高考英语总复习之主旨大意 14页

专题18　主旨大意题 考纲展示　命题探究 ‎1　命题方式的特点 主旨大意题在阅读理解试题中所占比例及难度都相当大。主旨大意是作者在文章中要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心，是作者在文章中努力通过各种细节信息来阐明的中心话题。把握主旨大意对正确理解全文具有重要意义。‎ 主旨大意题旨在考查考生对文章主旨大意的理解和概括能力。考题中往往出现下列词语：subject，topic，theme，title，main idea等。‎ 主旨大意题的设问特点可以大致归纳为以下两个：‎ ‎(1)就全文或某段的中心思想或主题提问。(2)就文章的标题提问。‎ ‎2　主旨大意类题目常见的设问方式 ‎(1)The main idea/purpose/The general idea/The key point/The central thought of the passage is________.‎ ‎(2)The best title/headline for this passage is________.‎ ‎(3)The topic/subject discussed in this passage is________.‎ ‎(4)The passage is mainly about/deals mainly with/is primarily concerned with________.‎ ‎(5)From the passage we can learn/conclude that________.‎ ‎(6)What's the main idea of the first/second/last paragraph?‎ ‎(7)Which of the following statements is the best title of this passage?‎ ‎(8)Which sentence best states the theme of the passage?‎ ‎(9)The writer's purpose in writing this story is________.‎ ‎(10)The passage discussed...in order to________.‎ ‎3　选项特点 ‎(1)正确选项的特点 ‎①通常不含细节信息和表示绝对意义的词。 ②能概括文章或段落的主要内容。‎ ‎(2)干扰项的特点 ‎①以偏概全。概括的范围过于狭窄，只阐述了文章的一部分内容(也就是文章的局部信息)或文章主题的一个侧面。‎ ‎②断章取义。以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。‎ ‎③主题扩大。归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。‎ ‎④似是而非。关键词好像在文章中提到了，但认真分析之后会发现它与文章的内容毫无联系。‎ ‎⑤张冠李戴。命题者有意把属于A的特征放在B上。‎ ‎4　解题时的注意事项 做这类题时常用略读法。略读法是抓段落要点的捷径。找出各个段落的主题句，然后把它们联系起来就很容易概括出文章的中心。‎ 文章的标题是中心思想最精练的表达，标题要能概括文章的主题，范围既不能过大也不能太片面。此外，在选择文章标题时，还应注意语言方面的特点：精练、醒目、含义深刻等。‎ 做题时要注意以下步骤：‎ ‎(1)先看问题，看题目是否和主旨、标题相关。(2)略读各个段落，找出主题句，要特别注意首尾两段。‎ ‎(3)联系主题句，概括主旨或标题。‎ ‎　[考法综述]　主旨大意题是对整篇文章理解的考查，要领会中心思想，会查找主题句，能判断文章的标题。‎ 命题法1　归纳标题 典例1　　Arriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband, Rashid, stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.‎ During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping. He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone.He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport.‎ He reported the case to the police and then sat there, lost and lonely in a strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organised again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.‎ Late in the evening, the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husband's name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can (垃圾桶) that had been left out on the footpath.‎ My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents.Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers.Her parents had carefully sorted them out, although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents.At last they had seen a halfwritten letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.‎ That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.‎ Which of the following can be the best title for the text?‎ A．From India to Australia B．Living in a New Country C．Turning Trash to Treasure D．In Search of New Friends ‎[答案]　C　主旨大意题。本文讲述了一户善良的人家在垃圾桶内发现了Rashid被盗的重要文件并归还给他。故C项标题“变废为宝”符合文章主旨。‎ ‎【解题法】　归纳标题的解题思路 ‎(1)要想成功解题，首先要了解标题的基本特点：浓缩性强，多为一个短语；涵盖面广，一般要求能覆盖全文；精确度高，不能随意改变文章的内容方向及要点信息。‎ ‎(2)选定标题的基本原则 ‎①要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑所给选项与文章主题是否有密切的联系。‎ ‎②看它对文章的概括是否准确，覆盖面是否够广。注意避免下列三种错误：‎ a．概括不够(多表现为以部分代替整体，从而导致范围太小)； b．过度概括(多表现为人为地扩大范围)；‎ c．以具体细节代替主旨大意。‎ ‎(3)选定标题的四大标准 精——概括文章中心思想的语言要精练。 准——注意文章的内涵和外延，作者的观点表达得要准确。‎ 统——标题要能统领文章的细节信息。 新——标题要新颖，对读者有吸引力，能激发读者的阅读兴趣。‎ 命题法2　概括文章大意 典例2　In its early history, Chicago had floods frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets so muddy that people, horses, and carts got stuck. An old joke that was popular at the time went something like this: A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street. Asked if he needs help, he replies, “No, thanks. I've got a good horse under me.”‎ The city planners decided to build an underground drainage (排水) system, but there simply wasn't enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water level. The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city.