初中现在完成时讲解和练习 4页

现在完成时I.定义：1.表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。2.也可以表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态II.现在完成时的结构have/has+done(过去分词)注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如:come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。用来持续的动作或状态或表过去重复的动作，如live，study，be，wait等，常和since（自从）或for（经历）引导的词语连用。如：Ihavelivedhereformorethanthirtyyears.我已在此住了30多年。III.现在完成时的时间状语　1.　ever,never,twice（once…）,sofar（到目前为止）,,already（肯定句）,yet（否定，疑问句）,just(刚刚),before（以前）,recently（近来）等词连用2.Since+时间点，for+时间段，inthepast/lastfewyears表示短暂时间动作的词，如:come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。用来持续的动作或状态或表过去重复的动作，如live，study，be，wait等，常和since（自从）或for（经历）引导的词语连用。说明：already与yet都有“已经”的意思，但already常用于肯定句，并用于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，并用于句末。例如：Ihavealreadyfinishedmyhomework.Ihaven’tfinishedmyhomeworkyet.Haveyoufinishedyourhomeworkyet?Theyhaveleft.(他们已经离开了,也就是说现在他们人不在这里)Ihavehadmylunch.(我已经吃过午饭了,也就是说我现在不饿)Ican’tfindmywatchnow.IthinkIhavealreadylostit.注意：1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday,lastweek,threeyearsago等;2)不能与when连用IV.现在完成时的用法A．表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调对现在造成的影想或结果）。例如：Thecarhasarrived.　车子来了。（结果：车子已在门口）Someonehasbrokenthewindow.有人把窗户打破了。（结果：窗户仍破着）B.表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括“现在”在内）的一段时间的状语连用,如for+时间段、since+过去的时间点、疑问词howlong等。例如：Myunclehasworkedatthisfactoryforfiveyears.我叔叔在这个工厂工作已经五年了。Mr.BlackhaslivedinChinasince2002.自从2002年Mr.Black一直住在中国。Howlonghaveyoubeenhere?你来这里多久了？用相应的延续性动词替换短暂性动词，句中谓语动词用现在完成时，时间状语为“for＋时间段”或“since＋时间点”。如：HehasbeenintheGreenChinaforthreeyears.HehasbeenamemberoftheGreenChinaforthreeyears.他加入“绿色中国”已经三年了。Theoldmandied4yearsago.----Theoldmanhasbeendeadfor4years.HejoinedtheParty2yearsago.----HehasbeeninthePartyfor2years.Iboughtthebook5daysago.----Ihavehadthebookfor5days.表示时间段的短语有:for+一段时间(for2years),since+从句(sincehecamehere),since+时间点名词(sincelastyear,since5daysago),howlong;foralongtime等。V.现在完成时态与一般过去时态的区别1一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。Isawthisfilmyesterday.（强调动作发生的时间是yesterday。）Ihaveseenthisfilm.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）2一般过去时和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：…ago,lastweek/...in2008,inthepast,justnow,thedaybeforeyesterday,yesterday..then(那时),thatday,oneday,once(从前)现在完成时常和recently（近来），ever,never,twice,sofar（到目前为止）,since，for，inthepast/lastfewyears,already（肯定句）,yet（否定，疑问句）,just(刚刚),before（以前）连用。现在完成时不与表示过去的时间状语连用。现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.VI.比较have/hasbeento、have/hasgoneto和havebeeninhave(has)beento...表示“曾去过某地，已经从那里回来了”，可以和ever、never、twice等连用。have(has)goneto表示“已经去了某地，在去那里的途中或到达那里还没有回来”。have(has)beenin表示“在某地呆多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：since,for,howlong等HewenttoShanghailastweek上周他去了上海HehasbeentoShanghai.他(曾经)到/去过上海.(但他人现在肯定不是在上海而是回来了)HehasgonetoShanghai.他已经去上海了.(也许刚动身出发,也许已经到了,也许还在路上,反正他人不在这里)Mr.BrownhasbeeninShanghaiforthreedays.布朗先生来上海已经有三天了 　六．过去分词　　　1、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：　　(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ed”。　　work---worked---worked,visit---visited---visited　　(2)、以“e”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“d”。　　