英语高考完形填空说明文原卷版 13页

第二部分 语言知识运用 精做08 完形填空说明文 ‎ 说明文往往围绕一个问题从不同的侧面来加以说明，通常结构严谨，句子结构复杂，因此也是高考完形填空题中较难理解的一种文体。其主要特点为：‎ ‎1. 开头点题 在说明文类的完形填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象，这是掌握说明细节的前提。‎ ‎2.结构清晰 ‎ 说明文一般按一定的顺序展开。理清文章的说明顺序，对于正确把握文意和上下文的逻辑关系，选择正确答案具有重要意义。‎ ‎3.难度较大 ‎ 说明文往往采用比较正式的文体，表述准确严谨，生词术语较多，句子较长，结构较为复杂。‎ ‎4.遣词用字简练 ‎ 说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及其规律。‎ ‎5.条理清晰 ‎ 说明文十分讲究条理性，一般采取时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认知顺序来说明事物或事理。‎ ‎【解题技巧】‎ ‎1. 快速弄清文章大意 ‎ 对于此类文章我们结合选择项，进行粗读或略读，对文章的大意要先有一个大体的了解。说明文往往生词较多，而题材又比较广泛，所以阅读时，首先要能够掌握文章的大意。‎ ‎2. 弄清楚说明的顺序 ‎ 把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加强对整篇文章的理解。‎ ‎3. 把握文章的组织结构，理清事实细节 ‎ 把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表达清楚的、逻辑比较严密的短文。在阅读这类文章时，我们一定要仔细研读文章的开头和结尾，从主题句着手，找出支持句，然后寻找文章的结论。这时，我们还要特别注意，不要被表面的一些细节所迷惑，我们在理解细节的基础上，还要斟酌文字的内涵意义，从而对文章进行深层次的理解。‎ ‎4. 注重上下文语境 ‎ 应逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项，对特定的语境作深入的理解，克服＂思维定势＂，根据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐项填空。‎ ‎5. 熟练做题方法，遵循四个原则：‎ ‎（1）上下一致。每个选择项必须从全文出发，从大处着手，避免孤立地分析每一空格，造成误选。‎ ‎（2）语法正确。从语法地角度去考虑动词的时态、语态以及词类用法。‎ ‎（3）逻辑合理。在完形填空题中，逻辑推理非常重要，有时每个选择项从语法上讲都正确，但是有的是不合语境逻辑的。‎ ‎（4）符合搭配。英语中固定搭配很多，需要熟练掌握，才能做好此类题目。‎ Cloze 1（2016·上海卷）‎ 体裁 文章话题 词数 建议时间 难度 自测正确率 说明文 一种新型管理理论——授权管理及其作用。‎ ‎382‎ ‎15分钟 ‎★★★☆☆‎ In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 1 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.‎ In any case, despite so much evidence to the 2 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 3 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 4 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.‎ Different cultures have different ways of 5 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making — all members of the department or work group are asked to 6 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 7 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 8 managers cannot.‎ A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 9 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 10 the ‎ number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 11 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 12 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 13 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.‎ Another trend is off-site or 14 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 15 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.‎ ‎1. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike ‎ ‎2. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme ‎ ‎3. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise ‎4. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above ‎ ‎5. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging ‎ ‎6. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply ‎7. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression ‎8. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male ‎ ‎9. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing ‎ ‎10. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating ‎ ‎11. A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared ‎12. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally ‎ ‎13. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure ‎14. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene ‎15. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness Cloze 2（2014·新课标全国卷I）‎ 体裁 文章话题 词数 建议时间 难度 自测正确率 说明文 各种形式的活动，如果人们经常做，都会产生厌倦情绪。‎ ‎249‎ ‎17分钟 ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎ As a general rule, all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine (常规) basis. As a matter of fact, we can see this 　1　at work in people of all 　2　.For example, on Christmas morning, children are excited about 　3　with their new toys. But their 　4　soon wears off and by January those 　5　toys can be ‎ found put away in the basement. The world is full of 　6　stamp albums and unfinished models, each standing as a monument to someone’s 　7　interest. When parents bring home a pet, their child 　8　bathes it and brushes its fur. Within a short time, however, the 　9　of caring for the animal is handed over to the parents. Adolescents enter high school with great 　10　but are soon looking forward to 　11　.The same is true of the young adults going to college. And then, how many 　12　, who now complain (抱怨) about the long drives to work, 　13　drove for hours at a time when they first 　14　their driver’s licenses(执照)?Before people retire, they usually 　15　to do a lot of 　16　things, which they never had 　17　to do while working. But 　18　after retirement, the golfing, the fishing, the reading and all of the other pastimes become as boring as the jobs they 　19　.And, like the child in January, they go searching for new 　20　.