初中英语句子成分及练习 9页

英语中句子成分一、英语句子的成分及简单句的五种基本句式。英语句子与汉语句子一样，都是由单词按照一定的规则所组成的。不同的词类在句中所起的作用是不同的。因此，只有搞清不同词类在句中可充当哪些成分，才能正确分析、理解句子的含义，并能准确地遣词造句，逐渐流利地说出地道的英语。【问】什么是句子成分？英语句子包含哪些成分？【答】组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。它包括：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。【问】各成分在句中的作用如何？分别由哪些词及短语充当？1.主语：是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。如：¡Thecarisrunningfast./ThegirlcansingmanyEnglishsongs.(名词)¡Wearestudents./Thisismypen.Yoursisonthedesk.(代词)¡OneofmyclassmatesisfromShanghai./Twoandthreeisfive.(数词)¡Theblindneedmorehelp.(名词化的形容词)¡It’sbadmannerstospitinpublic.(不定式)¡Eatingtoomuchisbadforyourhealth.(动名词)【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。2.谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如：¡由单一动词作谓语：WeareChinese./HehasanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.¡情态动词加主要动词：Wecanplaythepiano./Youmustseethedoctor.9\n¡助动词加主要动词构成谓语：Sheistalkingwithhersister./Ihaveseenthismanbefore.【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。3.表语：用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受，一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。常用的连系动词有：be，look，get，sound(听起来)，feel，become，smell，turn，taste(尝起来)等。如：¡Theyareworkers.(名词)¡Twoandthreeisfive.(数词)¡Thestoryisveryinteresting.(形容词)¡Myjob(工作)isteachingEnglish.(动名词)¡Sheisathome.(介词短语)¡Ifeelterrible.(形容词)¡Thedishtastesdelicious.(形容词)¡Heishere(副词)¡It’sgettingdark./Hegotveryangry./Thehillhasturnedgreen.(形容词)4.宾语：是及物动词所涉及的对象，是动作的对象或承受者。一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。如：¡Heisdoinghishomework./Isawaplaneintheskyjustnow.(名词)¡Theydidnothingthismorning./Imethimonmywayhome.(代词)¡Iwantthree./Pleasepassmethefirst.(数词)¡Shewantstogohome.(不定式)¡Weenjoyplayingfootball.(动名词)【注意】①有的动词可接双宾语，间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有：give，buy，lend，pass，tell，leave等。如：¡Heboughtmeabook.¡Passmetheball，willyou？(间宾＋直宾)9\n直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后，但若把直接宾语放在前面，则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或for等。如：¡HanChenlentsomemoneytoLiHai.(直宾＋间宾)¡XiaoLiuboughtadictionaryforTom.(直宾＋间宾)【结构】动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）Helentmeabook./Heboughtmeapen./IhavetaughtmyselfEnglishfortenyears.动词+直接宾语（物）+（to,for）+间接宾语（人）Hegavehissonsomeadvice.=Hegavesomeadvicetohisson.Fatherboughtmeacomputer.=Fatherboughtacomputerforme.②有的动词常用不定式作宾语，而不能用动名词。这类动词有：want，wish，hope，promise，decide，agree，choose，care等。如：¡Ihopetoseeyouagain.③有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语，而不用不定式。这类动词有：enjoy，finish，mind，practice，miss，suggest，keep(on)等。如：¡Doyoumindmyopeningthewindow？④有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。a)forgettodo表示“未发生的动作”，forgetdoing表示“已完成的动作”。如：¡Don'tforgettocomehereearliertomorrow.(还没来)¡Iforgotreturningthebooktohim.(书已还给他了)b)stoptodo(不定式为状语)表示“停下原来的事，去做另一件事”，stopdoing表示“停止做某事”。如：¡Istoppedtotalkwithhim.(我停下来与他谈话。)¡Thestudentsstoppedtalkingwhentheteachercamein.(老师进来时学生们停止谈话。9\n【注意】英语中带有宾语的谓语动词叫及物动词，不带宾语的叫不及物动词。及物动词后必须跟上宾语意义才完整，不及物动词本身意义已完整，后面不跟宾语。¡Youmayusemypen./Doyoulikefish?(及物)¡Dickswimsverywell./Thesunrisesintheeast.(不及物)不及物动词可加介词再加宾语¡Wearelisteningtothemusic.¡Theyaretalkingtoeachother.既可以作及物动词又可以作不及物动词的词：¡Wearegrowingtomatoes./Tomatoesgrowwellinourgarden.¡TheyleftShanghaiyesterday./Theyleftyesterday.¡Mymotherteachesinthisschool./SheteachesEnglish.¡Wearestudying./WestudyEnglish.¡Webeganourlessonatnine./Thelecturebeganatnine.5.定语：用于修饰名词或代词，一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。如：¡Whatabeautifulkiteitis！/Theyhaveacleverson.(形容词)¡Sheisachemistryteacher./Itisacolorfilm.(名词)¡Therearetwostudentsintheclassroom.(数词)¡Thissongisbetterthanthatone.(代词)¡Doyouknowtheyoungmanoverthere?(副词)¡Wehavesomethingtodotomorrow.(不定式)¡Themaninblueismybrother.(介词短语)【注意】定语一般位于被修饰词之前，但若修饰不定代词或不定式等短语作定语，则放在后面。6.状语：9\n用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式短语或从句充当。