live---lived---lived,　　(3)、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，将"y"变为"i"，再加“ed”。\n　　study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried　　(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ed”。　　stop---stopped---stopped,drop---dropped--dropped　　2、不规则动词：　　AAA型　burstburstbursthurthurthurtletletlet　castcastcast　　　costcostcost　　cutcutcuthithithit　　putputput　　　shutshutshut　　spreadspreadspreadsetsetset　readreadread  read原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/　　AAB型beatbeatbeatenABA型becomebecamebecome　runranrun　　comecamecome　　特殊情况　　ABB型　　bringbroughtbrought　　buyboughtbought　　buildbuiltbuilt　　burnburntburnt　　catchcaughtcaught　　digdugdug　　feelfeltfelt　　fightfoughtfought　　findfoundfound　　hearheardheard　　holdheldheld　　keepkeptkept　　laylaidlaid　　leadledled　　loselostlost　　makemademade　　meetmetmet　　sellsoldsold　　shootshotshot　　sitsatsat　　standstoodstood　　sweepsweptswept　　teachtaughttaught　　telltoldtold　　thinkthoughtthought　winwonwon　　ABC型　　beginbeganbegun　　blowblewblown　　breakbrokebroken　　choosechosechosen　　drawdrewdrawn　　drivedrovedriven　　drinkdrankdrunk　　flyflewflown　　forgiveforgaveforgiven　　forgetforgotforgotten　　freezefrozefrozen　　givegavegiven　　growgrewgrown　　knowknewknown　　rideroderidden　　riseroserisen　　ringrangrung　　shakeshookshaken　　singsangsung　　sinksanksunk　　swimswamswum　　throwthrewthrown　　writewrotewritten七．瞬间动词（buy,die,join,come，go,leave,join……）不能直接与forsince连用。要改变动词buy----have borrow-----keepgoout----beoutbegin-----beoncome/arrive/reach/getto-----bein   leave----beawayfinish----beover　open----beopen  close-----becloseddie----bedead★1.have代替buy　　Mybrotherhashad(不能用hasbought)thisbikeforalmostfouryears.★2、用keep或have代替borrow　　Ihavekept(不能用haveborrowed)thebookforquiteafewdays.★3、用be替代becomeHowlonghasyoursisterbeenateacher?★4、用haveacold代替catchacold　　Tomhashadacoldsincethedaybeforeyesterday.　　★5、用wear代替puton　　b)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词　　1、be＋married代marry2、be＋ill代fall(get)ill　　3、be＋dead代die4、be＋asleep代fall(get)asleep　　5、be＋awake代wake/wakeup6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave　　7、be＋open代open8、beclosed代close/shut　　9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose　　c)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词　　1“be＋on”代start,begin　　2“be＋up”代getup　　3“be＋back(to)”代returnto,comebackto,gobackto　　4“behere(there)”代come(arrive,reach,get)here或go(arrive,reach,get)there等等　　d)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词　　1.“bein/at+地点”代替goto/cometo　　2.用beinthearmy代替jointhearmy　　3.“bein/at+地点”代替moveto　　常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：　　1.havearrivedat/insw.gotto/reachedsw.come/gone/movedtosw.　　→havebeeninsw./at…相应的介词　　2.havecome/goneback/returned→havebeenback　　3.havecome/goneout→havebeenout　　4.havebecome→havebeen　　5.haveclosed/opened→havebeenclose/open　　6.havegotup→havebeenup；7.havedied→havebeendead；　　8.haveleftsw.→havebeenawayfromsw.　　9.havefallenasleep/gottosleep→havebeenasleep；　　10.havefinished/ended/completed→havebeenover；　　11.havemarried→havebeenmarried；　　12.havestarted/beguntodosth.→havedonesth.