecounter,andsaywhatyou’dliketoeat.Youpaythepersonwhoservesyou.Youtakeyourfoodandsitdownortakeitaway.There’snoneedtoleaveatip.Inacoffeeshopyousitatthecounteroratatable.Youdon’twaitforthewaitresstoshowyouwheretosit.\nSheusuallybringsyoucoffeewhenyousitdown.Youtellherwhatyou’dliketoeatandshebringsittoyou.Youpaythecashierasyouleave.Adinerislikeacoffeeshopbutusuallylookslikearailwaycarriage.Inafamilyrestauranttheatmosphereiscasual,butthewaitressshowsyouwheretosit.Oftenthewaitresstellsyouhername,butyoudon’tneedtotellheryours.Ifyoudon’teateverything,yourwaitressgivesyouadoggybagtotakeyourfoodhome.Youaddanextrafifteenpercenttothebillasatip.Intopclassrestaurants,youneedareservationandyouneedtoarriveontime.Thewaitershowsyouwheretosit.Ifyouhavewine,hemayaskyoutotasteit.Youcanonlyrefuseitifittastesbad,notifyoudon’tlikeit.Whenyougetyourbill,checkitandthenaddfifteentotwentypercenttoitasatipforthewaiter.1.counter柜台2.tip小费3.carriage火车车厢4.casual随意的5.percent百分之……6.reservation预定7.refuse拒绝1.Thereare______typesofrestaurantshere.A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.six2.Weshouldsit______inacoffeeshop.A.nearthedoorB.inthecornerC.atacounterD.onthefloor3.Inwhatkindofrestaurantdoesthewaitressoftentellyouhername?A.InatopclassrestaurantB.InafastfoodrestaurantC.InacoffeeshopD.Inafamilyrestaurant4.Howmuchdoyouneedtotipinatopclassrestaurant?A.TenpercentB.FifteenpercentC.ThirtypercentD.Fortypercent（七）IfyouaskDanielRadcliffewhoactedHarryPottertopickaspecialmomentfromthelastyearofhislife,youwillfinditalmostimpossible.“Oh,wow,that’sreallydifficult,”hesayswithasmile.“Therehavebeensomanythings,somanymemoriesthatattimesit’shardtorecallthemall,”saysDaniel.“ButIguessoneofthebestoneswastheLondonpremiereforTbePbilosopber’sStone.Itwasjustamazing,oneofthebestnightsofmylife.”“ButI’vehadsuchagreattimedoingTbeCbamberofSecrets.Ilovedoingthework.Ilovemeetingnewpeopleandbeingpartoftheteam.It’sbeengreat.”Danielhaschanged.Heturned14inJuly,2002.Heistaller,hisvoiceisdeeperandhisframeisfillingoutashebeginshisteenageyears,andhehasbecomeanexcellentactor,too.DanielwasborninLondonwherehisfather,Alan,workedasanagentandhismother,Marcia,asacastingdirector,andbothhavebeenanessentialguidinginfluenceontheironlychild.1.impossible不可能的2.recall回忆3.premiere首映4.amazing令人惊异的5.theChamberofSecrets《密室》6.agent经纪人7.castingdirector负责物色演员的人8.essential极为重要的根据短文内容，判断正误。正确的用“T”表示，错误的用“F”表示1.DanielRadcliffisfifteenyearsoldin2003.2.Danieldidn’thavemanyspecialmomentsin2002.3.OneofhisbestmemorieswastheLondonpremierefor7Pbilosopber’sStone.4.Daniellikesmakingfriends.5.Daniel’sfatherisanagentinAmerica.\n阅读理解参考答案：（一）TFFTF（二）DCB（三）CBCDA（四）ABC（五）1.Becauseitisshoppingfortherich2.Rollerblades3.Sit（六）BCDB（七）TFTTF