定语从句讲解和高考真题及答案 11页

定语从句(一）‎ ‎（一）定义及相关术语 ‎1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。‎ ‎2．先行词： 被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。‎ ‎3．关系词： 引导定语从句的词叫关系词。‎ ‎ 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。‎ ‎ 关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；‎ ‎ 关系副词有when, where, why等。‎ ‎ 关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；‎ ‎ B、代替先行词；‎ ‎ C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。‎ ‎（二）关系代词引导的定语从句 ‎1．who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。‎ The boys who are playing football are from Class One. ‎ That is the teacher who teaches us physics. ‎ ‎2．whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。 ‎ Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. ‎ The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. ‎ 注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。‎ The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.‎ ‎3．Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。‎ Football is a game which is liked by most boys. ‎ The factory which makes computers is far away from here. ‎ ‎4．that 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。‎ Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? ‎ The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. ‎ ‎5．Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。‎ He has a friend whose father is a doctor. ‎ I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. ‎ 注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：‎ The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.‎ The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.‎ ‎（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。‎ The school in which he once studied is very famous. ‎ This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. ‎ 注意：‎ ‎１． 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。‎ This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) ‎ This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)‎ ‎２．若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。‎ ‎ The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) ‎ ‎ The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)‎ ‎３．“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如：‎ ‎ In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. ‎ ‎ There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. ‎ ‎（四）关系副词引导的定语从句 ‎1. when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。‎ ‎ I still remember the day when I first came to this school. ‎ ‎ 2. where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。‎ Shanghai‎ is the city where I was born. ‎ ‎3. why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。‎ Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. ‎ 注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：‎ From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country , he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. ‎ ‎ Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. ‎ ‎ The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 一、形式上 限制性定语从句：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。‎ 非限制性定语从句：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。‎ 二、意义上 限制性定语从句：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。‎ 非限制性定语从句：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。‎ 三、译法上 限制性定语从句：译成先行词的定语：“．．．的”‎ 非限制性定语从句：通常译成主句的并列句。‎ 四、关系词的使用上 限制性定语从句：作宾语时可省略；可用that；可用who 代替whom 非限制性定语从句：不可省略；不用that；不可用who 代替whom 限制性定语从句举例：‎ China‎ is a country which has a long history. ‎ 非限制性定语从句举例 ：‎ His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. ‎ ‎ ‎ 定语从句(二）‎ ‎（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况 ‎1．当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如：‎ Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? ‎ There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. ‎ All that can be done has been done. ‎ There is little that I can do for you. ‎ He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. ‎ 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：‎ Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. ‎ All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. ‎ ‎2．当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：‎ The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. ‎ ‎3．当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：‎ This is the best film that I have ever seen. ‎ ‎4．当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。如：‎ This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. ‎ After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. ‎ 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：‎ Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. ‎ ‎5．当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：‎ Who is the man that is standing by the gate? ‎ Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? ‎ ‎6．当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：‎ They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school ‎ ‎（二）只能用which，不用that 的情况：‎ ‎1. 在非限制性定语从中。如：‎ ‎ The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.‎ ‎2. 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。如：‎ ‎ he thing about which he is talking is of great importance.‎ ‎（二）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句 as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：‎ ‎1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：‎ He married her, as / which was natural. ‎ He is honest, as / which we can see. ‎ ‎ 2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：‎ As is known to all, China is a developing country. ‎ Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t believe. ‎ 注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：‎ These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. ‎ ‎3. 