高考英语冲刺词汇复习 42页

高考冲刺词汇复习 实用的动宾短语 A. make 与take 类 ‎1. make a decision / discovery / choice 2. make a difference对……有影响 ‎3. make (a) fire 生火 4. make a joke at /about …开……玩笑 ‎5. make /give / deliver a speech 发表演讲 6. make tea/ coffee 沏茶/ 煮咖啡 ‎7. make the bed 铺床 8. make / build a fire 生火 ‎9. make fun of 10. make friends with 与……交朋友 ‎11. make/ take go on a trip / journey（to）到…..旅行 ‎ ‎12. make a study of 研究 13. make room for 给……腾出空间 ‎14. make a mistake about 就…..弄错 15. make a dive for 冲去拿….；朝……俯冲 ‎16. make a face/ make faces 做鬼脸 17. make preparations (for) 为……做准备 ‎18. make it 及时赶到；成功；办成 19.make/ take notes of 做笔记 ‎20. make (great / rapid 快速的) progress（in …）在…取得进步 make up one’s mind to do sth. 决心做某事 ‎21. make (a) noise (a用于某响声清晰可辨时) 弄出声音22. make a promise 许诺 ‎(联想：keep one’s promise carry out a promise,/ break a promise)‎ ‎23. make a contribution (to…)为…..做贡献 24. make（both) ends meet 量入为出;收支相抵 ‎25. make an effort to do sth. 努力做某事 26. make great efforts to do sth. 努力做某事 ‎27. make contributions to（doing）sth为….作贡献 every effort ‎28. make use of=take advantage of 利用; make( good /full) use of (好好/充分)利用; make the best of 尽量利用; make the most of 充分利用 ‎29. make / earn some money 赚钱 30. make an excuse 找借口 ‎31. make a change 改变 32. make (good) sense 讲得通， 有意义 ‎33. make sense of= understand 34. make up one’s mind to do sth. 决心做某事 ‎35. make trouble 滋事生非 36. make a list of 列清单 ‎37. make a good impression 留下好印象 38. make one’s way 一路前进 ‎39. take a step 迈步 40. take steps/ measures/ action 采取措施 ‎41. take sb. / sth. seriously 42. take your time 慢慢来 ‎43. take medicine 吃药 44. take a holiday job 假期打零工 ‎45. take a bus/ train 46. take one’s chance 冒险；碰运气 ‎47. take a chance冒险；碰运气 48. take a chance/risk 冒险 ‎（联想：try one’s fortune/ luck碰运气） 49. take a doctor’s degree 获博士学位 ‎50. take one’s order （侍者给客人）点菜 51. take/ attend a course/ class 参加课程的学习/上课 ‎52. take one’s advice 接受某人的意见；follow one’s advice听从某人的意见；seek one’s advice = ask sb. for advice征求某人的意见 53. take leave 告辞；离开 ‎54. take sb/ sth. as a example/ take sb./ sth. for example 以……为例 ‎55. take / show/ feel (an) interest in 对……感兴趣 B. make/ take 类 ‎1. make / take a holiday 2. make / take a note of C. take /have类t ake a seat / walk / rest/ break / rest/ picnic/ bath have D. do 类 ‎ ‎1. do sb a favour = do a favour to sb. 2. do sb/ sth harm = do harm to sb/ sth ‎3. do a good deed 4. do some (a lot of) walking/ shopping E. go 类 ‎1. go for a walk/ ride/ swim/ 2. go shopping/ climbing/ swimming/ sight-seeing ‎ ‎3. go boating/hiking F. 其他类 ‎1. mind/watch your step 走路小心 2. leave a message 留下口信 ‎3. take a message 稍口信 4. get the message 明白对方的意思 ‎5. attend school / a meeting 上学、开会 6. tell a joke 讲笑话 ‎7. have a class 上课 8. give a class 授课 ‎9. answer the door / bell / phone 开门/接电话 10. answer the letter= reply to the letter 回信 ‎11. break the law 违法 12. break a record 破记录 ‎13. set a record 创记录 14. hold a record 保持记录 ‎15. break one’s promise 违背诺言; make a promise许下诺言; keep one’s promise =keep one’s word信守诺言）; carry out one’s promise 实践诺言 ‎16. achieve success/ one’s goal/ one’s purpose取得成功/ 达到目标 ‎17. wear long hair /moustache / a flower留长发/留胡须/戴花 ‎18. wear a big smile挂着灿烂的微笑 19. lose one’s way 迷路 ‎ ‎20. do one’s lessons /homework 做功课/作业 21. do/ try one’s best 尽最大努力 ‎ ‎22. feel one’s way 摸索着前进 23. shake one’s head 摇头 ‎ ‎24. earn one’s living=earn one’s bread =make one’s living make/earn/ get/ gain a living 谋生 ‎25. hold one’s breath 屏住呼吸 26. save one’s life 救命 ‎27. take one’s time慢慢来 28. follow one’s example 效仿某人 ‎ ‎29. follow one’s dream 追随梦想 30. lose one’s head 冲动；失去理智 ‎31. lose one’s way 迷路 32. struggle to one’s feet 挣扎着站起来 ‎33. use one’s brains 动脑筋 34. lose one’s heart (to sb.)=fall in love with sb. ‎ ‎35. lose heart/ courage失去信心 36. dress oneself 自己穿衣 ‎ ‎37. come to oneself 恢复知觉 38. devote oneself to 致力于 ‎ ‎39. enjoy oneself 过得快乐 =have a good time 40. excuse oneself 为自己辩解 ‎ ‎41. explain oneself 说明自己的意图 41. feel oneself 觉得正常 ‎ ‎42. help oneself to 随便吃，随便用 43. make oneself at home 别客气 ‎ ‎44. find oneself in/ at发觉自己来到….. 45. say to oneself 心里想= think to oneself ‎ ‎46. talk/ speak to oneself 自言自语 47. seat oneself 坐下 ‎ ‎48. teach oneself自学 49. come to a stop 停下来 ‎50. come to an end 结束 51.bring … to an end= put an end to…结束…‎ ‎52. come to / arrive at/ reach/ draw a conclusion 得出结论 ‎53. come to / arrive at/ reach an agreement 达成一致意见 ‎54. burst into tears / cheers/ song / laughter 突然大哭/欢呼/ 唱起歌来/ 大笑 ‎55. burst into the house 快速进到屋子里来 56. expect sb等待某人到来 ‎ ‎57. expect a letter 等信/ 期盼来信 58. set up a school 创办学校 = start a school ‎59. found a school 出资办学 60. carry on a conversation 进行会话 ‎61. meet challenge 迎接挑战 62. meet / satisfy the need 满足需要 ‎63. carry on the business 做生意 ‎ ‎64. carry out an experiment= conduct/perform/ do an experiment 做实验 ‎65. explain oneself 说明某种行为的理由 66. express oneself 表达自己的意思 ‎67.teach sb. a lesson给某人以教训 68. fix one’s eyes on… 专注地看……‎ ‎69. pay attention to =take notice of… 注意… 70. fix one’s attention on 集中注意力于……‎ ‎71. attract / catch / draw one’s attention = catch one’s eye 引起某人的注意 ‎72. play/ act the role /the part of 扮演……角色 ‎73. play an important part / role in 在….. 中扮演重要角色/ 起重要作用 ‎74. contain /hold 5 litres of water 容纳‎5升的水75. hold/ seat 100 people 容纳100人 ‎76. set/lay the table 摆桌子 77. collect / gather flowers 采花 ‎ ‎78. collect / raise money 筹钱 79. collect one’s senses 集中注意力 ‎ ‎80. collect one’s thoughts and ideas 集中思想和意念 81 . enjoy success 获得成功 ‎82. pay sb a visit/ pay a visit to sb/ some place. = visit sb/ some place 拜访某人、 参观某地 ‎83. set sb. an example = set an example to sb. 为某人树立榜样 附注几个值得注意的表达 ‎84. I can read your mind 我知道你想什么 ‎85. My heart sank. 我的心往下沉。‎ ‎86. He is a heavy smoker. 他抽烟多。‎ ‎87. The traffic is very heavy. 路上很堵 常用的一词多义 A类--- 14个多含义的常见动词（work,share也兼作名词）‎ ‎1. develop Develop a new model研发新模型；develop a good habit培养好习惯；develop/exploit the natural resources开发天然资源; develop a cough咳嗽起来 develop a film 冲胶卷 ‎2.recover ‎ recover what was lost 找回丢失的东西; recover one’s sight/ hearing恢复失视力/听力 recover one’s strength 恢复元气; recover from one’s illness病后复原; recover from one’s astonishment 惊魂已定 ‎3. settle settle the argument 结束争论; settle the disagreement 解决分歧; settle / solve the problem 解决问题; settle the matter解决事情; settle down (使) 镇静；（使）平静; （做vi 时= calm down）‎ settle on the branch 停于树枝上; settle in 迁入新居；从事新的工作; settle oneself in an armchair在扶手椅上休息 ‎4. cover cover an area of 占地面积…...; cover the loss 弥补损失; cover the event/ conference 报道事件/ 大会; cover our expenses 够开支; cover the young man from the man’s blows 用身体护住年轻人不致被那人殴打; cover 10 miles 走了1;英里; cover a wide field 涵盖很广的领域 ‎5. strike:‎ n. 罢工,打击,殴打 v. 打,罢工,(灾难等)袭击/降临；袭击；划燃；突然想起 ‎1) The car ran out of control and struck / hit a tree. 汽车失去控制，撞在树上。‎ ‎2) The union struck for better work conditions. 工会为争取更好的工作条件而罢工。 ‎ ‎3) It was not long before tragedy struck again. 没多久，灾难又再次降临。 ‎ ‎4) Enemy troops struck just before dawn. 敌军在拂晓前发起了进攻。‎ ‎5) The little girl struck a match and tried to keep herself warm. 小女孩划了根火柴想让自己暖和些。‎ ‎6)The clock struck ‎12’‎ 0clock 钟敲12 点了。‎ ‎7)I've struck on a plan for solving the problem. = A plan for solving the problem struck me.‎ ‎ 我突然想起一个解决这个问题的办法。‎ ‎6. bear bear a heavy load 负重担; bear wounds 有创伤; can't bear忍受不了 ‎ can't bear的用法：can't bear sb. / sth. can't bear to do sth., can't bear sb. doing sth.）。例如：‎ ‎1) Oh, I can't bear that man---he really irritates me! 我无法忍受那个人—他真的很让我生气。‎ ‎2) Please don't leave me all alone, I couldn't bear it. 不要拉下我一人，我受不了。‎ ‎3) He can't bear people smoking while he's eating. 他受不了吃饭的时候别人抽烟。‎ ‎4) Alison couldn't bear to leave and cried all the way to the airport. 就要离开了，Alison很难过，一直哭到机场。‎ 联想： can't stand，常用于can't stand sth./can't stand doing/can't stand to do/can't stand sb. doing sth.通常用于口语： 不能忍受（某人、某物、做某事）：‎ ‎7. treat n. 宴飨,款待 v. 视为,对待,处理,探讨,治疗。例如：‎ ‎1) This meal is my treat, so put your money away. 这顿饭我请客，你把钱收起来吧。 ‎ ‎2) Smoked salmon, what a treat! 吃熏大马哈鱼－－那可太棒了！‎ ‎3) This boy is being treated for a heart condition. 这个男孩正在接受心脏病治疗。 ‎ ‎4) My mother always treats us like children. 我妈妈总把我们当孩子看待。 ‎ ‎5) This delicate glass must be treated with care. 这精巧的玻璃杯处理时要小心。 ‎ ‎6) The documentary treated the question in some detail. 这部记录片探讨这个问题有些深度。 ‎ ‎7) We were treated to the unusual sight of the Prime Minister singing on TV. ‎ ‎ 我们有幸目睹首相上电视一展歌喉的难得场面. ‎ ‎8. beat vt. & vi. 打赢 (其宾语是“对手”= defeat )；敲打；（心脏等）跳动。例如：‎ ‎1) We beat them by a score of 2 to 1. 我们以2比1打赢了他们。‎ ‎2) You can’t beat us at the game. 你们不可能打败我们的。‎ ‎3) His heart is still beating. 他的心脏还在跳。‎ ‎4）Who is beating the drum? 谁在击鼓?‎ 比较：win “获胜”， 其宾语是“比赛”、“竞赛”或“奖品”等。例如：‎ We have won the match. 我们胜了这场比赛。‎ Li Ming won the first place. 李明得了第一名。‎ ‎9．reach vt.‎ ‎1) 伸展，伸出：（将身体的一部分）伸展开或拉开；延伸：‎ ‎ He reached out an arm. 伸出一只手臂 The property reaches the shore. 地产一直延伸到岸边 ‎ ‎2) 伸出，够到，触及：伸出或展开…来触摸或抓住： I couldn't reach the shelf. 没法够着书架 ‎3) 达到，得到： reach a conclusion得出一个结论；reach their destination.到达他们的目的地 ‎ ‎4) 取得联系，沟通： They reached us by telephone. 他们通过电话找到了我们。 ‎ ‎5) 影响，左右; 成功地对…产生影响: No one seems able to reach her anymore. 看起来没有人能够再对她产生任何影响 ‎ ‎6) 传达：最大限度地发射出去： A distant cry reached our ears. 我们听到从远处传来一阵哭声 ‎ ‎7) 合计，累计：总计为或总数为…： Sales reached the thousands. 商品卖出了数千件 ‎ ‎8) 传递【非正式用语】：抓住然后传递给另一个人： Reach me the sugar. 把糖递给我 ‎ vi ‎1) 伸出：伸出或延展某物，伸手碰到，伸手去抓：尽量抓到或触到某物： reached for a book. 使劲够一本书 ‎ ‎2) 延伸：在时间或空间上有延伸度： a coat that reaches to the knee长及膝盖的大衣；; a career that reached over several decades. 一项干了几十年的事业 ‎ n. ‎ out of/ beyond one’s reach 某人够不着；within one’s reach 某人够得着 ‎10. make. ‎ ‎1. 做;制造;建造: Mary made a paper boat. 玛丽做了一只纸船。 ‎ ‎2. 作出(某种举动) : I didn't make any promise. 我没有作出任何承诺。 ‎ ‎3. 使得;使...做..: His jokes made us all laugh. 他的笑话把我们都逗笑了。 ‎ ‎4. 到达;赶上: We just made the last bus. 我们正好赶上末班公交车。 ‎ ‎5. 获得,挣得;赢得: He makes $‎1,000 a month. 他每月挣一千元。 ‎ ‎6. 认为;估计,推算: I make the distance ten miles. 这段距离我估计是十英里。 ‎ ‎7. 总计;等于 One hundred centimeters make one meter. 一百厘米等于一米。 ‎ ‎8. 准备;整理;布置: make the bed 铺床 ‎9. 引起;产生: He made her many enemies. 他树敌甚多。 ‎ ‎10. 成为,变成;成为...的成员：She will make a good wife. 她会成为一个好妻子。 ‎ ‎11. 使成为;使作为：I've made it a rule never to hurry. 我已养成凡事从容不迫的习惯。 ‎ ‎12. 使成功：I’m sure I can make it. 我肯定我能做到。‎ ‎13. 构成;组成 A car is made up of many different parts. 汽车是由许多不同的零件组成的。 ‎ vi. ‎ ‎1. 正要做,刚要开始做：George made to go out to play, but his mother stopped him. 乔治刚要出去玩,却被母亲拦住了。 ‎ ‎2. 朝某方向走去 The ship made for the sea. 船向大海驶去。‎ n. ‎ ‎1. 品牌;型;样式[C][U] ：What make is your car? 你的汽车是什么型号? ‎ ‎2. 性格;气质;体格[U][C] ‎ ‎11. work ‎ n. ‎ 劳动；操作；作业；功课; 工作；职业; 活计；制作品; 著作，作品(可数)‎ Work on it had begun before my sister left. 