‎ An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt. This raised the level of the city's streets by as much as 12 feet.‎ This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small woodframe buildings could be lifted fairly easily. But what about large, heavy structures like the Tremont Hotel, which was a sixstory brick building?‎ That's where George Pullman came in. He had developed some housemoving skills successfully. To lift a big structure like the Tremont Hotel, Pullman would place thousands of jackscrews beneath the building's foundation. One man was assigned to operate each section of roughly 10 jackscrews. At Pullman's signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time, thereby raising the building slowly and evenly. Astonishingly, the Tremont Hotel stayed open during the entire operation, and many of its guests didn't even notice anything was happening.‎ Some people like to say that every problem has a solution. But in Chicago's early history, every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem. Now that Chicago's waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River, the city's next step was to clean the polluted river.‎ The passage is mainly about early Chicago's ________.‎ A．popular lifestyles and their influences B．environmental disasters and their causes C．engineering problems and their solutions D．successful businessmen and their achievements ‎[答案]　C　主旨大意题。根据整篇文章可知，本文主要讲的是芝加哥早期(关于城市规则)的工程问题以及解决方案。‎ ‎【解题法】　概括文章大意的解题思路 ‎(1)每篇文章都会有一个中心，获取文章中心思想的有效方法就是辨认主题句。‎ ‎(2)主题句具有简洁、概括性强等特点，起着统领全文的作用，文中的所有事实、细节都是为主题句服务的。主题句常出现在文章的首段或结尾段。因此，在阅读中，我们要特别注意文章的首段和结尾段。‎ ‎(3)有的文章没有主题句，中心思想隐含在文章中，比如故事类文章，这需要我们对文章的事实细节进行分析、归纳和推断，从而概括出文章大意。‎ 命题法3　总结段落大意 典例3 Last summer, two nineteenthcentury cottages were rescued from remote farm fields in Montana, to be moved to an Art Deco building in San Francisco. The houses were made of wood. These cottages once housed early settlers as they worked the dry Montana soil; now they hold Twitter engineers. ‎ The cottages could be an example of the industry's odd love affair with “low technology，” a concept ‎ associated with the natural world, and with oldschool craftsmanship (手艺) that exists long before the Internet era. Low technology is not virtual (虚拟的)—so, to take advantage of it, Internet companies have had to get creative. The rescued wood cottages, fitted by hand in the late eighteenhundreds, are an obvious example, but Twitter's designs lie on the extreme end. Other companies are using a broader interpretation (阐释) of low technology that focuses on nature.‎ Amazon is building three glass spheres filled with trees, so that employees can “work and socialize in a more natural, parklike setting.”At Google's office, an entire floor is carpeted in grass. Facebook's second Menlo Park campus will have a rooftop park with a walking trail. ‎ Olle Lundberg, the founder of Lundberg Design, has worked with many tech companies over the years. “We have lost the connection to the maker in our lives, and our tech engineers are the ones who feel most impoverished (贫乏的), because they're surrounded by the digital world，” he says.“They're looking for a way to regain their individual identity, and we've found that introducing real crafts is one way to do that.”‎ This craftbased theory is rooted in history. William Morris, the English artist and writer, turned back to preindustrial arts in the eighteensixties, just after the Industrial Revolution. The Arts and Crafts movement defined itself against machines. “Without creative human occupation, people became disconnected from life，” Morris said.‎ Research has shown that natural environments can restore (恢复) our mental capacities. In Japan, patients are encouraged to “forestbathe，” taking walks through woods to lower their blood pressure.