‎ ‎1. A. principle B. habit C. way D. power ‎2. A. parties B. races C. countries D. ages ‎3. A. working B. living C. playing D. going ‎4. A. confidence B. interest C. anxiety D. sorrow ‎5. A. same B. extra C. funny D. expensive ‎6. A. well-organized B. colorfully-printed C. newly-collected D. half-filled ‎7. A. broad B. passing C. different D. main ‎8. A. silently B. impatiently C. gladly D. worriedly ‎9. A. promise B. burden C. right D. game ‎10. A. courage B. calmness C. confusion D. excitement ‎11. A. graduation B. independence C. responsibility D. success ‎12. A. children B. students C. adults D. retirees ‎13. A. carefully B. eagerly C. nervously D. bravely ‎14. A. required B. obtained C. noticed D. discovered ‎15. A. need B. learn C. start D. plan ‎16. A. great B. strange C. difficult D. correct ‎17. A. time B. money C. skills D. knowledge ‎18. A. only B. well C. even D. soon ‎19. A. lost B. chose C. left D. quit ‎20. A. pets B. toys C. friends D. colleagues Cloze 3（2012·新课标全国卷Ⅰ）‎ 体裁 文章话题 词数 建议时间 难度 自测正确率 说明文 身势语在交际中的重要性 ‎246‎ ‎18分钟 ‎★★★★☆‎ ‎ Body language is the quiet, secret and most powerful language of all! It speaks 　1　than words. According to specialists, our bodies send out more 　2　than we realize. In fact, non-verbal(非言语) communication takes up about 50% of what we really 3　. And body language is particularly 　4　when we attempt to communicate across cultures. Indeed, what is called body language is so 　5　a part of us that it’s actually often unnoticed.And misunderstandings occur as a result of it. 　6　, different societies treat the 　7　between people differently. Northern Europeans usually do not like having 　8　contact(接触)even with friends, and certainly not with 　9　. People from Latin American countries, 　10　, touch each other quite a lot. Therefore, it’s possible that in 　11　, it may look like a Latino is 　12　a Norwegian all over the room. The Latino, trying to express friendship, will keep moving 　13　. The Norwegian, very probably seeing this as pushiness, will keep 　14　— which the Latino will in return regard as 　15　.‎ ‎ Clearly, a great deal is going on when people 　16　. And only a part of it is in the words themselves. And when parties are from 　17　cultures, there’s a strong possibility of 　18　. But whatever the situation, the best 　19　is to obey the Golden Rule: treat others as you would like to be 　20　.‎ ‎1. A. straighter B. louder C. harder D. further ‎2. A. sounds B. invitations C. feelings D. messages ‎3. A. hope B. receive C. discover D. mean ‎4. A. immediate B. misleading C. important D. difficult ‎5. A. well B. far C. much D. long ‎6. A. For example B. Thus C. However D. In short ‎7. A. trade B. distance C. connections D. greetings ‎8. A. eye B. verbal C. bodily D. telephone ‎9. A. strangers B. relatives C. neighbours D. enemies ‎10. A.in other words B. on the other hand ‎ ‎ C.in a similar way D.by all means ‎11. A. trouble B. conversation C. silence D. experiment ‎12. A. disturbing B. helping C. guiding D. following ‎13. A. closer B. faster C.in D. away ‎14. A. stepping forward B. going on C. backing away D. coming out ‎15. A. weakness B. carelessness C. friendliness D. coldness ‎16. A. talk B.travel C. laugh D. think ‎17. A. different B. European C. Latino D. rich ‎18. A. curiosity B. excitement ‎ ‎ C. misunderstanding D. nervousness ‎19. A. chance B. time C. result D. advice ‎20. A. noticed B. treated C. respected D. pleased Cloze 1（2019•广东省广州市2019届高三第二次模拟考试）‎ 话题 词数 难度 参考用时 正确率 ‎ 发射卫星的意义 ‎ 313‎ ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎16分钟 Always wished the Earth had a second moon？ Then you will be　 1 　 to hear that the Chengdu Aerospace Science Institute has plans to launch multiple mini moons over the next few years. ‎ Similar to our 　 2 　satellite， the light of the artificial orb 球体 will be obtained from the sun and　 　3　　 to Earth by its mirror﹣like coating. According to its designers, the 　 4 　 of light being reflected can be controlled from Earth and the light can even be 　 5 　, if necessary. ‎ While the multiple mini moons will certainly appear picturesque， their main purpose is to conserve 　6　 The Chengdu Aerospace experts claim the mini moon's dusk—like glow will allow the government to eventually　 　7　 　 costly streetlights in cities. They estimate that using the artificial satellite to light up Chengdu's streets at night will 　 8 　 the city 1. 