这幢房子是在我姐姐离开前动工的。‎ It takes a lot of work to build a house. 建一座房子得花许多劳动。‎ My work is as a doctor. 我当医生。‎ This mat is my own work. 这个垫子是我亲自做的。‎ He sells his work in the market. 他在市场上销售他的产品。‎ Shakespeare's works are widely read 被广泛阅读的莎士比亚著作 v. ‎ ‎1) 工作；劳动；办公: The two typist have already worked away all day. 这两位打字员已经工作一整天了。‎ ‎2) 计划、机器等）行得通，能运转: ‎ The plan won't work? How so? 这个计划行不通吗?怎么会的?‎ The machine won't work because of a faulty connection.机器电源线接错了,所以开不动。‎ Your idea won't work in practice.你的想法在实践中行不通。‎ The machine is worked by electricity.这机器是电动的。‎ ‎3) 使（某人）工作；使用 （某人）‎ They work us too hard.他们要我们死命地干活。‎ ‎4) 操作；使运转: to work a machine 开一部机器 ‎5) 经过努力才达到: She worked her way to the front. 她好不容易才挤到前面。‎ ‎12. do ‎1) 做:: What you doing here? (“What are you doing here?" 将重音放在What，而呈现逐渐下降的语调。为“你在这里做什么？”之意。但若将重音放在do上就会变成“你到底在这里做什么呢？”，含有责备对方的语气) ‎ ‎2) 处理 --- How would you like steak? ---Well-done. ----请问你要几分熟的牛排呢？----我要全熟的。‎ ‎( rare半熟; medium普通的中等熟) ‎ ‎3) 制作 ‎--- What's up? 你在做什么呢？‎ ‎--- I'm doing my report on consumer movements. 我正在写消费者运动的报告。‎ We did a concert/ play . 我们举行一场演唱会/ 我们排了一出戏。 ‎ ‎4） 能产生速度 ‎ A: What make of car of this? 这部车是什么牌子呢？‎ B: It's a FLAT. 这是菲亚特汽车。‎ A: How many miles an hour can a FLAT do? 菲亚特的时速是多少呢？‎ B: More than 120 miles per hour,I think. 我想每小时大概能跑120多哩 ‎5) do without～ 不用～也可以做 例如：‎ A: Do you need my advice? 你需要我的忠告吗？‎ B: No, thank you. I can do without your advice. 不，谢谢。没有你的建议我自己也能做。‎ We can't do without a car in America. 在美国没有车子，就无法做任何事）。 ‎ ‎6) do with～ "根据～而做“。例如：I can do with two meals a day.“我可以一日两餐地过生活 ‎7）will do 行；好；可以 ‎ A: I'd like to take you out for dinner. When is it convenient for you? 我想邀请你共进晚餐，不知何时比较适合呢？‎ B: Any weekend will do. 任何一个假日都可以。‎ Will it do if I pay you next week?"我下周再付钱给你可以吗？‎ Five hundred dollars will do. 五百元美金就够用 That won't do. 这样不行 Will these shoes do?为“这双鞋子合适吗？‎ That will do 这样就好了。‎ This will do for to day.今天就到此为止。 ‎ ‎13. share ‎　　不知同学们注意到上面句中share happiness and sorrow这个share没有？现在咱们一起"分享"一下share的用法吧。 ‎ ‎　　从上面课文句子中我们可以看出，share是及物动词，其后接happiness and sorrow作宾语。再看那两个例题，share也是作及物动词用。那么，share的用法到底怎样呢？当然，share既可以作及物动词也可以作不及物动词，意思为"分享；合用；分配"；除了作动词用外，还可以用作名词，意思为"共享；一份；份额"。下面来看看它的具体用法。 ‎ v.‎ ‎　1 share作及物动词和不及物动词用时： ‎ ‎1) 和某人合用; 与某人共有，share sth. 和share sth. with / between sb.后接表具体事物的名词，也可以是taste, interest, opinion, view, task, experience等名词。‎ Li Ping and I shared the same room at college. 上大学时，李平和我同住一室。 ‎ People often share politicl views with their parents. 人常跟父母的政治观点一致。‎ ‎2）若要表示"分享; 分担"，其句型用share in sth.，句型中的介词in可以省略，share后面的宾语可以是worry, trouble, hardship, excitement, happiness, cost等名词。例如： ‎ She always shares (in) her mother's troubles. 她总是为她妈妈分忧。 ‎ She hopes we will share in her joy. 她希望我们分享她的喜悦。 ‎ ‎3）分配；分摊 share sth (out) among/ between sb.‎ We shared the pizza between the four of us. 我们4人把那份比萨饼分着词。‎ ‎4）把自己的想法/ 经历/ 感情告诉他人 Men often like to share their problems. 男人往往不喜欢把自己的问题告诉他人。‎ n. ‎ ‎1) 一份；份额，常可构成a share of... , one's share of... 形式。例如： ‎ ‎　　Tom promised to give me his share. 汤姆答应把他的那一份给我。 ‎ ‎　Everyone ought to have his share of food. 每个人都应该有一份食物。 ‎ ‎2) 股份，是可数名词，还具有名词作定语的用法。如： ‎ ‎　He bought 500 shares in a shipping company. 他买了某航运公司500股股份。 ‎ ‎14. afford ‎1）常与can, could, be able to 连用，后接sth(to do sth.) / to do sth: 买得起，有时间做，能做 Nonoe of them could afford $50 for a ticket. 他们中没有哪个拿得出50美圆买张票。‎ We can’t afford to go abroad this summer. 今夏我们没有足够的钱到国外。‎ ‎2）can’t afford to do sth 还有“承担得起（后果）”的含义 I can’t afford to fail in the exam. 我考试不能不及格。‎ ‎3）（正式）提供/ 给予 = provide sb. with sth 后接宾语或双宾语 The tree can afford shelther from the sun. 这树可挡挡太阳。‎ The program can afford young people the chance to gain work experience. 这项计划给年轻人提供了获得工作经验的机会。‎ ‎15. leave ‎ vt. 离开(某处)[(+for)]； 离开(某人)的身边;遗弃,离弃；辞去(工作等);脱离(组织等)； 遗忘;丢下；听任,使处于某种状态(使役动词) ；留给；死后留下…..； 把...交给;委托[(+with/to); 剩下 Mr. Smith left the room at two o'clock. 史密斯先生两点离开房间。 ‎ Her husband has left her. 她的丈夫把她遗弃了。 ‎ Mary left school last year and she is working in a shop now. 玛丽去年退了学,现正在一家商店工作。 ‎ I left my keys behind. 我忘了带钥匙了。 ‎ He left the windows open. 他让窗子开着。‎ The coat was left hanging behind the door. 衣服挂在门背 ‎ ‎(近似于：The coat remained hanging behind the door.)‎ The work was left undone.工作没做。(近似于：The work remained undone.)‎ The readers can’t be left unsatisfied. 要让读者满意。‎ He left me a few books. 他留给我几本书。 ‎ You can leave your case with me. 你可以把箱子交给我。 ‎ He left a wife and five children. 他死后留下妻子和五个孩子。 ‎ Mother left me $10,000. 母亲去世,留给我一万美元。 ‎ I felt I had little energy left. 我感到我一点劲也没有了。 ‎ ‎11. (从某个方位)经过 Leave the monument on the right and cross the bridge. ‎ 从右手经过纪念碑,再往前过桥。 ‎ vi. ‎ ‎1. 离去;动身[(+for)] ‎ We will leave for London next week. 我们下周动身去伦敦。 ‎ n. 准假;休假;休假期[C][U]; 许可,同意[U][+to-v]; 离去,告别[U]‎ I got two weeks' leave. 我获得两周的假期。 ‎ ‎2. Have you got leave to come here this afternoon? ‎ 你得到许可今天下午来这里吗? ‎ ‎3. The guests took leave after thanking the host. ‎ 客人们对主人表示谢意之后告辞了。‎ ‎16. serve ‎ vt 服务；为…效力；接待顾客;供给某物; 开饭；上菜 Can I serve you in any way? 我能帮你忙吗？ ‎ The job of a politician is to serve the community. 原则上,政治家的职责就是为公众服务。 ‎ We should serve the people heart and soul. 我们需全心全意地为人民服务 。‎ The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed. ‎ 接待她的售货员不喜欢她那种穿着。 ‎ Mrs White can't come to the telephone - she's serving a customer. ‎ 怀特夫人不能来接电话——她正在接待顾客。 ‎ A pipeline servs the house with water有根水管给房子供水。‎ The waitress serve coffee hot 侍者把咖啡趁热端上来。‎ vi任职/ 服役（与in连用）; 可做；适于 He serves in the navy. 他在海军服役。 ‎ This box will serve for a seat. 这箱子可当作座椅。 ‎ This platform would serve as a port and a railway station. 这个平台将用作港口和火车站。 ‎ ‎17. mark n. 污点, 斑点;符号,标签;(性质、感情等的)痕迹,迹象;分数;目标,目的;(体育)起跑线等。如:‎ ‎　　Who made these dirty marks on my new book? 谁把我的新书弄脏了?‎ ‎　　The horse with a white mark on its head runs the fastest. 头上有白斑的马跑得最快。‎ ‎　　The white marks painted on the tree are used to show the route. 树上涂的那些白色的符号是用来指示行进路线的。‎ ‎　　Please accept this gift as a mark of our respect. 请接受我们这份薄礼,以表敬意。‎ ‎　The arrow missed the mark and the dear escaped. 箭偏离了目标,鹿逃走了。‎ vt. 在某物上做标记; 指示,表明(某事); 给(学生作业等)批分数,评成绩; 以……为特征; 留心,注意 ‎　　Prices are marked on the goods.商品上都标有价钱。‎ ‎　　There will be ceremonies to mark the Queen's birthday. 庆祝女王生日将举行典礼。‎ ‎　　I have twelve articles to mark tonight.今晚我要批阅十二篇文章。‎ ‎　　These are qualities which mark the film as quite exceptional. 这些特征标志着那部电影与众不同。‎ ‎　 　Please mark my words. 请留心我说的话。‎ mark构成的常用短语主要有: give sb. full marks给某人打满分;make one's mark出名,成功give sb. a good (bad) mark给某人留下好(坏)印象;make a mark 做标记;mark A with.B = mark B on 把B标到A上. mark down记下等 ‎18. sign ‎ n. (1)记号，符号，手势，信号 She put her finger to her lips as a sign to be quiet.她把手指放到嘴上示意大家安静。 (2) 标志，告示 Pay attention to road signs. 注意路标。 (3)迹象，征兆 Clouds are a sign of rain. 乌云是下雨的征兆。the/a sign of ……的迹象 ‎ v. (1) 签名，签字。 Sign here, please. 请在这里签字。 (2) 打信号，做手势 The policeman signed to me to stop. 警察示意让我停下来。 sign 的短语搭配 sign one's name 签名，sign to sb (not) to do sth. 示意某人(不)做某事。 ‎ 近似词：1. signal n. (可数） 信号（通常指现代的电子信号，包括红绿灯） ‎ send signal to sb. 向某人发送信号 ‎ ‎2. sigh vi / n 叹气 ‎19. run ‎1) 不及物动词 vi. 跑 ‎ He is a man who runs ahead of the time. 他是跑在时间前面的人。 ‎ I'm tired because I've just run home from school. 我累了，因为我刚从学校跑回家。 ‎ ‎2) 不及物动词 vi. 行驶；开 ‎ The buses run every five minutes. 公共汽车每五分钟开一次。 ‎ A car ran by at a great speed. 汽车以极快速度行驶。 ‎ ‎3) 不及物动词 vi. 运转；进行(work; function) ‎ The machines run day and night. 机器日夜不停地转动。 ‎ The machine has been mended and runs very well. 机器修好了，运转得很好。 ‎ ‎4) 不及物动词 vi. 延伸；处于(extend)‎ The good news ran through our village. 这好消息在我们村子里传遍了。 ‎ The road runs north. 这条路伸向北方。 ‎ ‎5) 不及物动词 vi. 流 ((of liquids) to flow )‎ The Yangtse River runs into the East China Sea. 长江流入东海。 ‎ Tears ran down from her eyes. 泪水自她脸上流下。 ‎ ‎6) 不及物动词 vi. 续版 (appear continuously in print; be published )‎ The story is now running in the newspapers. 那故事正在报纸上连载。 ‎ ‎7) 不及物动词 vi. （时间）流逝 ((of time) go by; pass)‎ How fast the years have run by! 时间过得真快！ ‎ ‎8) 不及物动词 vi. 连续上演 (be performed on the stage continuously; be continued or repeated )‎ That film ran for two weeks. 那部电影连演二周了。 ‎ ‎9) 及物动词 vt. 追赶 (force to run out, and follow; pursue; hunt )‎ The hunter is running a fox. 猎人正在追狐狸。 ‎ ‎10) 及物动词 vt. 使行驶；驾驶 (cause to move; drive )‎ John run a car into a park. 约翰把小汽车开进了公园。 ‎ ‎11) 及物动词 vt. 管理；经营；指挥 (control or organize a business,club, etc. )‎ My father ran/ manage / operate a camera store last year. 我父亲去年管理照相器材商店。 ‎ Who runs the business? 谁管事？ ‎ ‎12) 名词 n. 跑；奔 (moving fast on your feet )‎ I take a ten minute run before breakfast every day. 我每天早饭前跑步十分钟。 ‎ Let's go for a run across the fields. 咱们去跑步，跑过那片田野吧。 ‎ ‎13) 名词 n. 路程；短期旅行 (journey in a car, train, etc. )‎ It is an hour's run by train from here to London. 从此地到伦敦搭火车有一小时的行程。 ‎ ‎14) 名词 n. 延续 (a continuous course or period of some condition, activity, etc. )‎ The play had a run of three days. 这出戏连续演三天。‎ ‎20. manage ‎1. 作及物动词，意为"管理；经营；负责"。‎ Your mother has a genius for managing such things. 你母亲有管理此类事情的才能。 ‎ ‎2. 作及物动词，意为"控制；对付；照管"。如： ‎ The girl is good at managing her money. 这个女孩善于理财。 ‎ You couldn't manage the demanding case; you'd better ask your parents for help. 你对付不了这件难办的事，你最好叫你的父母帮助你。 ‎ ‎3. 作及物动词，意为"达到；做成（某事）"，常与can， could， be able to连用。如： ‎ I haven't been learning French for long, so I can only manage a few words. 我学法语的时间不长，所以只能凑合着说几句。 ‎ Despite his disappointment, he was able to manage a smile. 尽管他很失望，可还是强颜欢笑。 ‎ ‎4. 作不及物动词，意为"设法（终于）完成（某件困难的事）"，其后通常接不定式。如： ‎ Do you suppose you can manage to get me a passport?你认为你能给我弄到护照吗？ ‎ We managed to get what we wanted, anyhow. 无论如何，我们最终得到了我们想要的。 ‎ The shirt was very dirty, but he managed to clean it. 这件衬衫很脏，但他设法把它弄干净了。 ‎ 注意：manage to do 是“设法做到了”，强调“做到了 ” 而try to do是“设法，尽力去做”，但不一定做到.‎ The hunter tried to escape from the forest, but he lost his way. 猎人设法逃出森林，但他迷路了。 ‎ ‎5. 作不及物动词，意为"能办到；设法解决；勉强维持"。如： ‎ We have a little food, but we can manage. 我们只有一点儿食物，但我们能应付过去。 ‎ How will you manage without a job? 没有工作你怎么生活？ ‎ ‎6. 作及物动词，意为"设法得到；拿得动；吃得下"，后接名词或代词。如： ‎ I couldn't manage two weeks' holiday this year, only one. 今年我无法得到两周的假期，只能是一周。 ‎ Can you manage another another slice of cake? 你还吃得下另外一块蛋糕吗？‎ ‎7. 构成manage for习惯短语，意为"设法得到"。如： ‎ How did you manage for money? 你是怎样弄到钱的？ ‎ manage的名词一是不可数的 management，意为"经营；管理"；二是可数的manager，意为"经理；管理人"。如： ‎ The failure was caused by bad management. 失败是经营不善所致。 ‎ She's not a very good manager-she always spends more money than she earns. 她不大会理财--总是入不敷出。 ‎ B 类 --- 多词性多含义的几个常用词 ‎1. right ‎1）adj. 正当的；合法的；正直的; 正确的；正面的；合适的；健康的，右方的;‎ It is not right to leave the party without saying goodbye. 