；　　13.havebegun→havebeenon　　14.haveborrowed/bought→havekept/had　　15.havelost→haven’thad　　16.haveputon→haveworn　　17.havecaught/getacold→havehadacold；18.havegottoknow→haveknown　　19.have/hasgoneto→havebeenin　　20.havejoined/havetakenpartintheleague/theParty/thearmy→havebeenamemberof/havebeenin/havebeentheParty’smember/\n现在完成时练习（一）一、用过去时或现在完成时填空：1.“_________you__________(have)lunch?”“Yes.”“When________you__________(have)it?”“I____________(have)itat12:00.”2.“_________you__________(write)alettertoyourauntyet?”“Yes,I___________.I________________(write)onelastweek.”3.“_________he___________(finish)hishomework?”“Notyet.”4.“_________theyever__________(be)abroad?”“Yes,justonce.”5.Yourfather_________just___________(finish)hiswork.6.Yourfather_________(finish)hisworkjustnow.7.LasttermI__________(learn)manyEnglishwords.8.They____________(notread)theinterestingbooksyet.9.He_____________never____________(go)tothesciencemuseum.10.____________youever____________(drink)coke?11.Haveyou_____________(buy)adictionary?““Yes,I__________.”“Where______you___________(buy)it?”“I_________(buy)itinabookstore.”“When___________you_____________(buy)it?”“Yesterday.”二、单项选择。()1.Thefamouswriter_____onenewbookinthepasttwoyear.Ａ.iswritingＢ.waswritingＣ.wroteＤ.haswritten()2.HaveyoumetMr.Li____？Ａ.JustＢ.agoＣ.beforeＤ.amomentago()3.—Howlonghaveyou____here?—Abouttwomonths.　　Ａ.beenＢ.goneＣ.comeＤ.arrived()4.—Ourcountry____alotsofar.—Yes.Ihopeitwillbeeven______.　Ａhaschanged;wellＢchanged;goodＣhaschangedbetterＤ.changed;better()5.—______you___yourhomeworkyet?—Yes.I_____itamomentago.Ａ.Did;do;finishedＢ.Have;done;finishedＣ.Have;done;havefinishedＤ.will;do;finish()6.We______XiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.　　Ａ.knowＢ.hadknownＣ.haveknownＤ.knew()7.HarryPotterisaverynicefilm.I_____twice.　　Ａ.willseeＢ.haveseenＣ.sawＤ.see()8.—ThesefarmershavebeentotheUnitedStates.—Really?When_____there?Ａ.willtheygoＢ.didtheygoＣ.dotheygoＤ.havetheygone()9.ZhouLang______already______inthisschoolfortwoyears.Ａwas;studyingＢ.will;studyＣ.has;studiedＤ.are;studying()10.Hisfather______thePartysince1998.　　Ａ.joinedＢ.hasjoinedＣ.wasinＤ.hasbeenin()11.—Doyouknowhimwell?—Sure.We______friendssincetenyearsago.　　ＡwereＢ.havebeenＣ.havebecomeＤ.havemade()12.Hehas___beentoShanghai,hashe?Ａ.alreadyＢ.neverＣ.everＤ.still()13.Hurryup!Theplay__________fortenminutes.　　Ａ.hasbegunＢ.hadbegunＣ.hasbeenonＤ.began()14.It___tenyearssinceheleftthearmy.Ａ.IsＢ.hasＣ.willＤ.was()15.MissGreenisn'tintheoffice.She_______tothelibrary.Ａ.hasgoneＢ.wentＣ.willgoＤ.hasbeen()16.Myparents______Shandongfortenyears.　　Ａ.havebeeninＢ.havebeento　Ｃ.havegonetoＤ.havebeen()17.Thestudentshavecleanedtheclassroom,____?A.sotheyB.don’ttheyC.havetheyD.haven’tthey()18.hasMr.WhitebeenamemberofGreenerChinasincehetoChina?A.Howsoon,comesB.Howoften,gotC.Howlong,cameD.Howfar,arrived()19.Hisuncleformorethan9years.A.hascomehereB.hasstartedtoworkC.haslivedthereD.haslefttheuniversity20、—______you___yourhomeworkyet?—Yes.I_____itamomentago.A.Did;do;finishedB.Have;done;finishedC.Have;done;havefinishedD.will;do;finish21、Hisfather______thePartysince1978.A.joinedB.hasjoinedC.wasinD.hasbeenin22、—Doyouknowhimwell?