初中语法名词和数词讲解、练习含答案 10页

一．名词I.名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词     II.名词的数：1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,speciesli,yuan,jin,3只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),\nlooks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservants不可数名词复数的表达法III.名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.’s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加’stheboy’sfather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto,复数名词一般在末尾加’theteachers’room,thetwins’mother,不规则复数名词后加’sthechildren’stoys,women’srights,以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmiths’house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’sJapan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’sJapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s2.’s所有格的用法：１表示时间today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday2表示自然现象theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches3表示国家城市等地方的名词thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry4表示工作群体theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory5表示度量衡及价值amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词thelife’stime,theplay’splot7某些固定词组abird’seyeview,astone’sthrow,atone’swit’send(不知所措)3.of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents用于名词化的词：thestruggleoftheoppressed双重所有格：一将下列的名词变成复数形式。1．book___________________2.duck___________________3.house___________________4.orange___________________5.class___________________6.box___________________\n7.watch___________________8.bus___________________9.city___________________10.factory___________________11.country___________________12.family___________________13.hero___________________14.potato___________________15.tomato___________________16.photo___________________17.piano___________________18.knife___________________19.leaf___________________20.life___________________21.fish___________________22.sheep___________________23.foot___________________24.tooth___________________25.man___________________26.woman___________________27.fireman___________________28.policeman___________________29.postman___________________30.child___________________31.mouse___________________(   )1.These______havesavedmanychildren'slives.　A.womandoctors   B.womendoctor  C.womendoctors   D.womandoctor　(   )2.Therearemany        onthemountain.　　A.appletree       B.applestrees      C.applestree   D.appletrees　　(   )3.Thisis_______bedroom.Thetwinsisterslikeitverymuch.　　A.AnneandJane        B.Anne'sandJane's　　C.Anne'sandJane       D.AnneandJane's　　(   )4.---Arethereany_______onthefarm?　　---Yes,therearesome.　　A.horse     B.duck     C.chicken    D.sheep　　(   )5.---Whatwouldyouliketodrink,_______ororange?　　---Orange,please.　　A.hamburger     B.chip      C.tea      D.cakes　　(   )6.---Theyarethirsty.Willyoupleasegivethem______?　　---\nCertainly.　　A.somebottlesofwaters      B.somebottlesofwater　　C.somebottleofwater         D.somebottleofwaters1.C2.C3.C4.D5.D6.C1．Lastnight,therewasafoodaccident.The_______wereill,butno_______werelost.A.child,lives    B.children,life    C.children,lives   D.child,life2.---Thisisaphotoof_________whentheywereyoung.　---OK,howhappytheybothlooked!A.myfatherandmother            B.mymotherandfather'sC.mymother'sandfather's          D.myfather'sandmymother3.Thenewstudentisin__________,GradeTwo.　　  A.ClassThird    B.ThirdClass    C.ClassThree     D.Threeclass　　4.TodayisSeptember10th.It's__________Day.Let'sgoandbuysomeflowersforourteachers.　　 A.Teachers      B.Teachers'      C.theTeachers'      D.Teacher's　　5.Themarketisn'tfarfromhere.It'sonly_________bicycleride.　　 A.halfanhours'   B.halfanhour's    C.halfanhour     D.anhourandahalf　　6.---Whatwouldyouliketodrink,girls?　　 ---_________,please.　　 A.Twocupofcoffee      B.Twocupsofcoffe　　 C.Twocupsofcoffee     D.Twocupsofcoffees　　7.DuringChristmas,peoplegettogetherandsingChristmassongsfor_________.\n　　 A.fun        B.wishes      C.interest      D.thanks　　8.Some_________areflyingkitesneartheriver.　　 A.child       B.boy      C.boys       D.childs　　9.Aftertheexam,we'llhave________holiday.　　 A.twoweeks   B.two-weeks   C.twoweeks'    D.twoweek's　　10.Theyarethose_________bags.Pleaseputthemonthebus.　　 A.visitor     B.visitors       C.visitor's         D.visitors'数词：数词分为基数词和序数词：基数词：表示数量的多少。如：one,two,three等序数词：表示排列顺序。如：first,second,third等基数词和序数词的总结：基数词序数词onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineteneleventwelvethirteenfourteenfifteensixteenseventeen\neighteennineteentwentythirtyfortyfiftysixtyseventyeightyninetyOnehundredOnethousand数词的应用：（时间、年月日、数学运算）1）读时间：a.