不说声再见就离开舞会是不合适的 ‎ Put things right. 把事情办好 ‎ Do you feel right / all right? 你感觉好吗？‎ Make sure that the right side of the fabric is visible. 保证织物的正面可以看到. ‎ all right 行；好吧 eg: --- Would you like to join us for dinner? --- All righ!‎ ‎2）n. “右边”， “正义”，“正确”，“权利”‎ Turn to the right= Turn right. 往右转 human rights人权 do the right 做得对 ‎3）adv. “右面”; “正好” “正确”，“令人满意地”“立即”‎ The wind was right in our face. 风迎面吹来。‎ The bus came right on time. 汽车正好准时到达。‎ I’ll be right back. 我马上就回来。‎ You guessed right. 你猜着了。‎ Nothing is going right for me today. 今天没有哪件事让我顺心。‎ righ now立即；此刻; right away立即 ‎2. still adj. ‎ ‎1)指没有运动或动作的状态，相当于motionless，常译为“静止的”、“不动的”，“大海/ 空气无风的”=calm。例句： ‎ The doctor asked me to keep still. 医生叫我不要动。‎ The air is still/ calm. 空气中一丝风也没有。‎ ‎2) still还可以指完全没有声响的，常译为“宁静的”、“平静的”、“寂静的”。例句：‎ How still everything is! 一切是多么寂静啊！‎ The room was still at the end of the speech. 演讲过后，室内一片寂静。‎ adv. ‎ ‎1）“仍旧”、“还”之意，表示某事仍在继续，多用于肯定句或疑问句之中。例句：‎ My mother is still cooking. 我妈妈还在做饭。Will you still go there tomorrow? 明天你还会去那儿吗 ‎ 试比较： He still stands. （副词） 他仍旧站着。‎ ‎ Stand still. （形容词） 站好别动。‎ still有时也可用于否定句中，表示某事尚未完成或发生，此时，它要放于否定的助动词之前（在否定句中常用yet,放在句末）。例句：‎ ‎ She still hasn't come back. 她还没有回来。The bus hasn't arrived yet. 汽车还没有到达。‎ ‎2）still还可以用来修饰比较级，相当于even，可译为“更”、“还要”、“甚”。例句：‎ We must study still harder. 我们必须更加努力地学习。‎ ‎3）不过（转折词）‎ The weather was cold and wet. Still, we had a great time. 天气又冷又潮，不过我们仍旧玩得很开心。‎ Although he promised faithfully to come, still(yet) I didn’t think h would.尽管他信誓旦旦要来，但我还是觉得他不会来。‎ ‎3. when ‎1.引导时间状语从句。如：Don’t be afraid of asking for help when it is needed. (NMET2003)‎ ‎2.类似并列连词，表at that time, 常用于be about to do ... when, hardly...when等句型中。如：‎ We were swimming in the lake when suddenly the storm started. （北京春2004NMET）‎ ‎3.表原因，同since。如：Why do you want a new job when you’ve got such a good one already?(NMET1998)‎ ‎4.连接副词，用于名词性从句中。如：I remember when this used to be a quiet village. (NMET1993)‎ ‎5.关系副词，用于定语从句中。如：The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that far-away village. (NMET2001)‎ ‎6.whenever引导名词性从句和让步状语从句。如：You can eat food free in my restaurant whenever you like. (重庆2004)‎ ‎7.表让步，同even if.如：The enemy held out when they must have known there was no hope.‎ ‎【考例１】-----Where’s that report?‎ ‎ -----I brought it to you _____you were in Mr.Black’s office yesterday.（07北京卷，25）‎ A. if B. when C. because D. before ‎ ‎【考例２】The book was written in 1946, __ the education system has witnessed great changes.（07山东 A. when B. during when C. since then D.since when ‎ ‎【考例3】 Nancy enjoyed herself so much _____ she visited her friends in Sydney last year.（08福建卷，‎ ‎   A. that             B. which           C. when               D. where ‎ ‎【考例4】 Occasions are quite rare ____ I have the time to spend a day with my kids.（08山东卷，26）    A. who    B. which    C. why   D. when ‎ ‎【考例5】 There were some chairs left over _____ everyone had sat down.（08四川卷，6）‎ ‎ A. when B. until C. that D. where ‎ ‎【考例6】 The last time we had great fun was _____ we were visiting the Water Park.（08天津卷，12）‎ ‎ A. where B. how C. when D. why ‎ ‎【考例7】 I used to love that film _____ I was a child, but I don’t feel it that way any more.（08江苏卷，‎ A. once B. when C. since D. although ‎ ‎【考例8】Jane is back in May, by______ the new house should be finished.(08四川延考区，14)‎ A. which B. that C. whom D. when ‎ ‎4. while ‎1.引导时间状语从句，从句谓语动词为延续性动词。如：‎ ‎----I’m going to the post office. ---While you’re there, can you get me some stamps? (NMET1999)‎ ‎2.并列连词，表两相对照。如：The cost of living in Glasgow is among the lowest in Britain, while the quality of life is probably one of the highest. (天津2006)‎ ‎3.引导让步状语从句，表“部分接受，并非全部”。如：While I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person. (江苏2006)‎ ‎【考例1】________ I really don’t like the art, I find his work impressive.（07山东卷，29）‎ A. As B. Since C. If D. While ‎ ‎【考例2】I’d like to study law at university _______ my cousin prefers geography. （07四川卷，29）‎ A. though B. as C. while D. for (C)‎ ‎【考例3】 ______the Internet is of great help, I don’t think it’s a food idea to spend too much time on it. （08湖南卷，33）‎ A. If B. While C. Because D. As ‎ ‎【考例4】 In some places women are expected to earn money ____ men work at home and raise their children.（08四川卷，12）‎ ‎ A. but B. while C. because D. though ‎ ‎4．as ‎1.关系代词，引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。‎ 如：As is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. （江苏2004）‎ ‎2.用作介词，表“作为”或用在动词treat, recognize等之后。‎ 如：I feel that one of my main duties as a teacher is to help the students to become better learners. （广东2004）‎ ‎3.从属连词，引导状语从句，表“让步、时间、方式、比较、原因等。如：‎ Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as father was away in France. ‎ As the day went on, the weather got worse. (NMET1990)‎ It is reported that the United States uses twice as much energy as the whole of Europe. ‎ ‎4.as常见搭配：as good as (与……一样好；实际上，几乎等于) as well (as) (也；与……一样好)， as much（如此），as far as （据……），not so much as （不如……）等。‎ 如：As long as I know the money is safe, I shall not worry about it.（北京2003）‎ ‎-----How far apart do they live?‎ ‎-----As far as I know, they live in the same neighbourhood. （上海2003）‎ John plays football as well as, if not better than, David.（NMET1994）‎ ‎【考例1】________ , his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting.（07重庆卷，34）‎ A. Strange as might it sound B. As it might sound strange C. As strange it might sound D. Strange as it might sound ‎ ‎【考例2】The Beatles, _______ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.（05全 A. since B. when C. as D. while ‎ ‎【考例3】His plan was such a good one _______ we all agreed to accept it.（06陕西卷）‎ A. as B. that C. so D. and ‎ ‎【考例4】John is the tallest boy in the class,______ according to himself.（05安徽卷）‎ A. five foot eight as tall as B. as tall as five foot eight C. as five foot eight as D. as tall five foot eight as ‎ ‎【考例5】31. —Have you got any idea for the summer vacation?     —I don’t mind where we get ______ there’s sun, sea and beach. （08全国卷I，31） A. as if    B. as long as      C. now that     D. in order that 【考例6】 My English teacher’s humor was ____ make every student burst into laughter.（08江西卷， ‎ A. so as to B. such as to C. such that D. so that ‎ ‎【考例7】 Ten years ago the population of our village was______ that of theirs.（08陕西卷，16）‎ A. as twice large as B. twice as large as C. twice as much as D. as twice much as ‎ ‎【考例8】 I like this jacket better than that one, but it costs almost three times______.（08浙江卷，3）‎ A. as much B. as many C. so much D. so many ‎ ‎【考例9】 Let’s learn to use the problem we are facing _____ a stepping-stone to future success.（08全A. to    B. for    C. as      D. by ‎ ‎【考例10】 –I think you’d better type this letter again before Mr. Smith see it. -- Oh, dear! _______‎ A. Who cares? B. No problem C. I don’t mind at all D. Is it as bad as that? ‎ ‎5. before ‎1.引导时间状语从句，“在……之前”，常见于“It will be...(long)before....”句型。如：It was evening before we reached the little town of ‎Winchester.（天津2004）‎ ‎ It will not be long before we know the result of the experiment.（上海2002）‎ 1. 用于祈使句中，既表时间，又表隐含条件，可译作“要不然、否则”，近似or。‎ 如：Get out before it got worse.（北京2003）‎ Put back the book where it is before it gets torn.‎ ‎3.从属连词，“宁愿……与其……”用法近似于would rather...than...‎ 如：He will die before he tells the secret.‎ ‎4.从属连词，有“不知不觉某事已经完成”的意思，常见于“...before I know it”。‎ 如：We had come to the store before we know it.‎ 2. 副词，“从前，以前”，常与完成时连用。‎ 如：They have known each other long before.‎ ‎【考例1】The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time____we meet them again.（07安徽卷，21）‎ A. after B. before C. since D. when ‎ ‎【考例2】He was told that it would be at least three more months____he could recover and return to work.（07福建卷，29）‎ A. when B. before C. since D. that ‎ ‎【考例3】 I’m sorry you’ve been waiting so long, but it’ll still be some time ___ Brian get back.（08北A. before    B. since    C. till    D. after 6. but ‎1.并列连词，用法类似于yet,但在“Excuse me/I’m sorry...but”结构中，只能使用but。‎ 如：Excuse me for breaking in, but I have some news for you. (NMET2002)‎ ‎2.用作介词，表“除了”，但不同于besides, 后可接动词不定式。若前有do的适当形式，后续动词前要省略to。‎ 如：Sandy could do nothing but admit to his teacher that he was wrong.（上海春2001）‎ 此时要注意nothing but, anything but的惯用表达 He is anything but a liar. = He is not a liar. 他决不是骗子。‎ We’ve had nothing trouble with the car。这辆车尽出毛病。‎ The park is all/anything but beautiful.这公园一点也不美 ‎3.从属连词，表“无一例外”，用于否定句中，如：Never does a day pass but we need food.‎ ‎【考例1】Reality is not the way you wish things to be, nor the way they appear to be, ______ the way they actually are.（07湖南卷，21）‎ A. as B. or C. but D.and ‎ ‎【考例2】Between the two generations, it is often not their age, _______ their education that causes misunderstanding.（07全国卷I，31）‎ A. like B. as C. or D.but ‎ ‎【考例3】------Will you join us in the game? ------Thank you, ______. （07江西卷，21）‎ A. but why not? B. but I’d rather not, C. and I won’t. D. and I’ll join. ‎ ‎【考例4】 I thought we’d be late for the concert, we ended up getting there ahead of time. （08湖 A. but B. or C. so D. for ‎ ‎【考例5】 It is often said that the joy of traveling is __________ in arriving at your destination ___________ in the journey itself.（08江苏卷，27）‎ ‎ A. / … but B. / … or C. not … or D. not … but ）‎ ‎【考例6】13. Stand over there ___ you’ll be able to see the oil painting better.（08全国卷I，13）‎ A. but B. till C. and D. or ‎ ‎【考例7】 The artist was born poor, poor he remained all his life.（08重庆卷，32）‎ ‎ A. and B. or C. . but D. so ‎ ‎7. so 1. 程度副词，表“十分，很”常置于“so+adj.+a/an+n.”“not so+adj./adv.+(冠词+名词)as+...”“so+(adj./adv) that....”结构中。‎ 如：Can you believe that in such a rich country there should be so many poor people?(NMET1995)‎ He speaks English well indeed, but of course not so fluently as a native speaker. (上海2004)‎ So difficult did I feel it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English. ‎ ‎2.从句性替代词，用于“so did I, I did so, so I did”以及“I hope so”等结构中表肯定替代。‎ 如：-----Father, You promised!‎ ‎-----Well, so I did. But it was you who didn’t keep your word first. （湖北2005）‎ ‎3.并列连词表因果。如：The shop doesn’t open until ‎11a.m. so it loses a lot of business.（北京春2004）‎ ‎4.固定搭配，常见于if so, even so, or so, so as to等短语中。如：‎ Your uncle seems to be a good driver; even so, I wouldn’t dare to travel in his car.（江西2005）‎ All these gifts must be mailed immediately so as to be received in time for Christmas.（辽宁2005）‎ My parents will move back into town in a year or so.（NMET2005）‎ ‎【考例1】-----My room gets very cold at night. ------_________.