单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语或从句放在句首或句末。如：¡Thankyouverymuch.(副词表示程度)¡Theoldmaniswalkingslowly.(副词表示方式)¡Heusuallygetsupatsix.(副词表示时间)¡Weallworkhere.(副词表示地点)¡Igetupatfiveinthemorning.(介词短语表示时间)¡Heisstudyinghardsoastocatchupwithothers.(不定式短语)¡Wewerehavingbreakfastwhenthetelephonerang.(从句)【注意】enough作状语只能放在被修饰词之后。如：¡Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.7.宾语补足语：用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般由不定式短语、分词、名词、形容词等充当。如：¡Weelectedhimmonitor./(名词)¡IfounditdifficulttolearnEnglishwell./Thesunkeepsuswarm./Wefindthestoryveryinteresting.(形容词)¡Ifoundherintheroom.(介词短语)¡Pleaselethimin./IsawhimoutwithXiaoLi.(副词)¡Thedoctortoldmetodomoreexercise.(不定式短语)¡Heisgoingtohavehishaircut.(过去分词)¡Theysawabirdflyinginthesky.(现在分词)二、句子结构简单句的五个基本句型：1、主语＋不及物动词      Shecame．/Myheadaches.  2、主语＋及物动词＋宾语     ShelikesEnglish.9\n3、主语＋系动词  ＋表语     Sheishappy．4、主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语  ShegaveJohnabook．Sheboughtabookforme.5、主语＋宾补动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补语Shemakeshermotherangry．Theteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage(There+be    Thereliesabookonthedesk. )句子成分练习题(一)(一)指出下列句中主语的中心词①Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.②Thereisanoldmancominghere.③Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.④Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.(二)选出句中谓语的中心词①Idon'tlikethepictureonthewall.A.don'tB.likeC.pictureD.wall②Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.A.getB.longerC.daysD.summer③Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.bus④Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoon9\n⑤Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?A.DidB.twinsC.haveD.breakfast⑥Tomdidn'tdohishomeworkyesterday.A.TomB.didn'tC.doD.hishomework⑦WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.A.wantB.totellC.youD.is⑧Wehadbettersendforadoctor.A.WeB.hadC.sendD.doctor⑨Heisinterestedinmusic.A.isB.interestedC.inD.music⑩Whomdidyougivemybookto?A.giveB.didC.whomD.book(三)挑出下列句中的宾语①Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.③Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.⑦Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.⑧Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.9\n⑨Youwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool⑩Theydidn'tknowwho"FatherChristmas"reallyis.(四)挑出下列句中的表语①Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.②WhyisheworriedaboutJim?③Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.④SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.⑤Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.(五)挑出下列句中的定语①TheyuseMr.,Mrs.withthefamilyname.②Whatisyourgivenname?③OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.④Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.⑤Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.⑥Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!(六)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.9\n②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.④TheycallmeLilysometimes.⑤IsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.⑥DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?(七)挑出下列句中的状语①Therewasabigsmileonherface.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.④Themanonthemotorbikewastravellingtoofast.⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.⑥Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.⑦Iamafraidthatifyou'velostit,youmustpayforit.⑧ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.(八)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语①Pleasetellusastory.②Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.③Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.④Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.⑤Didheleaveanymessageforme?9