2 billion yuan anally. Since the orb's location can be 　9 　 moved， it could also be used to shine light over disaster—struck areas that have lost 　 10　. ‎ Once the first mini moon is 　11 　 successfully， the experts plan to launch three　 12 　ones. Together， the satellites， which will take turns depending on their 　 13 　in relation to the sun， are expected to　 14 　an area of 3，600 to 6，400 square kilometers. While the orbs will be　 15 　 through a telescope from anywhere on the globe, their real beauty will only be seen by visiting Chengdu. Officials, 　 16 　, believe they will be a huge tourist attraction， helping improve the city's 　 17 　. ‎ As is often the case with major 　 18 　, some experts are concerned. They 　 19 　 that the moons will ‎ impact on the sleep patterns of humans and animals. However， officials believe the satellites will cause little， if any　 20 　. ‎ ‎1.A. pleased B. surprised C. alarmed D. relieved ‎2.A. traditional B. unique C. natural D. famous ‎3.A. carried B. reflected C. introduced D. transformed ‎4.A. colour B. speed C. source D. amount ‎5.A. sent out B. switched off C. given away D. turned down ‎6.A. resources B. animals C. farmland D. space ‎7.A. rebuild B. expand C. improve D. remove ‎8.A. bring B. leave C. save D. cost ‎9.A. hardly B. easily C. frequently D. normally ‎10.A. money B. home C. contact D. power ‎11.A. travelling B. appearing C. working D. signaling ‎12.A. additional B. special C. bright D. colourful ‎13.A. size B. importance C. position D. function ‎14.A. pick up B. take up C. hold up D. light up ‎15.A. reliable B. visible C. available D. testable ‎16.A. therefore B. however C. otherwise D. moreover ‎17.A. population B. education C. evolution D. conflict ‎18.A. drawback B. breakthroughs C. technology D. economy ‎19.A. doubt B. conclude C. worry D. agree ‎20.A. disturbance B. destruction C. satisfaction D. discussion Cloze 2（江苏省南京市九月学情调研）‎ 话题 词数 难度 参考用时 正确率 ‎ 古希腊戏剧的起源 ‎355‎ ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎17分钟 The Beginning of Drama There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The one most widely accepted today is based on the 　1　that drama evolved from ritual(宗教仪式). The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings 　2　the natural forces of the world—even the seasonal changes—as ‎ unpredictable, and they sought through various means to 　3　these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to 　4　the desired results were then kept and repeated until they changed into 　5　rituals. ‎ ‎　6　stories arose which explained or masked the mysteries of the rituals. As times passed, some rituals were 　7　, but the stories, later called myths, continued to exist and provided material for art and drama. ‎ Those who believed that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rituals contained the 　8　of theatre because music, dance, masks, and 　9　were almost always used.  　10　, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and 　11　the entire community did not participate , a(n) 　12　division was usually made between the ＂area of acting and theatre in which an audience sits ＂. Besides, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was 　13　to avoiding mistakes in the practice of rituals, religious leaders usually 　14　that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often imitated (模仿) other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed (用哑剧表演出) the 　15　effect—success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun— 　16　an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representatives were separated from 　17　activities. ‎ Another theory traces the theater’s origin from the human interest in 　18　. According to this view, tales about the hunt, war or other things are told and gradually spread.  　