‎ These health benefits apply to the workplace as well. Rachel Kaplan, a professor of environmental psychology, has spent years researching the restorative effects of natural environments. Her research found that workers with access to nature at the officeeven simple views of trees and flowersfelt their jobs were less stressful and more satisfying. If lowtech offices can potentially nourish the brains and improve the mental health of employees then, fine, bring on the cottages.‎ The main idea of Paragraph 5 is that human beings________.‎ A．have destroyed many preindustrial arts B．have a tradition of valuing arts and crafts C．can become intelligent by learning historyD．can regain their individual identity by using machines ‎[答案]　B　主旨大意题。第五段第一句为本段主题句，即“手工艺为基础的理论深深扎根于历史的长河中”。后文以英国艺术家及作家Morris为例，讲述他重视手工艺。他的话也表明了人类有重视手工艺的传统。‎ ‎【解题法】　总结段落大意的解题思路 ‎(1)每个段落通常都有一个中心，段落主题句通常会出现在段落的首句或尾句，有时也会在中间。‎ ‎(2)在阅读中应尽量利用有关信息确定主题句的位置。一般说来，采用归纳法写的段落主题句出现在段尾；采用演绎法写的段落主题句出现在段首；若文章按照“特殊→一般→特殊”的方式来写，主题句可能出现在段落的中间。(3)有时，文章中没有出现主题句，考生要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。‎ Passage 1 限时：6分钟 体裁：记叙文　题材：社会生活类　难度：中词数：264‎ At thirteen, I was diagnosed (诊断) with a kind of attention disorder. It made school difficult for me. When everyone else in the class was focusing on tasks, I could not.‎ In my first literature class, Mrs Smith asked us to read a story and then write on it, all within 45 minutes. I raised my hand right away and said, “Mrs Smith, you see, the doctor said I have attention ‎ problems. I might not be able to do it.”‎ She glanced down at me through her glasses, “You are no different from your classmates, young man.”‎ I tried, but I didn't finish the reading when the bell rang. I had to take it home.‎ In the quietness of my bedroom, the story suddenly all became clear to me. It was about a blind person, Louis Braille. He lived in a time when the blind couldn't get much education. But Louis didn't give up. Instead, he invented a reading system of raised dots (点), which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind. Wasn't I the “blind” in my class, being made to learn like the “sighted” students? My thoughts spilled out and my pen started to dance. I completed the task within 40 minutes. Indeed， I was no different from others; I just needed a quieter place. If Louis could find his way out of his problems, why should I ever give up?‎ I didn't expect anything when I handed in my paper to Mrs Smith, so it was quite a surprise when it came back to me the next day—with an “A” on it. At the bottom of the paper were these words：“See what you can do when you keep trying？”‎ 作者讲述了自己克服阅读障碍，发现了一个新的自己的经历。‎ ‎1．The author didn't finish the reading in class because ________.‎ A．he was new to the class B．he was tired of literature C．he had an attention disorder D．he wanted to take the task home 答案　C　[细节理解题。第一段作者就谈到他有注意力障碍，第二段的尾句说明作者认为自己的身体状况使他不能完成老师布置的任务。]‎ ‎2．What do we know about Louis Braille from the passage?‎ A．He had good sight. B．He made a great invention. C．He gave up reading.‎ D．He learned a lot from school.‎ 答案　B　[细节理解题。依据第五段的“he invented a reading system of raised dots(点)”可知，Louis Braille为盲人发明了一种非常有用的阅读体系。]‎ ‎3．What was Mrs Smith's attitude to the author at the end of the story?‎ A．Angry. 　　　 B．Impatient. C．Sympathetic. D．Encouraging.‎ 答案　D　[细节理解题。文章尾段作者的老师Mrs Smith写道“See what you can do when you keep trying？”说明了这位老师对作者的肯定，她在鼓励作者继续努力。]‎ ‎★4.What is the main idea of the passage?‎ A．The disabled should be treated with respect. B．A teacher can open up a new world to students.‎ C．One can find his way out of difficulties with efforts.‎ D．Everyone needs a hand when faced with challenges.‎ 答案　C　[主旨大意题。作者在文中讲述了自己经过努力，终于完成了任务的经历。由这件事可以看出，只要努力克服困难就能够成功。]‎ ‎1．attention n. 注意，注意力 2．literature n. 文学 3．invent v. 发明，创造 ‎4．indeed adv. 事实上，真正地，的确 1．glance at 匆匆一瞥 2．spill out 溢出，洒出 3．hand in 上交 原文：Instead, he invented a reading system of raised dots, which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind.(非限制性定语从句)‎ 译文：相反地，他发明了一种凸点阅读系统，这给盲人开创了一个完全崭新的知识世界。‎ 仿写：Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, where a conference was to be held.‎ 他们上周日到达南京，有个会议要在那里举行。‎ Passage 2 限时：6分钟 体裁：说明文　题材：食物文化类　难度：难词数：289‎ Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways. Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust. Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or culture's celebrations or traditions. The foods we eat—and when and how we eat them—are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural (农村的) and urban areas within one country.‎ Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion (时刻) or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness. Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition has its roots in the custom of sharing bread.‎ Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations. In the southern United States, pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity (兴旺) in the New Year. In Greece, people share a special cake called vasilopita. A coin is put into the cake, which signifies (预示) success in the New Year for the person who receives it.‎ Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role. In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving redcolored eggs to guests. In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.‎ Nutrition is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world.‎ 在特殊的场合提供食物有着不同的含义，本文介绍了不同的食物文化。‎ ‎1．According to the passage, sharing bread ________.‎ A．indicates a lack of food B．can help to develop unity C．is a custom unique to rural areas D．has its roots in birthday celebrations 答案　B　[细节理解题。根据第一段中“Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust.”一句可知，分享面包可以促进团结及信任。]‎ ‎2．What does the coin in vasilopita signify for its receiver in the New Year?‎ A．Trust. B．Success. C．Health. D．Togetherness.‎ 答案　B　[细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“A coin is put into the cake, which signifies success in the New Year for the person who receives it.”可知答案。]‎ ‎3．The author explains the role of food in celebrations by ________.‎ A．using examples B．making comparisons C．analyzing causes D．describing processes 答案　A　[细节理解题。文章二、三、四段说明了在庆祝活动中分享食物的不同文化，作者使用的是举例的写作手法。]‎ ‎★4.What is the passage mainly about?‎ A．The custom of sharing food. B．The specific meaning of food.‎ C．The role of food in ceremonies. D．The importance of food in culture.‎ 答案　D　[细节理解题。本文重点说明了食物在不同文化中的重要性，故D项全面地概括了文章的主旨。]‎ ‎1．fundamental adj. 基础的 2．tradition n. 传统 3．celebration n. 庆祝，庆典 ‎4．particular adj. 特别的，特殊的 5．symbol n. 象征 1．serve as 作为，充当 2．play a role in... 在……中扮演角色 原文：Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion (时刻) or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness.(whether...or...的用法)‎ 译文：无论是在特殊时刻，还是在家庭的餐桌上，分享面包都是一种关于和睦的常见象征。‎ 仿写：You can go there whether by bus or by taxi.‎ 你既可以坐公交又可以打的去那儿。‎ Passage 3限时：7.5分钟 体裁：说明文　题材：健康类　难度：中词数：363‎ Group exercise is one of the most effective ways to improve physical fitness and sustain (保持) a healthy lifestyle. Group exercise is challenging， yet fun and empowering! Of course everyone knows that exercise is good for the body. However, studies have shown that when exercise is performed in groups, it's not only great for improving physical health but for psychological health. It's an opportunity to be social, release endorphins (内啡肽), and improve your strength. Additionally, group exercise creates a community feel and the shared common goal motivates participants to work hard. The instrumental support of taking on a fitness journey with others proves more effective than going to the gym alone.‎ Another beneficial aspect of group exercise is the informational support participants receive from the instructor. Many people fear the gym because they feel lost and don't want to embarrass themselves. If you feel you can relate, then group training is an even better option for you. It's a great opportunity to learn more about fitness through the clear instruction and supervision (监管) of a fitness instructor. If you're tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that'll keep your workout on track. Don't let fitness frighten you!