当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。 如：‎ He is not such a fool as he looks. ‎ This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. ‎ 注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：‎ She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. ‎ ‎ 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。‎ She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. ‎ ‎ 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。‎ ‎(三) 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。如：‎ The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. ‎ I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. ‎ （四） 关系代词与关系副词的选择 用关系代词还是关系副词主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（所担当的成分）。试比较：‎ A. I know a place where we can have a picnic. 。‎ ‎ I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. ‎ B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. ‎ ‎ I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. ‎ C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. ‎ This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. ‎ 高考真题 ‎1．(2015·江苏高考)The number of smokers, ________ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.‎ ‎2．(2015·湖南高考)It is a truly delightful place, ________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.‎ ‎3．(2015·北京高考)Opposite is St.Paul's Church, ________ you can hear some lovely music.‎ ‎4．(2015·浙江高考)Creating an atmosphere in ________ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.‎ ‎5．(2015·重庆高考)He wrote many children's books, nearly half of ‎ ‎________ were published in the 1990s.‎ ‎6．(2015·陕西高考)As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time ________ he should be able to be independent.‎ ‎7．(2015·四川高考)The books on the desk, ________ covers are shiny, are prizes for us.‎ ‎8．(2015·天津高考)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ________ his employees enjoy their work.‎ ‎9．(2015·安徽高考)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon ________ school education depends.‎ ‎10．(2015·福建高考)China Today attracts a worldwide readership, ________ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.‎ 高考模拟题 ‎1．(2015·重庆南开中学月考)The director made two films last year, one of________was set in Chongqing.‎ ‎2．(2015·三峡名校联盟联考)I am doing a job________I have to do the same thing day after day. Oh, it's just terrible.‎ ‎3．(2015·扬州中学月考)The course about Chinese food attracts over 100 students per year，of________up to half are from overseas.‎ ‎4．(2015·北京昌平统考二)The Voice of China has set up a stage________some people can realize their dreams.‎ ‎5．(2015·湖南怀化二模)For more information, please send an e－mail，________you can also include your advice to us.‎ ‎6．(2015·浙江江山实验中学月考)The majority of rural migrants are engaged in the most painstaking，most tiring and dangerous work，________college graduates are reluctant to do.‎ ‎7．(2015·福建清流一中段考)There was a time________Soapy had to beg from door to door to make himself alive.‎ ‎8．(2015·江苏启东中学月考一)The house，________door often stays open until late at night, works as a home for the guards, some of________ are from the countryside.‎ ‎9．(2015·湖南长沙一中月考)The news spread quickly across the country that Chang'e－I has become a planet of the moon，________is really a breakthrough for China's outer space technology.‎ ‎10．(2015·重庆南开中学月考)Look out！Don't get too close to the house________roof is under repair.‎ 高考真题答案 ‎1．as　[句意：据报道，吸烟者的数量在一年内下降了17%。as引导的定语从句，在这里作主语，意为“正如……，这一点”，代替整个主句的内容。]‎ ‎2．which　[句意：这真是一个令人开心的地方，它看起来和一百年前一模一样，有着蜿蜒的街道和漂亮的小屋。which代替先行词place，在定语从句中用作主语，‎ 引导非限制性定语从句。不可用that。]‎ ‎3．where　[句意：对面是圣保罗教堂，在那里你可以听到一些优美的音乐。先行词是St.Paul's Church，从句主谓宾成分完整，去掉空后依然是完整的句子，可推断出关系词在从句中作的是地点状语，故用where。]‎ ‎4．which　[句意：创造一种使员工感到自己是团队一部分的氛围是一大挑战。先行词为an atmosphere，在从句中作地点状语，此处in which相当于where。]‎ ‎5．which　[句意：他写了很多的儿童书，其中接近一半是在20世纪90年代出版的。根据句子结构以及选项可知是考查非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语。此处关系代词which代指前面的books，作介词of的宾语。]‎ ‎6．when　[句意：作为家里最小的孩子，Alex总是盼望着他有独立的时间。定语从句的先行词是time，后面的从句是完整的句子，先行词在从句中充当状语，所以填when。]‎ ‎7．whose　[考查定语从句。句意：桌上的书是给我们的奖励，那些书的封面闪闪发光。先行词为the books，和名词covers之间是所有关系，故用whose作定语。]‎ ‎8．where　[句意：该公司的老板试图创造轻松的氛围，这样他的员工就可以享受工作的乐趣。先行词为an easy atmosphere，在从句中作地点状语，故要用where。]‎ ‎9．which　‎ ‎[句意：一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。depend on/upon依靠，依赖。先行词为物，介词后用which来构成定语从句的引导词。]‎ ‎10．which　[句意：《中国日报》吸引了全世界的读者，这表明世界上越来越多的人想了解中国。先行词是前面的整个主句，在非限制性定语从句中作主语，故用which来引导。不可用that。]‎ 高考模拟题答案 ‎1．which　[句意：这名导演去年拍了两部电影，其中的一部是以重庆为背景拍摄的。先行词为two films，作介词of的宾语。]‎ ‎2．where　[句意：我日复一日地不得不做同样的工作。啊，真是让人感到非常可怕。先行词为job表示“抽象的地点”，用关系副词where＝and in/during the job。]‎ ‎3．whom　[句意：关于中国饮食的课程每年吸引100多个学生，其中多达一半的学生来自于海外。这里使用了定语从句，先行词是100 students，因为表示是整体和部分的关系，用of＋whom引导，表示范围。]‎ ‎4．where　[句意：《中国之声》已经建立了一个舞台，在那里一些人可以实现他们的梦想。这里用了定语从句，先行词是a stage，定语从句中缺少的是地点状语，所以用where引导。]‎ ‎5．where　[句意：为了获取更多消息，请给我们发邮件，其中也可以附上对我们的建议。考查非限制性定语从句，先行词为e－mail在从句中充当地点状语，故用where引导。]‎ ‎6．which　[句意：许多农民工从事最辛苦、最危险的工作，‎ 这是大学毕业生所不愿意做的。which是关系代词，指代the most painstaking, most tiring and dangerous work，在从句中作宾语。]‎ ‎7．when　[句意：曾经一度为了谋生Soapy不得不挨门挨户地乞讨。固定句型there was a time when...曾经，一度。在此句中when引导定语从句，修饰time。]‎ ‎8．whose；whom　[句意：晚上那间房门通常关的很晚的房子是给其中有部分是来自农村的门卫们住的。第一空定语从句的先行词为the house，与后面的door是从属关系，故用关系代词whose；第二空是非限制性定语从句中的“部分＋of＋整体”的结构，前面guards为人，所以用关系代词表人的宾格whom。]‎ ‎9．which　[句意：长娥一号登月的消息很快传遍全国，这是中国航天技术的一大突破。此处要用which指代上面这件事，作主语。]‎ ‎10．whose　[句意：小心！别靠近那个屋顶在维修的房子。此处是定语从句修饰house，先行词和名词roof之间为所属关系，要用whose引导定语从句。在定语从句中whose＋名词＝of which the ＋名词。]‎