19　through the use of action and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily gymnastic or that are 　20　of animal movements and sounds. ‎ ‎1.A. background B. assumption C. evidence D. theory ‎2.A. viewed B. employed C. imagined D. dismissed ‎3.A. take B. possess C. guarantee D. control ‎4.A. start B. show C. bring D. continue ‎5.A. usual B. direct C. convincing D. fixed ‎6.A. Apparently B. Actually C. Eventually D. Naturally ‎7.A. spread B. abandoned C. followed D. celebrated ‎8.A. seed B. content C. myth D. history ‎9.A. costumes B. routines C. instructions D. performances ‎10.A. As a result B. In fact C. On the contrary D. In addition ‎11.A. when B. although C. unless D. while ‎12.A. deep B. equal C. clear D. extra ‎13.A. attached B. related C. committed D. tied ‎14.A. put up B. took up C. took on D. put on ‎15.A. unexpected B. unpredicted C. prepared D. desired ‎16.A. whenever B. as C. whatever D. so ‎17.A. social B. political C. economic D. religious ‎18.A. accounts B. story-telling C. descriptions D. drama-writing ‎19.A. at that time B. at a time C. at first D. at once ‎20.A. imitations B. creatures C. presentations D. exhibitions Cloze 1‎ 话题 词数 难度 参考用时 正确率 ‎ 不同时期社会观点的行为标准 ‎246‎ ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎16分钟 If you associate modern British fiction with the cool, lonely tones of Martin Amis and Julian Barnes, and US fiction with Jonathan Franzen’s 　1　inner worlds or John Irving’s sentimentality, it seems you have good 　2　. An analysis of the 　3　texts of English-language books over the 　4　century concludes that, since the 1980s, words that 　5　emotional content have become 　6　more common in US books than in British ones. ‎ The 　7　, by anthropologist (人类学家) Alberto Acerbi of the University of Bristol, UK, and his colleagues, takes advantage of Google’s database of more than 5 million digitally 　8　books from the past several centuries. This resource has 　9　been used to examine the 　10　of literary styles and trends in literary expressions of individualism. ‎ Such 　11　of the cultural information made available by new technologies has been 　12　＂culturomics＂ (文化组学). Its 　13　think that these approaches can 　14　trends in social opinions and standards of behavior that are 　15　hidden within vast quantities of data. ‎ ‎＂Language use in books 　16　what people are talking about and thinking about during a 　17　time, so Google Books provides a fascinating 　18　into the past,＂ says psychologist Jean Twenge of San Diego State University in California. ‎ The 　19　results certainly seem to show that informal descriptions about social mood are reflected in the 　20　(both fiction and non-fiction) of the twentieth century. ‎ ‎1.A. independent B. emotional C. peaceful D. autonomous ‎2.A. reason B. way C. excuse D. truth ‎3.A. digitized B. translated C. adapted D. adopted ‎4.A. old B. modern C. former D. past ‎5.A. take B. include C. carry D. arrange ‎6.A. significantly B. surprisingly C. doubtfully D. instructively ‎7.A. book B. study C. experiment D. lecture ‎8.A. written B. chosen C. scanned D. made ‎9.A. formally B. casually C. never D. previously ‎10.A. evolution B. development C. progress D. revolution ‎11. A. learning B. mining C. searching D. using ‎12.A. regarded B. formed C. appointed D. called ‎13.A. opponents B. owners C. advocates D. writers ‎14.A. examine B. discover C. cause D. generate ‎15.A. certainly B. often C. also D. otherwise ‎16.A. suggests B. reflects C. explains D. displays ‎17.A. particular B. different C. hard D. pleasant ‎18.A. window B. picture C. sight D. roof ‎19.A. earliest B. best C. latest D. poorest ‎20.A. literature B. science C. politics D. economics Cloze 1‎ 体裁 文章话题 词数 建议时间 难度 自测正确率 说明文 网络安全问题 ‎400‎ ‎16分钟 ‎★★★★☆‎ ‎ The   Term   ＂CYBERSPACE＂   was   coined   by   William Gibson, a science-fiction writer. He first used it in a short story in 1982, and expanded on it a couple of years later in a novel Neuromancer. His 1　creation turned out to be remarkably prescient（有先见之明）. Cyberspace has become shorthand for the computing devices, networks, fiber-optic cables, and wireless links that bring the internet to billions of people around the world. The 　2　made by these technologies have brought tremendous benefits to everyone who uses the web to 　3　 humanity’s collective store of knowledge every day.‎ ‎ But there is a darker side to this extraordinary invention. Data 　4 are becoming ever bigger and more common. Last year over 800m records were lost, mainly through attacks. Among the most prominent recent 　5 has been Target, whose chief executive stood down from his job in May, a few months after the giant retailer 　6 that online intruders had stolen millions of digital records about its customers, including credit- and debit-card details.‎ ‎ The  potential  damage,  though,  extends  well  beyond  such 　7 intrusion.  Wider 　8　_have been raised by the realization of a growing numbers of cyber-warriors being recruited by countries that see cyberspace as a new territory of warfare. America’s president, Barack Obama, said in a White House press release that cyber-threats ＂　 9 one of the gravest national-security dangers＂ the country is facing.