你知道整点的时间怎么读吗？如：6：0012:00（直接读小时，也可以在后面加上o’clock）B.不是整点的时间：8:104:45(直接表达法，先读小时，再读分钟)3:056:01（当分钟数在十分钟以下时，需要在小时和分钟之间加上“o”,读字母o的发音）我们也可以用间接表达法，即借助某些单位和介词来表达。每15分钟为一刻钟，英语是aquarter.每30分钟是半个小时，英语是half.少于30分钟用past表示。大于30分钟用to表示，但是时钟数要加1.8:3012:1510:203:453:502）你会读年月日吗？A.读年份199719991936（一般年份的读法是先读前面两个数字，再读后面两个数字）20081900200317000（“千年”那个世纪里的年份的读法与读基数词的方法相同）B.年、月、日一起读（在英语中，习惯先说月份和日期，最后说年份，其中日期是用序数词来表示的）\n1987年2月25日写：读：2008年8月8日写：读：1）表达数学运算And或plus表示加；minus表示减；times表示乘；dividedby表示除5+3=8读作：5-3=2读作：5×3=15读作：6÷3=2读作：5×3=？读作练习：一、用英语表示下列电话号码1、70735792、80179653、5287186二．写出下列基数词的序数词1.Two2.Three3.Four4.Five5.Eight6.Nine7.Twelve8.Twenty9.Thirty10.Forty11.Twenty-seven12.Ninety三.选择填空1.Thereare______daysinaweek.\nA.thesevenB.seventhCseven2._________lessonismucheasierthanthesixthlessonA.thefifthB.eighthC.fourth3.Augustisthe______monthinayear.A.seventhB.eightC.fourth4.Thereare_____minutesinanhour.A.sixtyB.sixteenC.six5.Mybrothersareingrade______.A.fiveB.fifthC.thefifth6.What’sthetimenow?It’s________.A.halfpastsixB.sixtho’clockC.sixth7.Ithinkthatthe_______century(世纪)willbringusmorehopes.A.sevenB.fiveC.theseventh8.What’ssixandone?It’s______A.sevenB.fiveC.theseventh四．根据所给出的汉语意思，完成下列句子。1.Whattimeisit?It’s__________(十点半)2.Thereare________(七十辆公共汽车)inthebusstation.3._________(第九个男孩)isJimmy.4.Howmanybirdscanyouseeinthesky?Icansee________(八只)。5.Myfatheris________(五十四岁)。6.Susanisin__________(三年级)。7.Mr.blackis_________(第一个)tocomehere.8.Let’slearn_______(第六十课)。KOnce(从前)therewasaking.Hewasveryrich(富有)and　____1____greatpower(权力).\nButhewasn’thappy.Hewas　___2_____　.Itmadehimfeelsadallthetime.Nodoctorknew　___3_____　waswrongwithhim.Onedayoneofthem　____4____　him,“Aftermuchthoughtandstudy,Ihavefoundoutthatthereisonlyonewayforyoutoget　_____5___　.Youmustweartheshirtofahappyman.”　　Sothekingsent(派)hismentoeverypartofhisland　____6　____ahappyman.First,theyvisitedtherichandpowerful(有权势的人).Theyaskedthesepeopleif(是否)theywerehappy,　____7____eachofthemansweredthattheydidn’tknow_____8　___　realhappinessmeant(意味).　　Oneday,oneoftheking’smenmetawoodcutter.“Areyouhappy?”askedtheking’smen.“Ashappyasthedayislong,”answeredthewoodcutter.“Oh,good!”saidtheman,“　_____9___　meyourshirt.”“Why?”saidthewoodcutter,“Ihaven’tgot____10____　.”CEveryonelikeslivinginacleanandcomfortantenvironment.Iftheenvionment(环境)arebad,itwillaffect（影响）ourbody,andmakeusnotfeelwell.Sometimeswemaybeterriblyill.Atthattimewedon’twanttowork,andwehavetostayinbedandrestathome.Sotheenvrionmentisveryimportanttous.It’sgermsthatmakesusill.Therearegermseverywhere,Theyareverysmallandyoucan’tfindthemwithyourowneyes,butyoucanseethemwithamicroscope（显微镜）Theyareverysmallandtheremaybehundredsofthemonaverysmallthing,Germscanalwaysbefoundindirtywater.Whenwelookatdirtywaterunderthemicroscope,weshallseetheminit.Germscanalsobefoundinairanddust（灰尘）.Ifyoucutyourfinger,someofthedustfromthefloormaygointoit,andyouwillhavemuchpaininit.Sometimesthegermswillgointoallofyourboby,andyouwillhavepaineverywhere.Tokeepushealthy,weshouldtrytoourbesttomakeourenvironmentbecomecleanerandtidier.Thisneedsustoacttogether.31.Thewritertellusthat________.A.welikeworkingwhenweareillB.germscan’tliveinthewater.C.wecan’tfeelilliftheenvironmentisbad.D.wefeelwellwhentheenvironmentisgood.32.Germsare________.A.verysmallthingsthatyoucan’tseewithyoureyes.B.thethingsthatdon’teffectpeople.\nC.thethingsthatyoucanfindwithyoureyes.D.thethingsthatareverybig.33.Wherecangermsbefound?Theycanbefound_________.A.onthesmallthingB.inairanddustC.onlyindirtywaterD.everywhere34.Howwillyoufeelifgermsgointothefingerthatiscut?A.Iwillfeelnothing.B.Iwon’tmind.C.Iwillfeeltense.D.Iwillfeelpainful.35.Fromthepassageweknowthat________.A.environmentdoesn’taffectourlifeB.wedon’tneedtoimproveourenvironmentC.germsmaymakeusillD.iftheenvironmentisbetter,germswillbemore.3Xiaohongisaprimaryschoolstudent.On(1),shehastodoallkindsofextrawork.OnSaturdaymorning,shehastopracticethe(2).Intheafternoon,herparentswanthertopractice(3).OnSundaymorning,shehasa(n)(4)lesson.OnSundayafternoon,shehastolearn(5).Doesthisgirlreallyhavesomany(6)?Nowadays,parentsinChinahavetoomuchhopefortheir(7).Theyhopethattheirchildrenareableto(8)somespecialskillssothattheycanhaveabetterlifeinthefuture.Inmy(9),fewofthechildrenarereallyinterestedintheselessons.Childrenarechildren.Theymusthavesomefreetimetoenjoytheirchildhood.AsanEnglishproverb(谚语)goes,“Allworkandno(10)makesJackadullboy.”完形填空、阅读理解、短文填空答案K篇B.C.C.D.D　B.C.B.A.AC篇DADDC31.weekend(s)2.piano3.compositions4.English5.painting/drawing6.hobbies7.children8.learn9.opinion10.play