—Sure.We_________friendssincetenyearsago.A.wereB.havebeenC.havebecomeD.havemade23Whenhearrivedatthebusstop,thebus_____for20minutes.A.hasleftB.hadleftC.hasbeenawayD.hadbeenaway24.I______theLeaguefor5yearssofar.A.joinedB.havejoinedC.havebeenin24.Thefactory__sincetheFebruaryof1988.A.hasbeenopenB.hasopenedC.wasopenD.opened25.MaryandRose___friendssincetheymetin2000.A.havemadeB.havebeenC.made26.Themeeting_____foraweeknow.A.hasfinishedB.hasendedC.hasbeenover27.MissGao______thisschoolfornearly5years.A.hasbeeninB.hascometoC.hastaught30.Howlong_______he________?A.diedB.has,diedC.has,beendead31.He_____ateightyesterdayafternoon.A.sleptB.wassleepingC.hassleepD.hadslept32.He________thecarforaweek.A.boughtB.hasboughtC.hashad33.-----Howlong_____you_____ill?-----Twoweeks.A.didfallB.have,fellC.have,been35.I'lllendyouthebook,butyoucanonly_____itfor2days.A.borrowB.keepC.take40.-----HowlongcanI______thebook?------Twoweeks.A.borrowB.lendC.getD.keep四、用have/hasbeento/in,havegoneto及go的各种形式填空。\n1)WhereisJack?He__________hiscountry.2)David________theparkjustnow.3)John_______Englandsincehecameback.4)Howlong____you_____thisvillage?5)TheSmiths______Beijingforyears.6)_____youever___America?--Yes,I_____theremanytimes.7)I_____thisschoolsincethreeyearsago.8)WhereisJim?He_____thefarm.9)When_____he_____?He_______anhourago.10)Wouldyouliketo_____thezoowithme?---Yes,butI_____therebefore.五、延续性动词和瞬间性动词之间的转化1.Hedied10yearsago.——He______________for10years/since10yearsago.2.Heborrowedthebook2weeksago.——He_____________thebookfor2weeks.3.Heboughtthemotorbikeamonthago.——He___________themotorbikeforamonth.4.Hearrivedherethreedaysago.—He____________heresincethreedaysago.5.Theyturnedoffthelight2hoursago.——Thelight__________for2hours.6.Helefthere2yearsago.———He____________fromherefor2years.7.Thefilmbegan30minutesago.——Thefilm__________for30minutes.8.Theyopenedthedooranhourago.——Thedoor__________foranhour.9.Theyclosedthedooranhourago.——Thedoor___________foranhour.10.Hejoinedthearmylastyear.——He_____________a_______forayear.He_____________thearmyforayear.It____ayear____hejoinedthearmy.现在完成时练习（二）单项选择。1、Bothhisparentslooksad.Maybethey_____what'shappenedtohim.（2014呼和浩特）Ａ.knewＢ.haveknownＣ.mustknowＤ.willknow2、Hehas_______beentoShanghai,hashe?　　Ａ.alreadyＢ.neverＣ.everＤ.still3、HaveyoumetMrLi______？　　Ａ.justＢ.agoＣ.beforeＤ.amomentago4、Thefamouswriter_____onenewbookinthepasttwoyears.　　Ａ.iswritingＢ.waswritingＣ.wroteＤ.haswritten5、—Ourcountry______alotsofar.—Yes.Ihopeitwillbeeven______.　　Ａ.haschanged;wellＢ.changed;good　　Ｃ.haschanged;betterＤ.changed;better6、ZhaoLan______already______inthisschoolfortwoyears.　Ａ.was;studyingＢ.will;study　　Ｃ.has;studiedＤ.are;studying7、We______XiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.　　Ａ.knowＢ.hadknownＣ.haveknownＤ.knew8、HarryPotterisaverynicefilm.I_____ittwice.　　Ａ.willseeＢ.haveseenＣ.sawＤ.see9、—ThesefarmershavebeentotheUnitedStates.—Really?When___there?　　Ａ.willtheygoＢ.didtheygoＣ.dotheygoＤ.havetheygone10、—____you___yourhomeworkyet?—Yes.I___itamomentago.　　Ａ.Did;do;finishedＢ.Have;done;finished　　Ｃ.Have;done;havefinishedＤ.will;do;finish11、Hisfather______thePartysince1978.　　Ａ.joinedＢ.hasjoinedＣ.wasinＤ.hasbeenin12、—Doyouknowhimwell?—Sure.We_____friendssincetenyearsago.　　Ａ.wereＢ.havebeenＣ.havebecomeＤ.havemade13、—Howlonghaveyou____here?　　—Abouttwomonths.　　Ａ.beenＢ.goneＣ.comeＤ.arrived　14、Hurryup!Theplay__________fortenminutes.　　Ａ.hasbegunＢ.hadbegun　　Ｃ.hasbeenonＤ.began15、It_____tenyearssinceheleftthearmy.　　Ａ.isＢ.hasＣ.willＤ.was16、MissGreenisn'tintheoffice.she_______tothelibrary.　　Ａ.hasgoneＢ.wentＣ.willgoＤ.hasbeen