‎ ‎ Securing cyberspace is hard because the architecture of the internet was designed to promote connectivity, not 10 ‎ Its founders focused on getting it to work and did not 11 threats because the network was attached to America’s military. As hackers 12 , layers of security, from antivirus programs to firewalls, were added to try to keep them at bay. Gartner, a research firm, admits that last year organizations around the globe spent $67 billion on information security.‎ ‎ 　13　, these defenses have worked reasonably well. Despite the talk about the risk of a ＂cyber 9/11＂, the internet has proved remarkably 　14 . Hundreds of millions of people turn on their computers every day and bank online, shop at 15 stores, share gossip and photos with their friends on social networks and send all kinds of sensitive data over the web without ill effect. Companies and governments are shifting ever more services online.‎ ‎1. A. technical B. literary C. deliberate D. noble ‎2. A. senses B. restrictions C. connections D. differences ‎3. A. break through B. keep back C. stand for D. tap into ‎4. A. collections B. mistakes C. leaks D. sources ‎5. A. hackers B. agencies C. critics D. victims ‎6. A. assessed B. insisted C. revealed D. concluded ‎7. A. social B. cultural C. civil D. commercial ‎8. A. gaps B. contacts C. effects D. concerns ‎9. A. pose B. solve C. maintain D .reduce ‎10. A. availability B. security C. temptation D. preservation ‎11. A. worry about B. specialize in C. keep away D. put off ‎12. A. broke down B. turned up C. fell apart D. shut down ‎13. A. Of course B. In another word C. On the whole D. Above all ‎14. A. calm and stable B. fun and fashionable ‎ C. profitable and productive D. wild and well-received ‎15. A. luxurious B. favorite C. virtual D. convenience Cloze 2‎ 体裁 文章话题 词数 建议时间 难度 自测正确率 说明文 人际交往中一个重要的原则 ‎303‎ ‎17分钟 ‎★★★☆☆‎ People are always asking what the most important element to a healthy relationship is. The 　1　is there are many. But there is one really important thing that all great and healthy relationships have in common—　2　. Yes, of course, there are some little 　3　lies even in the best of relationships—　4　surprises or unexpected birthday parties—but the truth is that happy couples communicate honestly and don’t 　5　to protect their own interests. So how can you have more open 　6　in your own relationship?‎ ‎ First, remember that honesty is the best policy even 　7　your partner might not like what you have to say. Yes, it may be 　8　to tell your guy that you don’t like one of his friends. But lying or holding things　9　will make things worse in the long run.‎ ‎ The next thing to be 　10　is to say what you have to say 　11　. If your partner feels  　12　,he will be less  　13　to what you have to say and may even become defensive. Your delivery is of utmost importance when you are discussing sensitive issues. Think through what you want to say 　14　before you bring it up. You don’t want to 15　the person that you love. You just want them to be 　16　of the truth.‎ ‎ One last thing to keep in mind about communicating openly is that it enhances your relationship. If you aren’t honest about any dirty little 　17　you may have, they will probably come up eventually and 　18　you in the backside. And if you keep things to yourself, your relationship will not be based on the truth, which  　19　a solid foundation. Hard  　20　the truth may be sometimes, honesty really is the best policy.‎ ‎1. A. phenomenon B. truth C. theory D. evidence ‎2. A. honesty B. enthusiasm C. cooperation D. persistence ‎3. A. red B. purple C. white D. black ‎4. A. security B. privilege C. anniversary D. ambition ‎5. A. lie B. bargain C. complain D. interact ‎6. A. appreciation B. reputation C. selection D. communication ‎7. A. why B. when C. how D. where ‎8. A. tough B. immediate C. complicated D. plain ‎9. A.in B. on C. above D. back ‎10. A. serious about B. proud of C. expert at D. worthy of ‎11. A. obviously B. rudely C. nicely D. smoothly ‎12. A. puzzled B. attacked C. astonished D. satisfied ‎13. A. creative B. relative C. sensitive D. receptive ‎14. A. slightly B. thoroughly C. frequently D. briefly ‎15. A. suspect B. convince C. insult D. frighten ‎16. A. afraid B. aware C. ashamed D. capable ‎17. A. uniforms B. secrets C. blankets D. courts ‎18. A. train B. consult C. understand D. bite ‎19. A. picks out B. turns on C. makes for D. comes across ‎20. A. although B. while C. until D.as