‎ If you're serious about wanting to live a healthy lifestyle, it's extremely important to surround yourself with people who'll provide you with the proper emotional support. I wouldn't scold anyone for deciding to party on weekends and in turn I wouldn't expect anyone to give offence to me for focusing on my health. Surround yourself with people who uplift, encourage and understand you! Make fitness even more fun by trying something new or any group fitness class, with a friend. Plan to go for a jog together. Then try a fun healthy restaurant or fresh juice bar! Fitness can be both fun and social!‎ Surrounding yourself with people who'll provide you with respect support can be very beneficial while working towards reaching health and fitness goals. First, decide to do it for yourself and work towards staying positive. Then make sure the people you surround yourself with are supportive. Don't let negativity ruin your motivation.‎ 本文介绍了集体锻炼对健康的好处。作者建议如果你希望有健康的生活方式，最好是有一群积极向上的人在你身边一起进行集体锻炼。‎ ‎★1.The first paragraph focuses on________.‎ A．the greatest challenge of group exercise B．the most effective way to improve physical fitness C．the contribution of group exercise to psychological health D．the shared common goal in performing exercise in groups 答案　C　[主旨大意题。根据文章第一段中的“...studies have shown that when exercise is performed in groups, it's not only great for improving physical health but for physiological health.”可知，本段侧重介绍集体锻炼对心理健康的好处。]‎ ‎2．The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “________”．‎ A．cheerful 　　 B．average C．serious 　　 D．temporary 答案　A　[词义猜测题。画线词前面提到在健身房锻炼受到打击，感觉失落，所以作者建议参加积极乐观的小组去锻炼。可知A正确。]‎ ‎3．When it comes to emotional support, the author thinks it necessary________.‎ A．to sustain a colorful lifestyle B．to party on weekends with positive people C．to try a fun healthy restaurant regularly D．to surround yourself with supportive people 答案　D　[细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Then make sure the people you surround yourself with are supportive.”可知D正确。]‎ ‎★4.What would be the best title for the passage?‎ A．Seeking Support 　B．Supporting Health C．Improving Your Strength 　D．Building Up Fitness 答案　B　[主旨大意题。全文是对健康生活方式的研究和建议，可知最好的标题是B。]‎ ‎1．effective adj.有效的 2．challenging adj.有挑战性的 3．beneficial adj.有益的4．opportunity n.机会 1．be good for 对……有益 2．surround sb. with... 用……包围/围绕着某人 ‎3．provide sb. with sth. 给某人提供……‎ 原文：If you're serious about wanting to live a healthy lifestyle, it's extremely important to surround yourself with people who'll provide you with the proper emotional support.(it作形式主语)‎ 译文：如果你特别想有健康的生活方式，那么你周围有一些能提供给你情感支持的人是非常重要的。‎ 仿写：It is not a good habit to_stay_up too late. 熬夜到很晚不是一个好习惯。‎ Passage 4限时：8分钟 体裁：夹叙夹议文　题材：人物心理类　难度：难词数：338‎ You may have been told before not to be afraid of anything. Fear is often associated with weakness. Fear is something to be avoided. But that's not true, according to Time For Kids magazine. Fear can be good for us. Fear tells us about danger. Without fear, we wouldn't know to run away from a tiger or step back from a cliff (悬崖)．‎ In a study published in the Justice Quarterly journal in August, researchers from Michigan State University said that a healthy fear of crime keeps teenagers away from potentially dangerous people, places, and activities. Fear makes us jump, scream and sweat. But interestingly, sometimes we make ourselves feel fear on purpose. Think about scary books and movies, and also the long lines for a scary roller coaster ride (过山车)．‎ Margee Kerr, a US sociologist, explained why to Time For Kids. Fear fills our brain with healthy chemicals， especially endorphins and dopamine, and these things create feelings of happiness and ‎ excite us, according to Kerr. In addition, when you're scared， your body produces a chemical which helps people bond_with each other.