（07江苏卷，31）‎ A. So is mine B. So mine is C. So does mine D. So mine does ‎ ‎【考例2】-----You should apologize to her, Barry.‎ ‎ ------_______, but it’s not going to be easy.（07浙江卷，3）‎ A. I suppose so B. I feel so C. I prefer to D. I like to ‎ ‎【考例3】 The weather was ______ cold that I didn’t like to leave my room. A. really   B. such      C. too    D. so ‎ ‎【考例４】 I haven’t seen Ann for ____ long that I’ve forgotten what she looks like.（08四川卷，1）‎ ‎ A. such B. very C. so D. too ‎ ‎【考例5】 -----Do you have a minute? I’ve got something to tell you.‎ ‎ -----Ok, ______ you make it short.（08安徽卷，31）‎ ‎ A. now that B. if only C. so long as D. every time ‎ ‎8. by ‎1.表地点或趋向：路过，途经。如：‎ They came in by the back door.‎ ‎2.表时间：不迟于、在……之前；乘着，在……时，类似when。如：‎ The train leaves at 6:00p.m. So I have to be at the station by 5:40p.m. at the latest. (NMET1997)‎ It’s a special experience to visit the lake by night.‎ ‎3.表程度。如：Luckily, the bullet narrowly missed the captain by an inch. （上海2002）‎ The number of the employees has grown from 1,000 to 1,200 . This means it has risen by 20 percent. ‎ ‎4.表方位，被接触身体的一部分，与冠词the连用，常与表“抓、握、击、打”类动词连用。‎ 如：He took her by the arm and led her across the street.‎ ‎5.以……为单位计量，与定冠词the 连用，形成时间、长度、重量等副词短语。如：‎ As a rule, domestic servants doing odd jobs are paid by the hour.（上海春2004）‎ ‎6.表方式，强调使动对象，常用于被动语态中的动词后；使用某种手段或方法，使用某种交通工具等。如：No one helped me. I did it all by myself. (NMET2005)‎ ‎7.表原因，“由于……”常见于by accident(偶然)，by mistake (由于疏忽)等。如：‎ We hadn’t planned to meet. We met by chance.(NMET2005)‎ ‎【考例1】---Didn’t you have a good time at the party?‎ ‎ ----Of course I did. As a matter of fact, I had such fun that time seemed to __so quickly.（07安 A. go by B. go away C. go out D. go over ‎ ‎【考例2】Luckily, the bullet narrowly missed the captain _______ an inch.（02上海卷）‎ A. by B. at C. to D. from ‎ ‎【考例3】-----When do we need to pay the balance? ------________ September 30.（06北京卷，‎ A. In B. By C. During D. With ‎ ‎【考例4】 A great man shows his greatness _____ the way he treats little man.（08福建卷，23）    A. under           B. with           C. on                  D. by ‎ ‎【考例5】 If you really have to leave during the meeting, you’d better leave ___ the back door.（08北京 A. for     B. by     C. across     D. out 9. with ‎1.表方式或状态，用于“with+宾语+补语”结构中。如：‎ It was a pity that the great writer died with his works unfinished.（福建2004）‎ With two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.（北京2004）‎ The prisoner was brought in , with his hands tied behind this back. (NMET1991)‎ ‎2.表伴随关系，“和……”“与……同时”。如：‎ American women usually identify their best friend as someone with whom they can talk frequently.‎ ‎3.具有。如：Have you found the book with a green cover? I need to use it now.‎ ‎4.表原因，“随……而”，侧重心理变化。如：‎ Rose was wild with joy at the result of the examination.（上海春2001）‎ ‎5.表方式，使用某种工具。如：Did she get the pen with which she was going to write a letter?‎ ‎6.对于、关于。如：‎ ‎--What do you want with those old boxes? ---To put things in when I move to the new flat.（北京02）‎ ‎7.表比较，常见于compared with, as with 等。如：As with running, learning English needs will.‎ ‎【考例1】 John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work____, he gladly accepted it.（07安徽 A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished ‎ ‎【考例2】------Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.‎ ‎ -------Sorry. With so much work______my mind, I almost break down.（07福建卷，26）‎ A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled ‎ ‎【考例3】 You have no idea how she finished the relay race ___ her foot wounded so much.（08福建卷，‎ ‎   A. for             B. when            C. with               D. while ‎ ‎10. beyond ‎1.表方向，“在……那一边”，而off表距离，“距离……不远处”。如：‎ I live beyond the main road while he comes beyond the sea.‎ ‎2.表时间，“超过，晚于”，after较常见。如：She never stays out beyond 9o’clock.‎ ‎3.表程度，“因太突出而超出……”“因太惊奇而出乎……”“因太难而能力所不及”。如：‎ I am sorry it’s beyond my power to make a final decision on the project.（上海春2004）‎ It’s quite beyond me why such things have been allowed to happen.（安徽2006）‎ ‎4.表除去，“除……之外”，不用于肯定句中。如：‎ They have nothing in common beyond their hobbies of collecting stamps.‎ ‎【考例1】-------Can he take charge of the computer company? --------I’m afraid it’s ______ his ability.‎ A. beyond B. within C. of D. to ‎ ‎【考例2】This new model of car is so expensive that it is ______ the reach of those with average income.‎ A. over B. within C. beyond D. below ‎ ‎【考例3】 --- Why do you suggest we buy a new machine?‎ ‎--- Because the old one has been damaged_______.（08江苏卷,28）‎ ‎ A. beyond reach B. beyond repair C. beyond control D. beyond description ‎ ‎【考例4】 Elizabeth has already achieved success her wildest dreams.（08陕西卷，19）‎ A. at B. beyond C. within D. upon ‎ ‎3．but ‎ ‎1. conj. “但是”，“可是”，“而且”‎ English may be hard, but it is the most important of all. 英语虽然很难，但却是最重要的。‎ 注意： although或though 不能与but连用但可与still/ yet连用。‎ Although he is only a child,he knows a lot.(√) 虽然他是个孩子，但是却懂得很多。‎ He is only a child, but he knows a lot.(√) ‎ Although he is only a child, still/ yet he knows a lot.(√)‎ ‎2. adv. (=only) “仅仅” “只有” ‎ I can’t tell you but one thing—my age. 我只有一件事不能告诉你，即我的年龄。 ‎ I don’t think we’ll manage it. Still, we can but try.我想我们应付不了这事。但不防试试。‎ ‎3. prep.“除了” 可接名词、代词、形容词、数词、介词短语，也接不定式、接从句 They are all wrong but / except here. 除了她以外，他们都错了。‎ He is anything but a liar. = He is not a liar. 他决不是骗子。‎ We’ve had nothing trouble with the car。这辆车尽出毛病。‎ The park is all/anything but beautiful.这公园一点也不美 You can put it anywhere but/ except on the floor. 你就是不能把它放在地上。 ‎ Take the first turning but one. 在第二个拐弯处转弯 He wanted nothing but to stay here for another day.他只是想在这再呆一天。 ‎ I have no choice but to tell you the truth. 我只有告诉你实话。 ‎ ‎* 如果谓语动词为实意动词do的某种形式时，but 后的不定式要省略符号to.‎ There was nothing to do but wait till help came. 只有等待救援了。 ‎ Nothing would contend him but (that) I must come. 必须我来了他才能满意。 ‎ There’s no question but (that) he will succeed. 他一定会成功的。 ‎ 由but 构成的几个常用结构 ‎ ‎1） but for “多亏…” “要不是” 多用于虚拟语气 ‎ But for your help,I wouldn’t have succeed. 要是没有你的帮忙，我就不会成功。 ‎ ‎2） not…but “不是…而是…” ‎ I meant not he but you should pay attention to pronunciation. ‎ 我说不是他而是你要注意发音。 ‎ ‎3） not only…but also “不但…而且…” ‎ ‎ Not only he but also I am interested in pop music. 不但他而且我也对流行歌曲感兴趣。 ‎ ‎* 该结构可以并列任何两个句子成分，在并列两个主语时，要注意谓语动词与就近的主语一致；并列句子时，not only 部分用倒装句。 ‎ ‎4）cannot help but “不得不”，后接动词原形 ‎ We cannot help but admit that the Chinese people are a great people. ‎ 我们不得不承认,中华民族是一个伟大的民族. ‎ ‎4. as ‎ ‎1) 状语从句连接词 “当……时；随着；一边……一边；因为；按照； 虽然 I slipped on the ice as / when / while I ran home. 我跑回家时在冰上滑了一跤。 ‎ As/ When she left the room she remembered that book. 她离开房间时想起了那本书。 ‎ As the sun rose the fog dispersed. 太阳一出来,雾随之消失。 ‎ The situation is not so bad as you suggest. 情形不如你说的那样糟 。‎ I went to bed early, as I was exhausted. 睡得早，因为我精疲力尽了。‎ You ought to do as Paul tells you. 你应按照保罗吩咐的做。 ‎ Ridiculous as it seems, the tale is true. 这个故事看似荒唐，却是真的。‎ Tired as he was, he sat up late. 他虽然疲倦,可仍然很晚才睡。‎ He was so foolish as to lie. 他太傻才会撒谎 ‎ ‎2）定语从句关系词 “正如”，或与such, the same连用。‎ As everyone knows, the sun is hot. = The sun is hot, as everyone knows. = The sun, as everybody knows, is hot. 太阳非常热，这一点众所周知 She has married again, as was expected. 她已再婚,这是意料中的事。 ‎ We are tired, as anyone can see. 我们累了,这是有目共睹的。 ‎ I received the same grade as you did. 我和你得分一样 ‎ I have never met such people as you describe. 我从没碰到想你所说的人。‎ ‎3）pre.“作为”‎ He works/ serves/ acts as a cook on the ship. 他在船上做厨师。‎ She works/ serves/ acts as an interpreter in that company. 她在该公司里担任翻译员。 ‎ She didn't think much of him as a painter. 她对他作为一位画家评价不高。‎ 对比like “像” He has blue eyes like me. ‎ ‎4) adv.（副词） “同等地，一样地”， “像; 如同”与一些动词连用 The child sang as sweetly as a nightingale. 这孩子歌唱得同夜莺般婉转 ‎ On this issue they thought as one. 在这个问题上，他们意见一致 ‎ T he old woman was dressed as a young lady. 这位老妇人打扮得像一位年轻人。 ，‎ as的一些固定短语：‎ ‎1）as for sb/ sth 至于；关于 used to start talking about sb./ sth.‎ As for Jo, she’s dong fine. 至于乔，她现在日子过得不错。‎ ‎2）as to sth. 至于；关于 used when you are referring to sth.‎ As to tax, that will be dededucted from your salary. 至于税款，将从你的薪水中扣除。‎ ‎3）as it is 实际上， 某物本来的样子 ‎4）as + S +be某人/ 物本来的样子 ‎5）as it is with the case of 就象某人的情况一样 ‎6）as in … 与某处的情况一样 As in China, climate in Canada is different from area to area.‎ ‎5. when ‎ ‎1）用作状语从句连接词：“当……时；因为/ 既然= since ；如果= if , as/so long as;虽然= although”‎ ‎1. When water becomes solid, we call it ice .当水变成固体的时候，我们就叫冰。‎ While / When / As we were working in the fields, a storm came up. 我们在田里干活时，暴风雨来了。‎ why do you want a new job when you’ve got such a good one already ?‎ 既然你已经有了这么好的职业，为什么还想找一个新的差使？‎ You’ll make more progress when you study hard. 只要你努力学习，就一定能取得更大的进步。‎ Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine. 如果机器发生故障，就把电闸关掉。‎ He came to help us when he had plenty of work to do.尽管他有许多事情要做，却还是来帮我们的忙。‎ He stopped trying when he might have succeeded next time .虽然再试一次可能成功，可是他放弃了努力。‎ 引导时间状语从句 ，表示“当……的时候”，相当于at the time that, 从句的谓语动词是延续性的时= while，as ，也可以是非延续性的,常相当于as ‎2）用作并列连词，意为“在那时，届时”，表示时间。这时主句中可以用过去完成时，过去进行时或“was/were about to do sth.” “was/were + 介词短语”结构。例如：‎ He was about to tell me the secret when someone patted him on the shoulder .‎ 他正要把秘密告诉我，这是突然有人轻轻拍 了一下他的肩膀。‎ He had just finished the book when supper was served. 他刚要读完那本书正在这时晚饭端上来了。‎ I was cooking in the kitchen when someone knocked at the door. 我正在厨房做饭突然有人敲门。‎ He was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the door. 他正要走,这时有人敲门。 ‎ ‎3）作为疑问副词、代词：‎ I don’t know when he left .我不知道他是什么时候离开。‎ Since when has China been using the metric system ? 中国从什么时候起使用公制度量衡的？‎ Till when will the delegation stay here ? 代表团要在这儿住到什么时候？‎ From when did you pick up Spanish? 你从什么时候起开史学西班牙语？‎ ‎4) 作关系副词，引导定语从句，修饰前面的名词，且再从句中充当时间状语。‎ The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that far-away village.这部电影使我想起我在那个遥远村子受到很好的照料的时光 ‎3. 作名词 When用作名词，意思是“时间”，系可数名词。‎ The report gave the when and where of the fire .报告介绍了火灾发生的时间和地点 请看高考题对when的考查：‎ ‎(2006全国I-33) Please remind me_______he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off.‎ ‎ A. where B．when C. how D. what ‎2. (2006山东-31) How can you expect to learn anything _______ you never listen ? ‎ A．in case B．even if C．unless D．when ‎ ‎3. (2006湖南-31) I had just stepped out of the bathroom and was busily drying myself with a towel _________I heard the steps.‎ A. while B. when C. since D. after ‎4. (2006辽宁-24) He was about halfway through his meal ________ a familiar voice came to his ears.