‎ ‎“Watch people walking out of a haunted house (鬼屋), and you'll see lots of smiles and high fives (击掌)，” Kerr told Time For Kids. That also explains why schools and companies organize challenging trips and physical activities to build up team spirit. People experience and deal with fear in different ways. If you happen to be a “coward” who gets scared easily, don't worry. There is some evidence that being scared can help a person manage stressful situations. Kerr said that things like giving a report in front of your class or performing in a school play help build a sort of endurance (忍耐力) to fear that makes us more confident. “You become more comfortable with the physical experience of fear, and so you're better able to work through it during tense situations，” said Kerr.‎ So learn to love your fear. It only grows when we forget how helpful our fear is trying to be.‎ 本文主要讲述了人们为何会产生恐惧。它告诉我们，恐惧有时会帮助我们成功解决环境的压力，所以我们要学会爱上自己的恐惧，把不利转化为有利。‎ ‎★1.What's the best title for the passage?‎ A．Ways to Build up Team Spirit B．Fear, a Sign of Weakness C．Love Your Fear D．Different Ways to Deal With Fear 答案　C　[主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是最后一段，可以看出作者的观点是人应该先爱上自己的恐慌，然后坦然面对。故选C。]‎ ‎2．Which of the following is True according to the passage?‎ A．Fear is harmful to our health. B．Fear is something to be avoided.‎ C．Experiencing fear helps us to build a sort of endurance to fear.‎ D．People who get scared easily have no chances to get changed.‎ 答案　C　[细节理解题。根据文中第一段“Fear is something to be avoided. But that's not true...”“Fear can be good for us.”和倒数第二段“...help build a sort of endurance (忍耐力) to fear...”可知答案，故选C。]‎ ‎3．The underlined phrase “bond with” is closest in meaning to ________.‎ A．get closer to B．fight against C．look down upon D．be more careful with 答案　A　[词义猜测题。A项，get closer to“接近”；B项，fight against“反抗”；C项，look down upon“瞧不起”；D项，be more careful with“对……更小心/仔细”。根据文中“That also explains why schools and companies organize challenging trips and physical activities to build up team spirit.”可知是让人走的更近，故判断选A。]‎ ‎4．Which of the following is NOT mentioned to experience fear?‎ A．Read scary books or see scary movies. B．Take a scary roller coaster ride.‎ C．Attend challenging trips or physical activities.‎ D．Take some medicine containing endorphins and dopamine.‎ 答案　D　[细节理解题。根据文中第二段最后一句“...scary books and movies, and also the long lines for a scary roller coaster ride (过山车)．”和第四段“...schools and companies organize challenging trips and physical activities...”，可知A、B、C均正确。故选D。]‎ ‎1．scream n．/vi. 尖叫声；尖叫 2．chemical n．/adj.化学物质；化学的3．scared adj. 害怕的；恐惧的 ‎4．physical adj. 物理的；身体的 5．helpful adj. 有帮助的；有益的 ‎1．be associated with 与……有关系 2．on purpose 故意地 3．build up 增进；加强 原文：There is some evidence that being scared can help a person manage stressful situations. (同位语从句) 译文：有证据表明，害怕能帮助一个人处理紧张的形势。‎ 仿写：There is no doubt _that_to_study_abroad_gives_you_an_ excellent_opportunity_to_learn_English.‎ 毫无疑问，出国学习给你提供了一个学好英语的极佳机会。‎ Passage 5限时：7分钟 体裁：说明文　题材：经济类　难度：中词数：338‎ Fund Tianhong Zenglibao has become the first fund in China to hit 100 billion yuan ($16.30 billion) of sales thanks to its cooperation with Yu'ebao, Alibaba's wealth management product.‎ Alipay (支付宝), attached to the ecommerce giant Alibaba Group, announced in June it would offer its users the option to directly invest with the private Tianhong Fund using spare cash from Alipay accounts. The business is called Yu'ebao.‎ The past five months have seen this fund blossom, owing to the prosperous Internet ecommerce platform, and Singles' Day shopping spree on November 11 had helped Yu'ebao. In the process of a deal on Taobao, once the buyer pays for the order, his or her money is first accepted by Alipay, and then after he or she receives the goods, a final confirmation is made and Alipay then gives the money to the seller. If a buyer forgets to confirm payment, the money is transferred into the seller's account after 10 days by the system.‎ Singles' Day had a total volume of 35 billion yuan ($5.75 billion) and thus a large amount of money passed through Alipay's account. Analysts estimated that Alipay may have also bought the fund using the extra income, which powerfully enlarged the scale of Yu'ebao. Profit purchasing investors tend to choose safe financial management tools. The relatively stable yields of Yu'ebao is favored by most customers, the report said.