‎ ‎ A. why B. where C. when D. while ‎(Keys: BDBC)‎ ‎6. while ‎ ‎1）作状语从句连接词或并列连词：“当……时；趁着；尽管/ 虽然(表“部分接受，并非全部)；而”‎ While / When / As I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of the bank.我顺着马路往前走时,发现银行门前停着一辆警车 Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。‎ Sell the car while it is still running. 趁车还能跑赶紧卖掉。‎ While I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person. 虽然他不完美，但我仍喜欢。 ‎ There’re plenty of rain in the southeast, while there’s little in the northeast. ‎ 东南部雨量充足,而西北部则很少下雨。‎ while从句中的省略现象： ‎ While listening to the radio, she fell asleep. 她在听收音机时睡着了。 ‎ While in London, he studied music and painting. 在伦敦时,他学习音乐和绘画。 ‎ while可用作名词,意为"一会儿;一段时间"。 ‎ ‎2）作名词，主要用于短语中: after a while "过了一会儿"; all the while"一直,始终"; a short / little while ago "刚才"; once in a while "偶尔,间或"; wait / rest(for) a while "等 / 休息一会儿"。 例如： ‎ I haven”t seen her for a long while.我好久没有看见她了。 ‎ Where have you been all this while?这一阵子你到哪去了? ‎ 请看高考题对while的考查：‎ 1. He thought I was talking about his brother, ____ in fact I was talking my brother.‎ A. when B. while C. as D. and ‎ ‎2. ________ I really don’t like the art, I find his work impressive.‎ A. As B. Since C. If D. While ‎ ‎3. I’d like to study law at university _______ my cousin prefers geography. ‎ A. though B. as C. while D. for ‎ ‎4. ______the Internet is of great help, I don’t think it’s a food idea to spend too much time on it. （08湖南卷，33）‎ A. If B. While C. Because D. As ‎ ‎（Key: BDCB ）‎ while与when以及as之间的区别。 ‎ ‎1. 当从句中的谓语动词是持续性的动作时,我们可以用while, when或as。 ‎ While / When / As I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of the bank.我顺着马路往前走时,发现银行门前停着一辆警车。 ‎ ‎2. 当从句中的谓语动词表示瞬间动作时,不可用while,而用when, as; 当强调一个动作发生时，另一个动作接着发生，常用as。 ‎ When/ As I left home, an idea struck me: “Will evryting remain the sme when I cme back?”‎ As the sun rose the fog dispersed. 太阳一出来,雾随之消失 ‎3. 如果谈论两个长动作,最常用的是while。 ‎ While John was sitting biting his nails, I was working out a plan to get us home. 约翰坐在那里咬指甲时,我想出了一个回家的办法。 ‎ ‎4. While除可表示同时性外,还含有一个动作在另一个动作正在进行或持续过程中的某一时刻发生。‎ ‎---I”m going to the post office. ---________you’re there, can you get me some stamps? B A. As B. While C. Because D. If ‎ 可省略某些词的表达 ‎1. at (the) most 2. (in) this/ that way ‎ ‎3. be busy (in )doing sth 4. have difficulty/ trouble (in ) doing sth ‎ ‎5. spend time/ money (in) doing sth 6. waste time/ money (in) doing sth ‎7. have a good time (in) doing sth 8. stop/ prevent sb. (from) doing sth ‎9. except (that) 9. now (that)‎ 不同介词表达意思相同或基本相同的短语 ‎1. at/ in school/ college/ university in 表示某人“在学校/大学”，指的是他的位置。 ‎ at表示某人在学校、大学学习。 ‎ ‎2. at/ on the beach at the beach 指的是海滩有浅水的地方，如“船停在海滩上”，应用at the beach ; on the beach 指的是海滩上（陆地），如“人们在海滩上散步”，应用on the beach.‎ ‎3. in（Br. E）/ on(Am. E) the street 4. at/ on the week ‎5. in / on the playground 5. a bridge across/ over the river ‎6. be certain/ sure of/ about 7. remind sb. of/ about ‎ ‎8. inform sb. of/ about 9. warn sb. of/ about ‎ ‎10. dream of/ about 11. talk of/ about sb./ sth. ; talk to/ with sb. ‎ ‎12. learn ( know, speak) of/ about 13. as if/ though…好像……‎ ‎14. even if/ though …即使 15. as/ so long as …只要……‎ ‎16. as / so far as I know/ I’m concerned/ I can see/ I can judge ‎５）most与mostly的区别 the mostly intense of, ...... be composed most of water.....‎ 常见词的辨析 Good, well good 是形容词 well 是副词 ‎ ‎1. 基本文法说明 ‎ good 是形容词，它的副词 well 也很常见。good 也常搭配其它介系词一起使用。 ‎ ‎2. 错误发生情况及修正 ‎ A. 把 good 当作 well 副词使用 ‎ 例：Eric speaks English very good. (X) ‎ Eric speaks English very well. (O) ‎ 艾瑞克英文说的很好。 ‎ 记住 good 只是形容词用来修饰名词，如果遇到动词必须用 well 来强调「好」。 ‎ 例：My mother is a very good cook. ‎ 我妈是个很棒的厨师。 ‎ 例：She cooks very well. ‎ 她菜煮得很棒。 ‎ B. do well in (在~方面成功) 和 be good at (对~在行) 介系词搭配错误 ‎ 例：I hope my brother will do good in tomorrow’s exam. (X) ‎ I hope my brother will do well in tomorrow’s exam. (O) ‎ 我希望弟弟明天的考试顺利成功。 ‎ 例：Tom is good in playing basketball. (X) ‎ Tom is good at playing basketball. (O) ‎ 汤姆篮球打得好。 ‎ 两个词组分别代表些许不同得意义也搭配不同的介系词，do well in 是在某 ‎ 事上成功，而 be good at 是对某一方面特别在行。 ‎ C. 「没有好处」误用成 there’s no good~ ‎ 例：There’s no good making your father angry. (X) ‎ It’s no good making your father angry. (O) ‎ 虽然中文是说「没有好处」但是英文要用 it is no good + V-ing 表示做某件 ‎ 事情没有好处没有意义！‎ good只用作形容词,不用作副词,其副词形式用well。如: He speaks good English．他的英语说得好。 He speaks English well．他的英语说得好。 ‎ well既可用作副词,也可用作形容词。用作形容词时,其用法很有限,只表示“健康的”“恰当的”或“令人满意的”等。如: she is very well.她身体很好。‎ Ill与sick ill 和sick都有"生病的；有病的"之意，但用法并不完全相同。 ‎ ill 表示"生病的；有病的"这一意思时，一般用作表语，不能作定语；而sick 既可以作表语又可以作定语，如"病人"可以说a sick man 或the sick, 但不能说an ill man 或the ill。又如：She is ill / sick in bed. 她卧病在床。She is looking after her sick father .她在照顾她生病的父亲。 ‎ sick 有"恶心的；厌倦的"之意。如：The smell makes me sick.这气味使我感到恶心。 ‎ ill 作定语修饰名词时是"坏的；邪恶的"之意。如：He is an ill man. 他是一个邪恶的人。‎ Average, common, ordinary ordinary ‎ 意为"普通的,平淡无奇的" 指"没有什么特别的地方" ‎ 例如: ‎ We are all ordinary people. 我们都是普通人. ‎ Although she was rich, she was always in ordinary dress.尽管她很富有,但她总是穿着平常的衣服. ‎ common ‎ 意为"共同的,普遍的" ‎ 例如: ‎ He is their common enemy.他是他们的共同的敌人. ‎ This custom is very common in that area.这种风俗在那个地方很普遍. ‎ It has become common knowledge.这已经是众所周知的了. ‎ 提示: common也可作"普通的"讲,这时可以同ordinary 换用,"普通人"也可以说成common people ‎ average ‎ 意为"平均的""中等的,普通的,平常的" ‎ 例如: ‎ the average age 平均年龄 ‎ an article of average quality 质量一般的货品 special, especial, particular special, especial, specific, particular, exceptional, ‎ extraordinary, peculiar ‎ 这些形容词均含“特殊的，特别的”之意。 ‎ special〓普通用词，指不同于一般、与众不同，着重事物的专门性，突出与一般不同。 ‎ especial和special含义很接近，较正式，但侧重有特殊的意义或重要性。 ‎ specific〓着重指某种、某类事物具有的特殊或特定的属性，也可指专门提出作特别考虑的事物。 ‎ particular〓侧重不同于普遍性的个性或特殊性。 ‎ exceptional〓指不同于一般，本身是特别的或异常的事物。 ‎ extraordinary〓语气比exceptional强，指极大地超过一般或正常情况。 ‎ peculiar〓强调指与众不同或独特的意思,古怪的,不寻常的. ‎ 副词 ‎ specially, especially, particularly ‎ 这些副词均可表示“特别地”之意。 ‎ specially〓着重为做某事而“专门地、特意地”，相当于on purpose。 ‎ especially〓较多地用于正式文体，侧重超过其它全部，突出到“特别地”的程度，相当于in particular。 ‎ particularly〓用来指同类中特别突出的一个。‎ notice,通知（名词），还有注意到的意思 ‎ see,看见，看电影也用这个 ‎ watch,看(电视)，看比赛 ‎ observe观察，获得 ‎ ‎-------------- ‎ 详细资料 ‎ notice ‎ KK: [] ‎ DJ: [] ‎ n. ‎ ‎1. 公告,通知,贴示[C] ‎ ‎2. 警告;预先通知[U] ‎ They have received notice of a typhoon approaching. ‎ 他们已收到台风即将来临的预报。 ‎ ‎3. 注意;察觉[U] ‎ His special talents attracted my notice. ‎ 他特殊的才干引起了我的注意。 ‎ ‎4. 短评;介绍[P1] ‎ The new play received poor notices. ‎ 这出新戏反应很差。 ‎ vt. ‎ ‎1. 注意,注意到[W][O3][+v-ing][+wh-][+(that)] ‎ She didn't notice that I had entered the room. ‎ 她没有看到我已经走进屋里。 ‎ I noticed him winking at his brother. ‎ 我察觉他对他兄弟眨眼示意。 ‎ Did you notice her engagement ring? ‎ 你看到她的订婚戒指了吗? ‎ ‎2. 通知 ‎ The plane was noticed to take off at six o'clock. ‎ 飞机接到通知六时起飞。 ‎ ‎3. 评论,介绍 ‎ ‎4. 提到,谈到 ‎ The incident was noticed in a magazine. ‎ 这一事件在一份杂志里述及。 ‎ ‎5. 招呼,客气对待 ‎ vi. ‎ ‎1. 引起注意 ‎ ‎******************** ‎ see1 ‎ KK: [] ‎ DJ: [] ‎ vt. ‎ ‎1. 看见,看到[W][+(that)][+wh-][O3][O4][O7] ‎ He was seen to come out. ‎ 有人看见他走出来。 ‎ We saw her chatting with her neighbors. ‎ 我们看到她在和邻居聊天。 ‎ I looked for Mike but couldn't see him in the crowd. ‎ 我找过麦克,但是在人群中看不到他。 ‎ ‎2. 目睹;经历[W] ‎ They have seen hard times. ‎ 他们经历过艰难时世。 ‎ ‎3. 理解,领会;发现[W][+(that)][+wh-] ‎ I see what you mean. ‎ 我理解你的意思。 ‎ ‎4. 将...看作,认为[W][O][(+as)] ‎ We see him as an authority on the subject. ‎ 我们把他看作为这方面的权威。 ‎ ‎5. 想像,设想[W][(+as)][O4] ‎ ‎6. 察看,查看[+wh-] ‎ Go and see if the car leaks oil. ‎ 去看看汽车是否漏油。 ‎ ‎7. 注意;务必使...,保证[W][Y][+(that)] ‎ See that the lights are turned off before you leave the office. ‎ 在离开办公室前务必把灯关了。 ‎ ‎8. 会见,访问 ‎ ‎9. 陪,送[O] ‎ He saw me to the door and said goodbye. ‎ 他把我送到门口,说了声再见。 ‎ ‎10. (时代、地方等)历经 ‎ Last year saw a slight increase in car accidents in that city. ‎ 该市去年车祸的次数略有上升。 ‎ ‎11. 参观,观看(戏、电影等) ‎ vi. ‎ ‎1. 看,看见;观看[W] ‎ Can you see without your glasses? ‎ 你不戴眼镜能看得见吗? ‎ ‎2. 看出,理解;知道[W] ‎ I don't see at all. ‎ 我一点也不明白。 ‎ ‎3. 想,考虑;查看,调查 ‎ Let me see. ‎ 让我想一想。 ‎ see2 ‎ KK: [] ‎ DJ: [] ‎ n.[C] ‎ ‎1. (大)主教的辖区 ‎ ‎2. (大)主教的职位 ‎ ‎******************** ‎ watch ‎ KK: [] ‎ DJ: [] ‎ n. ‎ ‎1. 表[C] ‎ ‎2. 看守,监视;警戒,注意[S][U] ‎ The would-be murderer was kept under close watch. ‎ 那个意欲行凶的人被置于严密监视下。 ‎ ‎3. 守卫,看守,值班人[the S] ‎ He is on watch. ‎ 他在值岗。 ‎ ‎4. (海员的)值班时间;值班的海员[C][U] ‎ ‎5. 巡夜人[the S][G] ‎ ‎6. 【诗】夜间醒时[P1] ‎ vt. ‎ ‎1. 观看;注视;留神观察[+wh-][O3][O4][O7] ‎ I watched him put on his coat. ‎ 我看着他穿上衣服。 ‎ He watched them eating. ‎ 他看着他们吃东西。 ‎ We watched the departure of the train from the station. ‎ 我们看着火车驶离车站。 ‎ ‎2. 小心,留意;提防[+(that)][+wh-] ‎ Watch that the milk doesn't boil over. ‎ 小心别让牛奶溢出来。 ‎ ‎3. 守卫,看守 ‎ ‎4. 看护,监视 ‎ They had her watched by detectives. ‎ 他们把她置于侦探的监视之下。 ‎ I want you to watch the child while I'm away. ‎ 我要你在我不在的时候看管这孩子。 ‎ ‎5. 等待 ‎ vi. ‎ ‎1. 注视,观看[+to-v] ‎ I seldom play chess, but I like to watch. ‎ 我很少下棋,但是喜欢看。 ‎ ‎2. 等待,留心[(+for)] ‎ He watched for his chance to propose to her. ‎ 他在等待时机向她求婚。 ‎ ‎3. 当心,注意 ‎ We must watch for fires. ‎ 我们一定要当心火灾。 ‎ ‎4. 看守,守卫 ‎ ‎5. 看护[(+over)] ‎ ‎***************** ‎ observe ‎ KK: [] ‎ DJ: [] ‎ vt. ‎ ‎1. 看到,注意到[+(that)][+wh-][O3][O4] ‎ He observed a stranger hanging around the store. ‎ 他看到一个陌生人在商店附近闲逛。 ‎ I observed him stop at the gate. ‎ 我看到他在门口停下来。 ‎ He pretended not to observe our entry. ‎ 他装作没有看见我们进来。 ‎ ‎2. 观察,观测;监视 ‎ They carefully observed the behavior of deer. ‎ 他们仔细观察了鹿的生活习性。 ‎ ‎3. 遵守,奉行 ‎ This law must be strictly observed. ‎ 这项法律必须严格遵守。 ‎ ‎4. 说;评述,评论 ‎ He observed that it was a lovely day. ‎ 他说天气真好。 ‎ ‎5. 庆祝(节日等) ‎ Some people observe Christmas here. ‎ 在这儿有些人过圣诞节。 ‎ vi. ‎ ‎1. 注意;观察 ‎ ‎2. 说;评述,评论[(+on/upon)] ‎ He observed on modern art. ‎ 他谈了对现代艺术的看法。‎ 参考资料：词典 ‎ ‎ notice 注意 一般是sb's notice 某人的注意 ‎ see a film是固定搭配 作看解比较常见，有这么个词组 see sb. do sth. ‎ watch 1. 表示注视，watch tv 有时watch a movie也可以 ‎ ‎2. 表示旁观，就一个看的动作. stand aside and watch ‎ observe 观察，聚精会神地看 ‎ read 只有在read a book 时才翻译成看书 look 表示看的动作 see 看到，表示看的结果 watch观看，一般用于看电视，看戏剧等 notice 注意，注意到 observe注意，觉察觉察到，尤其是通过仔细和直接的注意；‎ examine, check ,test 作为名词：‎ examination的缩写形式是exam，意为“考试，测试，检查”，常指比较正式的学期或升学考试，也可指临时性的考试。 ‎ She passed the mid-term exam. 她期中考试及格。 ‎ He failed in the exam. 他考试不及格。 ‎ He took the entrance examination for high school last week. 他上学期参加了高中入学考试。 ‎ We had a physical examination yesterday. 我们昨天进行了体检。 ‎ test 意为“测验，测试，小考”，常指具有某种目的的临时性测验，小考。 ‎ We took a test in spelling yesterday. 我们昨天进行了拼写测试。 ‎ The teacher gave us a test in maths. 老师对我们进行数学考查。 ‎ 动词：‎ examine to consider or study an idea, a subject, etc. very carefully审查；调查；考查；考察；‎ These ideas will be examined in more detail in Chapter10. ‎ 这些观点将在第10章作更为详细的探讨。 ‎ examine sth/sb(for sth) to look at sth/sb closely, to see if there is anything wrong or to find the cause of a problem.(仔细的)检查，检验；‎ The goods were examined fro damage on arrival. 