‎ Chinese ecommerence giant Alibaba allows consumers to invest their spare cash in the money market funds through its Alipay online payment service. The product, called Yu'ebao, or “Leftovers Treasure”， has netted 130 billion yuan so far, making the fund's management firm, Tianhong Fund, the country's largest fund management company. Meanwhile, due to the cooperation with Alipay, the management scale of Tianhong monetary fund has doubled from 55.653 billion yuan at the end of September to over 100 billion yuan. During Singles' Day, the frequency of payment of Alipay and Yu'ebao exceeded 188 million and 16.79 million with total transaction volume at 35 billion yuan and 6 billion yuan.‎ 本文主要介绍了天弘基金是如何成为中国第一大基金的。‎ ‎1．The fund has been successful so far mainly because ________.‎ A．it is the country's largest fund B．it was the first fund in China to cooperate with Yu'ebao C．consumers can directly invest the spare cash in it through online payment service D．the online shopping is prosperous and Singles' Day shopping makes a great contribution 答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第三段的“The past five months have seen this fund blossom, owing to the prosperous Internet ecommerce platform, and Singles' Day shopping spree on November 11 had helped Yu'ebao”可知，基金的成功主要在于网购的繁荣和光棍节的购物，即D项正确。]‎ ‎2．From the passage, we can know that Alipay ________.‎ A．allows sellers to invest their spare cash in the money market funds B．is attached to Yu'ebao C．has doubled to 55.653 billion yuan at the end of September D．transfers the money from the buyer to the seller directly 答案　A　[推理判断题。根据第二段“Alipay (支付宝), attached to the ecommerce giant Alibaba Group, announced in June it would offer its users the option to directly invest with the private Tianhong Fund using spare cash from Alipay accounts. The business is called Yu'ebao.”可知，支付宝允许购买者将多余的钱投资到基金，即A项正确。]‎ ‎★3.Which of the following is the best title of the passage?‎ A．Yu'ebao, the right choice to invest B．Alibaba helps make China's largest fund C．Celestica, the largest fund in China D．Alipay, a branch of Alibaba Group 答案　B　[文章主旨题。根据第一段的内容可知，本文主要讲述了阿里巴巴帮助天弘基金成为中国最大的基金，即B项正确。]‎ ‎1．attach vt./vi. 使依附；使依恋；系上 2．confirm vt. 确认；证实 3．account vi./n. 解释；账户 ‎4．stable adj. 稳定的；牢固的 5．exceed vt. 超过；胜过 ‎1．owing to 由于；因为 2．in the process of 在……过程中 ‎3．a large amount of 大量的(修饰不可数名词)‎ 原文：The product, called Yu'ebao, or “Leftovers Treasure”， has netted 130 billion yuan so far, making the fund's management firm, Tianhong Fund, the country's largest fund management company. (分词作状语)译文：被称为余额宝的这款产品至今已有1300亿元的净值，使得天弘基金成为全国最大的基金管理公司。‎ 仿写：The construction of the gym caused much noise, making_it_difficult_for_people_nearby_to_sleep.‎ 建设体育馆发出的噪音，使得附近的人们很难入睡。‎ Passage 6 限时：7分钟 体裁：议论文　题材：人与自然类　难度：中词数：290‎ According to the UN Intergovernmental Panel (专家咨询组) on Climate Change, global temperatures have risen by approximately ‎0.6 ℃‎ in the past century, caused mainly by emissions of greenhouse gases produced by human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. Temperatures are to increase between ‎1.6 ℃‎ and ‎5.8 ℃‎ in the next century， accompanied by sea level rise and an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events.‎ The best available evidence suggests that climate changes since the 1970s may already be causing over 150,000 deaths annually， and that greenhouse gas emissions would increase disease burdens in the coming decades. The risks are concentrated in the poorest population, who have contributed least to the problem.‎ The Kyoto Protocol (京都议定书) is signed by 128 nations, and commits the participating industrialized countries to cutting emissions of greenhouse gases by over 5% below 1990 level by the period of 2008－2012.