货物到达时检查是否有破损。 The doctor examined her but could find nothing wrong. ‎ 医生给她作了检查，但没发现什么问题。‎ examine sb(in/on sth)考，测验（某人）The students will be examined in all subjects at the end of term. 期末时学生须要参加所有学科的考试 You are only being examined on this semester’s work. ‎ 现在只考你在本学期学的课程。 ‎ check check sth (for sth) to examine sth to see if it is correct, safe or satisfactory 检查；审查；检验 ‎ Check the container for cracks or leaks. 检验容器是否有裂缝或渗漏。‎ She gave me the minutes of the meeting to read and check. ‎ 她把会议记录交给我审阅。 ‎ Check the oil and water before setting off. 出发前应查一下油和水。 ‎ Check your work before handing it in. 交作业之前先检查一遍。 ‎ test to examine sb’s knowledge or ability by asking them questions or giving them activities to carry out 测验；考查 We test your English before deciding which class to put you in.‎ 我们测验过你的英语后再决定把你分在哪一班。‎ Children are tested on core subjects at ages 7,11and 14. ‎ 儿童在7、11和14岁时要接受核心课程的测验。 ‎ test sb/sth(for sth) to examine the blood, a part of the body, etc. to find out what is wrong with a person, or to check the condition of their health. 试验；检查；化验 ‎ to test sb’s eyesight/hearing 检查某人的视力/听力 test sth(on sth/for sth) to use a machine, product or substance to find out how well it works or to find out more information about it 试验；检验；测试 You should test your brakes regularly. 你应该定期检验刹车。‎ Our beauty products are not tested on animals. 我们的美容产品不进行动物试验。 ‎ The water is regularly tested for purity. 水的纯度定期受的检测。 ‎ correct to make sth right or accurate, for example by changing it or removing mistakes改正；纠正；修正 Read through your work and correct any mistakes that you find. 从头到尾看一遍你们的作业，发现错误的地方都要改正过来。 ‎ Their eyesight can be corrected in just a few minutes by the use of a laser. 他们的视力用激光只要几分钟就可校正。 ‎ They issued a statement correcting the one they had made earlier. 他们发表了一份声明，更正早先声明中的错误。‎ ‎（of a teacher）to mark the mistakes in a piece of work (and sometimes give a mark /grade to the work)批改；改 I spent all evening correcting essays. 我整个晚上都在批改论文。‎ Receive, accept receive 和accept都可表示“收到，接收” 但receive仅是表示收到，接不接受是另一回事，而accept表示确切的“接受”。 ‎ eg.I receive a invitation from him but I don't want to accept it. ‎ 意思是我收到了他的邀请，但是我并不想接受邀请（而赴约）。‎ Speak, say, tell, talk speak———“说”、“讲”、“演讲”。做及物动词时，宾语常是表示语言的词。例如： ‎ Do you speak Chinese?你说汉语吗？ ‎ Mr.Wu is going to speak at our class meeting.吴老师将在班会上发言。 ‎ ‎2、talk———“讲”、“说话”、“谈话”，与speak的意义相近。一般用做不及物动词，指一般的谈话或交谈，而不如speak正规的“演讲”、“发言”，须跟宾语时，与to、with、about等介词连用。例如：Jim is going to talk about English names tomorrow.吉姆明天打算谈谈英国人的名字。 ‎ Look!Our teacher is talking ‎ to(with)theparents.瞧！我们的老师正在和家长们谈话。 ‎ ‎3、say———一般着重讲话的内容，指有连贯性的说话，通常用做及物动词。例如： ‎ Idon’t know what he said.我不明白他所说的。 ‎ Kate saw a card on her ‎ table,itsaid：“Happybirthday!” ‎ 凯特看见桌上一张卡片，上面写着：“生日快乐！” ‎ ‎4、tell指把一件事情传达给别人或讲述一件事情、一个故事等。常用做及物动词。 ‎ 例如：WhenIwasyoung,mymotheroftentoldmeastoryin ‎ theevening.在我小时，妈妈晚上常给我讲故事。 ‎ Hewilltellthegoodnewstoeverybodyinourclass.他将把这个好消息告诉我们班的每个人。‎ Arrive, get to, reach 这三个词都有"到达"的意思，可互换使用。arrive是个不及物动词，如果后跟地点需要加上介词at 或in, arrive at 一般接到达较小的地点，arrive in 接较大的地点；get to 多用于口语之中，相当于一个及物动词，当后面是地点副词时，要省略to；reach是个及物动词，后面可直接跟宾语。如： ‎ ‎1． At what time did you arrive at the station? 你是几点钟到火车站的？ ‎ ‎2． When did you get home? 你什么时候到家的？ ‎ ‎3． The heat of summer has reached its climax. 已经是夏季最热的天气了。‎ 殊途同归话“到达”——浅析*arrive*，*reach*和*get* ‎ 英语里表示“到达”意思的有*arrive*、*reach*和*get*三个单词，有时还能互换。 ‎ 它们在用法上有如下区别： ‎ 一、 *arrive*是不及物动词，表示“到达、抵达某地（尤指行程的终 ‎ 点），后常接介词at 或in，一般in接大地方，at接小地方，若是地点副词， ‎ 则不需用介词。例如： ‎ Do you know what time the plane *arrive* in Moscow？ ‎ 你知道飞机什么时候抵达莫斯科？ ‎ They arrived at the station at 8 this morning. ‎ 他们今天早晨八点到达车站的。 ‎ Her mother saw her when she arrived home ‎ ‎.她到家时她妈妈看见了她。 ‎ 二、 *reach*是及物动词，直接接宾语，无须介词，和*arrive*一样，属 ‎ 正式用语。例如： ‎ When she reached home，her mother asked，“Have you got ‎ everything？”当她回到家时，她妈妈问道，“所有的东西都买了吗？” ‎ They reached Beijing on February 17. ‎ 他们于二月十七日到达北京。 ‎ 三、 和*arrive*一样，*get*也是不及物动词，只是它多用于口语，其后接的介 ‎ 词是to，后面如接副词，则不用介词to。例如： ‎ I *get* to school at about 7：30 every day，and I *get* home ‎ at 5：‎00 in the afternoon.. ‎ 我每天7：30到校，下午5：00到家。 ‎ Have we got to the zoo yet？ ‎ 我们到动物园了吗？ ‎ The visitors got there last night. ‎ 参观的人昨晚到这儿的。 ‎ 从上面的句子可以看出，这几个词的区别不是太大，主要是别用混了介词。例如 ‎ ‎“格林先生昨晚抵达武汉”可以说：Mr Green arrived in /got to/reached ‎ Wuhan‎ last night. ‎ Demand, require, request 从语义上看，demand表示有正当权利的要求，因此含有“坚决或强烈要求”的意思。require表示“要求所必须的东西；法律、协定、规章以及其他客观情况的要求”。request则表示“有礼貌的请求；正式的请求”。你可以从下列实例中可以体会到他们语义的差别： ‎ They are demanding higher wages ... 他们要求提高工资…… ‎ Do you require anything else? 你还要求（需要）别的吗？ ‎ Many people have requested this next song. 许多人要求听下面这首歌。 ‎ 从语法上看，它们的共同点是： ‎ demand，require和request都可以接that引导的宾语从句，并且在从句中要使用虚拟语气。 ‎ 它们的不同点是： ‎ A. require和request都可以接宾语 + to do sth.，而demand没有此种用法。例如： ‎ They required me to keep silent. 他们要求我保持沉默。 ‎ The letter requested us to leave the house within six weeks. 这封信要求我们在六周内搬出这所房子。 ‎ B. require + 动名词时，主动形式的动名词具有被动意义，而demand，request无此种用法。 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ Power, energy, strength, force power :1.(政治)权力; 2.电力,水力; 3. 能力(ability)‎ energy:1. 能源; 2.体能 （精力、体力）‎ strength:1.体力（不包括精力）; 2. 兵力 force: 1. （物理中）有方向的力（不包括gravity万有引力）； 2. 军队； 3. 武力 energy 原是物理学上的术语“能量”, 用于人时则指“精力”, 如: ‎ He worked with great energy. ‎ 他以巨大的精力工作。 ‎ power 力量,能力 ‎ strength 使个人的行为,行动变为可能的力量 power(物理上或自然具备的)力量,能力[of] the power of nature 自然力 to the best of one';s power 尽最大力量 do all in one';s power 尽力而为 I did all in my power to save the boy from drowning 我尽全力去救那个男孩使他免於溺水 He has the power of holding his audience 他具有吸引住听众的能力 b. [the power]<做…的>力量,能力 She is said to have the power to foretell the future 据说她有预测未来的能力 2 [powers](身体上,精神上的自然)能力,体力,智力 His powers were failing 他的体力在衰退 lose one';s powers 丧失体力;衰老 a man of great mental powers [ 才智横溢]的人 3 (U)权力,势力,控制力;政权 the party in power 执政党 come to [into] power 掌权;得势 rise to [fall from] power 取得[失去]权力 be in a person';s power 在某人之掌握中[控制下] have a person in one';s power 可随意操纵[支使]某人 have power over ... 控制... ‎ strength 1 (U) a. 力,力量,体力 a man of great strength 大力士 with all one';s strength 尽全力 b. <做…的>力量,体力 I don';t have the strength [haven';t strength enough] to lift this box 我没有[没有足够]力气提起这个手提箱 2 (U)(精神上的)力量;智力;能力;道义感 strength of mind [will] 精神[意志]力 ‎3 a. 长处;优点 His strength lies in his honesty 他的长处是诚实 b. 凭恃,依靠,支持 God is our strength 上帝是我们的力量[支持…] 4 (U) 抗力,持久力 the strength of a bridge 桥的抗力[强度] 5(U) a. 势力,威力;资力 national strength 国力 military strength 军事力量 b. 兵力;人数,人手 battle strength 战斗力 at full strength 全体动员地,以全力 in full [great] strength 以全体[巨大]力量 What is your strength ? 你们(一共)有多少人? 6(议论等的)说服力 7(U) 强度,强固, 浓度,浓淡 the strength of a light [sound] 光[声音]的强度 the strength of a solution 溶液的浓度 ○1They would be delighted to do all in their ________ for Dorothy, who had set them free from slavery. A. right B. mind C. strength D. power 答案D ○2Your debt situation is only temporary, and it is within your ________ to resolve it. A. energy B. power C. strength D. force 答案 B ‎ energy主要指精力，能量。strength主要指力量，强度。power主要指动力，功率，电力。force主要指外力。‎ Ago, before before与ago用法比较 ‎ before和ago都能表示在一段时间以前，但是二者的内涵和具体用法有明显的区别： ‎ ‎1. before表示从过去或将来某一时间算起多少时间以前，由于与这一时间状语连用的行为先发生在过去或将来某一时刻之前，因此往往出现在过去完成时态或将来完成时态中。例如： ‎ ‎① I called him up last night， but his mother told me he had left for Wuhan two days before. ‎ ‎② She said that she had married him five years before. ‎ ‎2.如果不具体表明多少时间以前，before意为“从前；以前”，表示从现在开始追溯到过去一段时间，或者主句的谓语动词表示的是经常、反复发生的行为，以副词的形式置于句末，可以用在现在完成时态中。例如： ‎ ‎①I have never been to Beijing before. ‎ ‎②Have you ever seen a tiger before? ‎ ‎③ I often go over the lessons that I have learned a few days before. ‎ 注意： before前的时间状语如果是特定的，含义不一样。试比较： ‎ He said he had arrived here a day before. (一天前) ‎ He said he had arrived here the day before. (前一天) ‎ ‎3. ago指的是从现在起到过去时间的某一点的一段时间。这个时间状语常与一般过去时态或过去进行时态连用。例如： ‎ ‎① I graduated from the college twenty years ago. ‎ ‎②I was asked what I was doing a month ago. ‎ ‎4. 表示在某一时间点或事件以前时，只能用before，不用ago。因为这种用法是将before当作介词或连词使用。ago不具有这种功能。例如： ‎ ‎① He will come back before eleven o'clock. ‎ ‎② Where did your brother study before he joined the army? ‎ ‎③ It was hoped that this would be achieved before the year 2006. ‎ ‎5.按语法规则，ago只能与一般过去时连用，但在since three years ago这类短语中能与现在完成时态连用。因为three years ago构成一个名词短语，共同作since的宾格，意为“自从三年前以来”。例如： ‎ ‎① He has been here since three years ago. ‎ ‎② I have taught English in this school since twenty years ago. ‎ ‎6. 含before的从句一般不用将来时态，如果采用“will / would +V.”时，一般被认为是情态或虚拟语气。例如： ‎ I would die before I would confess to it. ‎ ‎7.如果before从句是一般过去时态，所暗示的是过去发生的事，主句则宜用过去完成时，语义偏重于过去某阶段的行为或状况时，还可与一般过去时态连用。例如： ‎ ‎① I had never seen a Red Army man before I arrived in Xi'an. ‎ ‎② They asked me things that happened before the boy was born. ‎ ‎8. 不少的语法书上说，before引导的从句习惯上不与否定的主句连用，要用until。实际上二者都可以，有时在意义上有些区别。试比较： ‎ He didn't arrive until I returned. 直到我回来时他才到达。 ‎ He did not arrive before I returned. 在我回来之前他尚未到达。 ‎ I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你解释了如何干，我才设法完成了那项工作。 ‎ I didn't manage to do it before you had explained how. 你解释了如何干之后，我才设法完成了那件工作。 ‎ ‎9. before在句中的含义比较灵活，虽然before引导的也是一个时间状语，但译成汉语时却不必死译为“在……以前”。可以采取下面几种译法：（A）译为“……才”；（B）译为“……就”；（C）译为“尚未”、“还没有”、“来不及”、“不要”、“别”；（D）译为“在……的时候还没有”；（E）译为“如果”、“否则”、“免得”；（F）译为“到”、“等到”、“没等……就”；（G）译为“然后”等。例如： ‎ A. It will be five years before we meet again. 要等五年我们才能再见面。 ‎ We waited a long time before the train arrived. 我们等了很长时间火车才到达。 ‎ B. I hadn't waited long before he came. 我没等多久他就来了。 ‎ He had not gone a mile before he felt tired. 还没走一英里路，他就觉得累了。 ‎ C. His father died before he was born. 他尚未出世他父亲就去世了。 ‎ Catch him before he escapes. 抓住他，别让他跑了。 ‎ Take this computer before you change your mind. 买了这台电脑，不要三心二意了。 ‎ D. We arrived there before it began to rain. 我们到达那里的时候还没下雨。 ‎ E. Go before I call the police. 走吧，否则我叫警察了。 ‎ I had better go now before it is too late. 我最好现在就走，免得太迟。 ‎ Pigs will fly before he'll be a scientist. 如果他当科学家，猪都会飞了。 ‎ F. The crops will die before the rain fall. 等到天下雨，庄稼早枯死了。 ‎ Before I could sit down, he offered me a cup of tea. 没等我坐下，他就给我端上一杯茶。 ‎ G. I shaved before I went to the party. 我刮了脸，然后去参加宴会。 ‎ True, real, actual real（名词为 reality）可以表示相对于“假的”的“真的”，即某物外表与其实质之间的一致性。此外，real ‎ 所表示的“真实的”正好与“现象的”相对。 something real（实在的东西）是可以摸得到的，但something phenomenal （现象的东西）是摸不到的，而只能感知。因此，real 所表示的“真实的”实际上指的是“客观存在”，同根名词 reality 为“现实”的意思 ‎ This was worse than "a terrible secret";this was a real skeleton! ‎ 这比“骇人听闻的秘密”还要糟；这是一具真骷髅！ ‎ To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. ‎ 一个人要享有真正的幸福和真正的稳妥，他至少应有二、三种爱好，而这些爱好都必须是实际的。 ‎ actual 在一般英汉词典里都有“真实的”这一释义，如果用词确切，这个词总包含着动作的进行。