‎ ‎“Over 600 thousand people died in weatherrelated disasters in the 1990s. Temperature and rainfall influence the rates of diseases and infections including malaria, and malnutrition, which together cause over 3.5 million deaths a year. The Kyoto Protocol is the first step towards protecting the climate system, which exerts such a strong influence on our health”， said Dr Kerstin Leitner, Assistant DirectorGeneral for Sustainable Development and Healthy Environments.‎ While acting to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it is also essential to protect vulnerable (脆弱的) communities from the effects of climate changes. WHO works to promote measures such as protection from malaria and other climate sensitive diseases, and reliable access to clean water and sanitation, for people in the most vulnerable developing countries. Increasing disease control efforts will also help to protect current and future generations from the impacts of greenhouse gas emissions.‎ 这是一篇关于气候变化的文章。人类的某些行为导致的气候变化会危害人类自身，我们要采取必要的措施来拯救我们自己。‎ ‎1．According to the passage, what is the reason for the rise of global temperatures?‎ A．The burning of fossil fuels. B．The rise of sea level.‎ C．Extreme weather disasters. D．The emissions of greenhouse gases.‎ 答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“global temperatures have risen...emissions of greenhouse gases”可知，D项正确。A项是产生温室气体的行为之一，故可排除。]‎ ‎2．Which of the following is true?‎ A．Weatherrelated disasters caused over 3.5 million deaths.‎ B．The climate system has a deep impact on human health.‎ C．The members of the Kyoto Protocol are all industrialized countries.‎ D．The poorest population are to blame because they contribute least to the problem.‎ 答案　B　[细节理解题。A项与文章第四段中的“Over 600 thousand people died in weatherrelated disasters...which together cause over 3.5 million deaths a year”不符；C项意为“京都议定书”成员国都是工业化的国家，与文章第三段的内容不符；D项与文章第二段的最后一句话不符。根据第四段中的“The Kyoto Protocol...on our health”可知选B项。]‎ ‎3．In order to protect communities, WHO takes some measures except ________.‎ A．preventing diseases caused by climate changes B．helping to provide clean water C．aiding to offer sanitation D．gaining access to vulnerable developing countries 答案　D　[细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“such as protection...sanitation”和“Increasing disease control efforts”可知A、B、C三项正确。由“for people in the most vulnerable developing countries”可知D项错误。]‎ ‎★4.What does the passage mainly talk about?‎ A．Climate changes and the effects on human health.B．Climate changes cause over 15,000 deaths annually.‎ C．WHO promotes measures such as protection from malaria.‎ D．The Kyoto Protocol helps to protect human health.‎ 答案　A　[主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，B、C、D项均是文中某一方面的内容，比较片面，A项最能概括文章大意。]‎ ‎1．global adj. 全球的；总体的2．accompany vt. 陪伴；伴奏3．annually adv. 每年 ‎4．concentrate v. 集中；浓缩；全神贯注5．participate v. 参加；参与6．influence n．/vt. 影响 ‎1．in the next century 在下个世纪2．in the coming decades 在即将到来的几十年 ‎3．in the 1990s 在20世纪90年代 原文：While acting to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it is also essential to protect vulnerable communities from the effects of climate changes. (连词＋非谓语结构)‎ 译文：在采取行动去减少温室气体排放的同时，保护脆弱的社区生活免受气候变化的影响也是很必要的。‎ 仿写:We have to take environmental protection into account/consideration when_developing_the_economy. 发展经济的同时，我们必须考虑保护环境。‎ 易错题：纠缠细节，忽视主题 ‎[例]　Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.‎ Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating...‎ Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites. In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room...‎ Don't forget the clock—or the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories (卡路里) per meal..‎ Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat...‎ Q：What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A．Is Your House Making You Fat? B．Ways of Serving Dinner C．Effects of SelfConsciousness D．Is Your Home Environment Relaxing?‎ ‎[错解]　D ‎[错因分析]　在解答主旨大意题时，如果考生过于纠缠文章中的细节，而不从总体上把握作者所要阐明的主要内容，就容易将文章中出现的细节误认为是文章或段落的中心思想，从而造成误选。‎ ‎[答案]　A　本文主要介绍的是房屋的窗帘、灯光的设计、墙壁的颜色、餐具的大小、吃饭的速度等因素都会影响一个人的食欲和食量，进而影响节食效果和身材。故A项“你的房屋在使你发胖吗？”作为文章标题最佳。‎ ‎[心得体会]‎