当然这与其词根act 无不关系，如：the actual affairs there （那里的真实情况）。此处的 affairs 作“事情”解，内涵是process ‎ We sometimes refer to electricity, gas or petrol as if they were the actual sources of power,… ‎ 有时我们谈起电、煤气或汽油，似乎这三者是实际能源，…… ‎ Surely because progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us. ‎ 无疑是因为我们周围确实正在发生着某种特殊种类的进步，…… ‎ true（名词为truth）有两层基本的含义：“真的”，此意义指符合一定标准的、符合一定模式的。如：a ture revolutionary （真正的革命者）；鲸鱼不是“真正的鱼”(not a ture fish)，而是哺乳动物。另一层的含义是“真实的”，此意义主要是指符合真实情况。如：a ture story（真实故事）；He's your father, It's true.（他是你父亲。这是真的）上句话说的是从童年便与父亲分离的人，看着生身父亲站在面前不敢相信，另一位知情者告诉他那是真的 ‎ True eccentrics never deliberately set out to draw attention to themselves. ‎ 真正古怪的人从不故意引人瞩目。 ‎ This is not always true-as with the manufacture of pig iron and steel from low-grade iron ores-but it did lead to the concentration of industrial developments on the coal fields. ‎ 并非一概如此—例如从低级铁矿石中生产生铁和钢材的情况一但是这导致了工业发展集中在煤田上。 ‎ genuine 只是前3个词的近似词，它所表示的“真的”指的是非伪造、非冒牌。如：his genuine signature（他的真实的签字）；有时指没有搀杂而属纯粹的东西。如：a genuine breed（纯种） ‎ It certainly looked genuine. ‎ 这只笔看上去确实象真货。 ‎ His genuine passions are for literture and the philosophy of science and he would gladly spend all his time in studying them. ‎ 他的真正的热忱在于文学和科学的哲理，他会欣然把自己的全部时间都花在研究这些学问上。‎ Trip, journey, travel ,voyage journey、voyage、trip、tour、travel [阅读：477] ‎ journey、voyage、trip、tour、travel的用法区别 ‎ 这一组词都有“旅行”的意思，但各词的含义有所不同。 ‎ ‎1. journey指从一地到另一地，通常指陆地上的远距离“旅行”，有时也可以表示经常走的或长或短的“路程”。只作名词。例如： ‎ I took a journey from Beijing to Shanghai last year. ‎ ‎-- How long is your journey to school? --Only about 10 minutes. ‎ ‎2. voyage主要指远距离的水上旅行，也可以指空中旅行意思为“航海、航空、航行”等。只作名词。例如： ‎ She usually gets seasick during the voyage. ‎ They made a voyage across the Pacific by air. ‎ ‎3. trip 一般指时间短、距离近的“旅行、远足”，也可以指长途旅行。在非正式用语中可代替journey。只作名词。例如： ‎ We made a boat trip to the island last week and had a good time. ‎ I will be on a trip to / journey to the south next summer holiday. ‎ ‎4. tour 着重指旅行线路比较曲折，常表示“（周游各地的）参观、访问、（巡回）旅游、视察、购物、演出”等意思。可作动词和名词。例如： ‎ I will tour the world in the future. ‎ My father has gone down-town on a shopping tour. ‎ ‎5. travel作“旅行、游历”解，一般表示从一地到另一地旅行这一总的概念。常指长时间、远距离的“旅行”。尤指出国旅行。可作动词和名词。其复数形式意思为“旅游笔记”、“游记”。例如： ‎ At present, many people are fond of travel in their spare time. ‎ I am reading a book about the travel to North Pole. ‎ They came home after years of foreign travel. ‎ Light travels faster than sound. ‎ spend, cost, take, pay 练习：用journey、voyage、trip、tour、travel填空 ‎ ‎1．The ________ from America to France used to take two months. ‎ ‎2．How did you enjoy your ________ in Europe? ‎ ‎3．I go to work by train, and the ______ takes half an hour. ‎ ‎4．He made a five-month _______ of India and the Far East. ‎ ‎5．He took us on a _____ of his new house. ‎ ‎6．The ______ across the sea was smooth. ‎ ‎7．She had been away on a long _______ . ‎ ‎8．I don’t believe we’ll be able to afford any _____ . ‎ ‎9．Will you please bring back some sugar on your next _____ to the kitchen? ‎ ‎10. _______ were arranged for the foreign visitors to see the Great Wall. ‎ Key: 1.voyage 2.travels 3.trip/journey 4.tour 5.tour 6.voyage 7.trip/journey 8.travel 9.journey 10.Tour ‎ 附： ‎ Journey(n.)---“旅行”,“旅程”。普通用语，指陆地上的远程旅行。 ‎ Tour(n.)---“周游”。指途中在许多地方作短暂停留的观光游览。 ‎ Trip(n.)---“旅行”。指来往有定的短距离旅行,强调在路上所花的时间和所走的路程。 ‎ Travel(n.)---“旅行”。惯用复数形式。泛指旅行各地,表示旅行的路途远,时间长。 ‎ 例句: ‎ At first I was afraid the long journey would be too much for her. At first I was afraid the long journey would be ‎ too much for her. 起初我担心她不能行这样远的路。 ‎ I wish you a good journey. I wish you a good journey. 祝你)一路平安。 ‎ We went on a guided tour of Italy that included stops at Milan, Venice, Florence and Rome. Florence and Rome. 我们在导游的带领下游览了意大利, 包括米兰,威尼斯,佛罗伦萨和罗马。 ‎ They are now making a bridal tour. They are now making a bridal tour. 他们正在新婚旅行。 ‎ I go to work by train, and the trip takes 40 minutes. y train, and the trip takes 40 minutes. 我坐火车上班, 路上花40分钟。 ‎ I can”t afford a trip to Europe. t afford a trip to Europe. 我负担不起去欧洲旅游的费用。 ‎ This trip was cancelled because of the snowstorm. This trip was cancelled because of the snowstorm. 因为暴风雪, 旅行取消了。 ‎ The travels of Marco Polo is one of the most interesting books that I have ever read. ve ever read. 马可波罗的游记是我生平读过的最有意思的一本书。 ‎ Is he back from his travels yet? Is he back from his travels yet? 他游历回来了吗? ‎ sail ‎ n. ‎ ‎1. 帆,蓬[C][U] ‎ ‎2. 乘船航行,乘船游览[S] ‎ They took a sail to Dover. ‎ 他们乘船去多佛。 ‎ ‎3. 帆状物;(风车的)翼板[C] ‎ vi. ‎ ‎1. 航行,(坐船)游览[Q] ‎ ‎2. 启航,开船[Q] ‎ Our ship sails tomorrow for Hong Kong. ‎ 我们的船明天启航前往香港。 ‎ ‎3. (鸟、飞机等)(轻快地)飞行;(鱼等)浮游;(女人)风姿绰约地走[Q] ‎ vt. ‎ ‎1. 在...上航行;飘过;飞过 ‎ Clouds are sailing the skies. ‎ 云在天空飘移。 ‎ ‎2. 驾驶(船) ‎ Can you sail a boat? ‎ 你会驾船吗?‎ Almost, most, mostly most ‎ 多数，大多数 ‎ ‎**************************** ‎ almost用于副词、名词、形容词、动词、限定词及代词之前，它有两种意思： ‎ ‎（1）表示“几乎，差不多”，例如： ‎ It’s a mistake they almost always make． ‎ ‎（那是他们几乎总是要犯的错误。） ‎ Dinner’s almost ready． ‎ ‎（饭差不多准备好了。） ‎ He’s almost six feet tall． ‎ ‎（他差不多有六英尺高。） ‎ ‎（2）用于no， nobody， none 之前，表示“实际上，简直”等，如： ‎ Almost no one believed him． ‎ ‎（实际上没有一个人相信他。） ‎ ‎***************** ‎ mostly表示“几乎，全部，大多，多半，大体”等，如： ‎ We’re mostly out on Sundays． ‎ ‎（我们星期日多半不在家。） ‎ ‎********************** ‎ at most: ‎ ad. 至多(不超过) ‎ Examples: ‎ ‎1. Winter is the slack season at most hotels. ‎ 冬天是大多数旅馆的淡季。 ‎ ‎2. The best goods are usually at most worthy. ‎ 最好的货通常值钱最多。‎ Fairly, rather rather可以和比较级形容词或者too连用，fairly则不行。例如： ‎ My brother is rather better today．我兄弟今天好多了。 ‎ This book is rather too difficult for the juniors and rather too easy for the seniors．这本书对低年级学生太难对高年级学生又太容易。 ‎ 在上述各句子中fairly都不能用。 ‎ 另外，fairly和rather还有以下区别： ‎ ‎1． fairly表示对事物的赞赏，有令人喜悦之感，含褒义，一般修饰表示“好”的形容词或副词，如：nice, good, well, bravely等；而rather往往表示对事物的不赞赏，有令人不悦之感，含贬义，修饰表示“不好”的形容词或副词，如：bad, ugly, stupid等，例如： ‎ It’s fairly warm today.（今天真暖和） It’s rather cold yesterday.（昨天实在冷） ‎ You did fairly well, but he did rather badly. ‎ 有时rather 也跟表示“好”的形容词或副词连用，这时等于very。 ‎ ‎2． fairly与rather修饰中义词时，表示说话人的不同感受或看法。试比较： ‎ It’s a fairly easy book.（这本书还算容易） It’s a rather easy book.（这本书太浅了）‎ ‎1.still ‎ still强调过去发生的事情及存在的状况目前还在延续。在现在完成时的否定句中，still表 ‎ 示吃惊或不耐烦的语气；但在现在进行时中，still只表示动作正在持续，不带有感情色彩。例如： ‎ My neighbour hit my car last week and he still hasn't apologised. 我的邻居上周撞了我的车，可他到现在还没有道歉呢。 ‎ He's still living with his mother. 他仍与母亲住在一起。 ‎ ‎2.yet ‎ yet常用于疑问句和否定句。在疑问句中，用来询问说话人期望发生的事情是否已经发生。在否定句中，表示说话人期望发生的事情尚未发生。例如： ‎ John, have you finished that report yet? 约翰，你把报告已经写出来了吗？ ‎ John hasn't finished that report yet and I asked him for it three days ago. 约翰还没有写完报告，可我三天前就要他交了。‎ yet用作连词时，与but一样也主要用于转折，意为“但是”“而”：‎ I have failed, yet I shall try again. 我失败了，但我还要尝试。‎ The judge was stern, yet completely fair. 法官很严峻，却完全公正。‎ They are the same, yet not the same. 它们又一样，又不一样。‎ It is strange, yet it is true. 那真是怪事，然而却是事实。‎ I’ve been away only for three years, yet I can hardly recognize my hometown. 我仅在外三年，可我几乎认不出我自己的故乡了。‎ He said he was our friend, yet he wouldn’t help us. 他说他是我们的朋友，但却不肯帮助我们。‎ ‎■有时用在句首。如(from www.yygrammar.com)：‎ Yet the house was cheerful. 但屋子里显得很欢快。‎ Yet its population has doubled. 但它的人口翻了一番。‎ ‎■yet有时可与并列连词and或but连用，构成习语and yet和but yet，且两者大致同义(均相当于表转折的but)：‎ I gave him ten pounds (and) yet he was not satisfied. 我给了他十镑但他仍不满足。‎ She’s vain and foolish, and yet people like her. 她很虚荣愚蠢，但人们却喜欢她。‎ She drove very fast to the airport, but [yet, and yet, but yet] she missed the plane. 她开快车去机场，可还是误了飞机。‎ ‎■although不能与表示转折的but连用，但是却可以与yet连用。如：‎ Although we have made some progress, yet we still have a long way to go. 我们虽然取得了些进步，但还是远远不够的。‎ 写出下列名词的复数形式。‎ 第一组 ‎1. handkerchief---_________ 2. wolf—________ 3. belief--- _______ ‎ ‎4. roof—_______ 5. chief --- ______ 6. radio--- _________ ‎ ‎7. tomato---________ 8. potato---__________ 9. hero---__________ ‎ ‎10. motto---_________ 11. German---_________‎ 第二组 ‎1. man -- __________ 2. woman --- _________ 3. policeman---_________‎ ‎4. child --- _________ 5. tooth --- ________ 6. foot--- __________‎ ‎7. mouse --- __________ 8. ox --- __________ 9. means –_______ ‎ ‎10. sheep--- ________ 11. deer—__________ 12. fish--- __________‎ ‎13. Chinese—______ 14 Japanese—_______ 15. Swiss—________ ‎ 第三组 ‎1. woman doctor--- _____ 2. passer-by---______ 3. grown-up--- _________‎ 指总体为单数与指其中的个体为复数的名词：‎ family, class, group, team, committee等 常见的表复数意义的名词：‎ clothes, police, the majority, the public 常用的不可数名词：‎ 常用的名词与其它词类的转换 ‎ n.‎ adj.‎ n.‎ adj.‎ n.‎ adj.‎ absent honest rainy different safe healthy important possible funny distant ill healthy silent sick valuable patient happy natural difficult angry ‎ national beautiful hungry ‎ international useful lucky pleasant n.‎ v. ‎ n. ‎ v.‎ n.‎ v.‎ advise believe bathe breathe arrive affect ‎ ‎ n.‎ adj. ‎ v.‎ successful dead ‎ 动词现在分词、过去式与过去分词的规则变化 ‎1. put _________ _________ __________‎ ‎2. listen _________ _________ __________‎ ‎3. refer _________ _________ __________‎ ‎4. suffer _________ _________ __________‎ ‎5. rescue _________ _________ __________‎ ‎6. tidy _________ _________ __________‎ 不规则动词分类表 ‎1）[A][B][B]型 bend bent bent bring brought brought build built built buy bought bought catch caught caught dig dug dug feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found have had had hear heard heard hold held held keep kept kept lay laid laid lead led led leave left left lend lent lent lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met pay paid paid say said said seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent shoot shot shot sit sat sat sleep slept slept spend spent spent stand stood stood sweep swept swept teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought understand understood understood weep wept wept win won won wind wound wound ‎2）[A][B][C]型 arise arose arisen begin began begun blow blew blown break broke broken choose chose chosen do did done draw drew drawn drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen fly flew flown freeze froze frozen give gave given go went gone grow grew grown know knew known mistake mistook mistaken ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen see saw seen shake shook shaken sing sang sung speak spoke spoken steal stole stolen swim swam swum take took taken tear tore torn throw threw thrown wear wore worn write wrote written ‎3）[A][A][A]型 burst burst burst cast cast cast ‎ cost cost cost cut cut cut ‎ hit hit hit hurt hurt hurt ‎ let let let put put put ‎ read read read shut shut shut ‎ spread spread spread thrust thrust thrust upset upset upset ‎4）[A][B][B/C]型 bite bit bit/ bitten forget forgot forgot/ forgotten get got got/ gotten hide hid hid/ hidden prove proved proved/ proven sew sewed sewed/ sewn show showed showed/ shown strike struck struck/ stricken ‎5）两可型 awake awoke awoke awake awaked awaked bet betted betted bet bet bet broadcast broadcasted broadcasted broadcast broadcast broadcast burn burned burned burn burnt burnt dream dreamed dreamed dream dreamt dreamt fit fitted fitted fit fit fit hang hanged(绞死) hanged hang hung(悬挂) hung lean leaned leaned lean leant leant learn learned learned learn learnt learnt lie lied(撒谎) lied lie lay(躺) lain shine shined shined shine shone shone smell smelled smelled smell smelt smelt speed speeded speeded speed sped sped wake waked waked wake woke woke/ woken ‎6）其他型 become became become come came come run ran run beat beat beaten bear bore borne/ born 浅谈when的用法 ‎ 发表评论 山东省临朐第二中学 曾召友 [学员] ‎2008年7月17日 14:18:22 ‎ ‎--------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ 浏览数：1689 专家浏览：0 | 评论数：5 专家评论：0 | 推荐数：0 专家推荐：0‎ ‎--------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎ ‎ 浅谈when的用法 山东省临朐第二中学高三外语组（262600）曾召友 请做以下高考题:‎ ‎1. (2006全国I-33) Please remind me＿he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off.‎ ‎ A. where B．when C. how D. what ‎2. (2006山东-31) How can you expect to learn anything you never listen ? ‎ A．in case B．even if C．unless D．when ‎ ‎3. (2006湖南-31) I had just stepped out of the bathroom and was busily drying myself with a towel _________I heard the steps.‎ A. while B. when C. since D. after ‎4. (2006辽宁-24) He was about halfway through his meal ________ a familiar voice came to his ears.‎ ‎ A. why B. where C. when D. while 综观2006年全国以及各省市高考英语单项选择题，以 when为答案的就有四题之多，其它作为选项的还有七题，成为2006年高考一道亮丽的风景。本文拟就when的用法进行阐述。‎ 一.用作连词 一.）用作从属连词 ‎1. 引导时间状语从句 ，表示“当……的时候”，相当于at the time that。从句的谓语动词是延续性的，也可以是非延续性的。它引导的时间状语从句常用一般现在时表示一般将来时；用一般过去时表示过去将来时；用现在完成时表示将来完成时。‎ When water becomes solid, we call it ice .当水变成固体的时候，我们就叫冰。‎ Don’t be afraid of asking for help when it is needed.‎ 当你需要帮助的时候，不要害怕请求帮助。‎ 前面第1题就是考察的这种用法，句意为：“当他要走时，请提醒我。我好送他。”所以选B。‎ ‎2. 引导原因状语从句，意思是“因为”“既然”，相当于since。例如：‎ why do you want a new job when you’ve got such a good one already ?‎ 既然你已经有了这么好的职业，为 什么还想找一个新的差使？‎ It’s foolish to take a taxi when you can easily walk to the station.‎ 既然你能够很容易走到车站，乘出租车真是犯傻。‎ 前面第2题就是考察的这种用法，句意为：“既然你没有听，你又怎么希望学东西呢？”所以选D。‎ ‎3.引导条件状语从句，意思是“如果”“只要”相当于if或so long as/as long as。例如：‎ you’ll make more progress when you study hard.‎ 只要你努力学习，就一定能取得更大的进步。‎ Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.‎ 如果机器发生故障，就把电闸关掉。‎ Come when you are ready .要是你准备好了，就来吧。‎ When the wind blows all the doors rattle .只要风一吹，所有的门都响了。‎ ‎4．引导让步状语从句，意思是“尽管”“虽然……可是……”,意思接近于although.例如：‎ Why do you continue to sleep when you have known that I am trying to talk to you ?既然你知道我和你谈话，为什么还要继续睡觉？‎ He came to help us when he had plenty of work to do.尽管他有许多事情要做，却还是来帮我们的忙。‎ He stopped trying when he might have succeeded next time .虽然再试一次可能成功，可是他放弃了努力。‎ 二．）用作并列连词，意为“在那时，届时”，表示时间。这时主句中可以用过去完成时，过去进行时或“was/were about to do sth.”结构。例如：‎ He was about to tell me the secret when someone patted him on the shoulder .‎ 他正要把秘密告诉我，这是突然有人轻轻拍 了一下他的肩膀。‎ He had just finished the book when supper was served.‎ 他刚要读完那本书正在这时晚饭端上来了。‎ I was cooking in the kitchen when someone knocked at the door.‎ 我正在厨房做饭突然有人敲门。‎ 前面第3、4题就是考察的这种用法，答案分别是B、C。‎ 二．作为副词 ‎1．作疑问副词，引导名词性从句，意思是“什么时候”“何时”。例如：‎ I don’t know when he left .我不知道他是什么时候离开。‎ ‎2．作关系副词，引导定语从句，修饰前面的名词，且再从句中充当时间状语。‎ The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that far-away village.这部电影使我想起我在那个遥远村子受到很好的照料的时光 三．作疑问代词 Since when has China been using the metric system ?‎ 中国从什么时候起使用公制度量衡的？‎ Till when will the delegation stay here ?代表团要在这儿住到什么时候？‎ From when did you pick up Spanish?你从什么时候起开史学西班牙语？‎ 四．作名词 When用作名词，意思是“时间”，系可数名词。‎ The report gave the when and where of the fire .报告介绍了火灾发生的时间和地点。‎ ‎[巩固练习]‎ ‎1. (2005安徽-32) Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer ______ it was 20 years ago, _____ it was poorly equipped.‎ A. what; when B. that; which C. what; which D. which; that ‎2. (2005上海-34) He transplanted the little tree to the garden _______ it was the best time for it.‎ A. where B. when C. that D. until ‎ ‎3.(2005福建-24) —Did Jack come back early last night?‎ ‎ —Yes. It was not yet eight o’clock he arrived home.‎ ‎ A. before B. when C. that D. until ‎4. (2004湖北-23) There was time I hated to go to school .‎ ‎ A．a; that B．a; when C．the; that D．the ; when ‎5. (2004湖北-28) with the size of the whole earth , the biggest ocean does not seem big at all .‎ ‎ A．Compare B．When comparing ‎ C．Comparing D．When compared ‎6. (2004上海-38)Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park _____ she was bitten on the leg by a lion.‎ ‎ A. when B. while C. since D. once ‎ ‎7. (2004北京春季－26) We were swimming in the lake _______ suddenly the storm started.‎ ‎ A. when B. while C. until D. before ‎8. (NMET2003) Don’t be afraid of asking for help _____ it is needed.‎ ‎ A. unless B. since C. although D. when ‎9. (2002上海) He was about to tell me the secret _____ someone patted him on his shoulder.‎ A. as B. until C. while D. when ‎ ‎10. (NMET2001) The film brought the hours back to me ____ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.‎ A. until B. that C. when D. where ‎11. (NMET1998) Why do you want a new job _____ you have got such a good one already?‎ A. that B. where C. which D. when ‎12. (NMET1998) _____ got into the room ____ the telephone rang.‎ A. He hardly had; then B. Hardly had he; when C. He had not; than D. Not had he; when ‎13. (MET1993) I remember ____ this used to be a quiet village.‎ A. when B. how C. where D. what Key：ABBBD AADDC DBA 联系地址：山东省临朐第二中学高三外语组（262600）‎ 曾召友 e-mail：xbin‎88mm@163.com ‎ ‎ 浅谈when的用法 山东省临朐第二中学高三外语组（262600）曾召友 请做以下高考题:‎ ‎1. (2006全国I-33) Please remind me＿he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off.‎ ‎ A. where B．when C. how D. what ‎2. (2006山东-31) How can you expect to learn anything you never listen ? ‎ A．in case B．even if C．unless D．when ‎ ‎3. (2006湖南-31) I had just stepped out of the bathroom and was busily drying myself with a towel _________I heard the steps.‎ A. while B. when C. since D. after ‎4. (2006辽宁-24) He was about halfway through his meal ________ a familiar voice came to his ears.‎ ‎ A. why B. where C. when D. while 综观2006年全国以及各省市高考英语单项选择题，以 when为答案的就有四题之多，其它作为选项的还有七题，成为2006年高考一道亮丽的风景。本文拟就when的用法进行阐述。‎ 一.用作连词 一.）用作从属连词 ‎1. 引导时间状语从句 ，表示“当……的时候”，相当于at the time that。从句的谓语动词是延续性的，也可以是非延续性的。它引导的时间状语从句常用一般现在时表示一般将来时；用一般过去时表示过去将来时；用现在完成时表示将来完成时。‎ When water becomes solid, we call it ice .当水变成固体的时候，我们就叫冰。‎ Don’t be afraid of asking for help when it is needed.‎ 当你需要帮助的时候，不要害怕请求帮助。‎ 前面第1题就是考察的这种用法，句意为：“当他要走时，请提醒我。我好送他。”所以选B。‎ ‎2. 引导原因状语从句，意思是“因为”“既然”，相当于since。例如：‎ why do you want a new job when you’ve got such a good one already ?‎ 既然你已经有了这么好的职业，为 什么还想找一个新的差使？‎ It’s foolish to take a taxi when you can easily walk to the station.‎ 既然你能够很容易走到车站，乘出租车真是犯傻。‎ 前面第2题就是考察的这种用法，句意为：“既然你没有听，你又怎么希望学东西呢？”所以选D。‎ ‎3.引导条件状语从句，意思是“如果”“只要”相当于if或so long as/as long as。例如：‎ you’ll make more progress when you study hard.‎ 只要你努力学习，就一定能取得更大的进步。‎ Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.‎ 如果机器发生故障，就把电闸关掉。‎ Come when you are ready .要是你准备好了，就来吧。‎ When the wind blows all the doors rattle .只要风一吹，所有的门都响了。‎ ‎4．引导让步状语从句，意思是“尽管”“虽然……可是……”,意思接近于although.例如：‎ Why do you continue to sleep when you have known that I am trying to talk to you ?既然你知道我和你谈话，为什么还要继续睡觉？‎ He came to help us when he had plenty of work to do.尽管他有许多事情要做，却还是来帮我们的忙。‎ He stopped trying when he might have succeeded next time .虽然再试一次可能成功，可是他放弃了努力。‎ 二．）用作并列连词，意为“在那时，届时”，表示时间。这时主句中可以用过去完成时，过去进行时或“was/were about to do sth.”结构。例如：‎ He was about to tell me the secret when someone patted him on the shoulder .‎ 他正要把秘密告诉我，这是突然有人轻轻拍 了一下他的肩膀。‎ He had just finished the book when supper was served.‎ 他刚要读完那本书正在这时晚饭端上来了。‎ I was cooking in the kitchen when someone knocked at the door.‎ 我正在厨房做饭突然有人敲门。‎ 前面第3、4题就是考察的这种用法，答案分别是B、C。‎ 二．作为副词 ‎1．作疑问副词，引导名词性从句，意思是“什么时候”“何时”。例如：‎ I don’t know when he left .我不知道他是什么时候离开。‎ ‎2．作关系副词，引导定语从句，修饰前面的名词，且再从句中充当时间状语。‎ The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that far-away village.这部电影使我想起我在那个遥远村子受到很好的照料的时光 三．作疑问代词 Since when has China been using the metric system ?‎ 中国从什么时候起使用公制度量衡的？‎ Till when will the delegation stay here ?代表团要在这儿住到什么时候？‎ From when did you pick up Spanish?你从什么时候起开史学西班牙语？‎ 四．作名词 When用作名词，意思是“时间”，系可数名词。‎ The report gave the when and where of the fire .报告介绍了火灾发生的时间和地点。‎ ‎[巩固练习]‎ ‎1. (2005安徽-32) Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer ______ it was 20 years ago, _____ it was poorly equipped.‎ A. what; when B. that; which C. what; which D. which; that ‎2. (2005上海-34) He transplanted the little tree to the garden _______ it was the best time for it.‎ A. where B. when C. that D. until ‎ ‎3.(2005福建-24) —Did Jack come back early last night?‎ ‎ —Yes. It was not yet eight o’clock he arrived home.‎ ‎ A. before B. when C. that D. until ‎4. (2004湖北-23) There was time I hated to go to school .‎ ‎ A．a; that B．a; when C．the; that D．the ; when ‎5. (2004湖北-28) with the size of the whole earth , the biggest ocean does not seem big at all .‎ ‎ A．Compare B．When comparing ‎ C．Comparing D．When compared ‎6. (2004上海-38)Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park _____ she was bitten on the leg by a lion.‎ ‎ A. when B. while C. since D. once ‎ ‎7. (2004北京春季－26) We were swimming in the lake _______ suddenly the storm started.‎ ‎ A. when B. while C. until D. before ‎8. (NMET2003) Don’t be afraid of asking for help _____ it is needed.‎ ‎ A. unless B. since C. although D. when ‎9. (2002上海) He was about to tell me the secret _____ someone patted him on his shoulder.‎ A. as B. until C. while D. when ‎ ‎10. (NMET2001) The film brought the hours back to me ____ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.‎ A. until B. that C. when D. where ‎11. (NMET1998) Why do you want a new job _____ you have got such a good one already?‎ A. that B. where C. which D. when ‎12. (NMET1998) _____ got into the room ____ the telephone rang.‎ A. He hardly had; then B. Hardly had he; when C. He had not; than D. Not had he; when ‎13. (MET1993) I remember ____ this used to be a quiet village.‎ A. when B. how C. where D. what Key：ABBBD AADDC DBA 联系地址：山东省临朐第二中学高三外语组（262600）‎ 曾召友 e-mail：lqzzyou@163.com ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 抛砖引玉，敬请斧正。‎