2010高考二轮复习英语——专题一 名词和冠词 7页

‎2010高考二轮复习英语教案 专题一 名词和冠词 ‎【专题要点】1.名词的数和格；2.名词作定语；3.抽象名词具体化；4.在具体的情境中名词词义的编写；5.定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词；6.表示职位、头衔的名词作同位语、补语、表语时，其前面常不用任何冠词；7.在年代、朝代、世纪名词前，常用定冠词the；8.by+表示计量单位的名词；9.三餐、月份名词前常用零冠词，但当被某一形容词修饰时，其前面常用不定冠词a/an；10.语言类的名词前一般不加冠词，但其后有language/tongue时，其前加the ‎【考纲要求】1. 冠词是历年高考的必考知识点,主要出现在单项选择和短文改错题中. 虽说只有两类,共三个（不定冠词a, an和定冠词the),但其使用规则很复杂,一直是让考生感到很头痛的一类命题. 需要说明的是:在近几年高考试题中,冠词考题很少考查某一单独考点,一般都是一题两空,涉及两个考点因此在复习备考中要考纲要求要重点掌握如下几点：‎ ‎1）考查不定冠词a/an表示个别或泛指的用法 ‎2）考查定冠词the特指某一个人或事物的用法 ‎3）考查不定冠词和定冠词在固定搭配中的用法 ‎4) 考查零冠词（即省略冠词)表示泛指及其习惯搭配用法 ‎5) 考查冠词在表示类别名词前的用法 ‎6) 考查不定冠词在具体化抽象名词前的用法 ‎7) 考查冠词在比较级前的用法 ‎8) 考查冠词在其他特殊结构中的用法 ‎9) 考查有无冠词而迥异短语 ‎2. 对名词的考查考纲要求注意同义词、近义词的辨析；名词固定用法；从近几年高考英语语法与名词词汇所考试题来看，高考命题中语法与词汇呈现出以下特点：淡化语法，注重交际语境化与生活化，不再单独地去考察某一个语法或是词汇点，而是把考点放到一个生活化的语言环境中，突出语用能力 ‎【教法指引】‎ 随着“淡化语法，注重语言交际及语用功能”这一理念的逐渐认同及新课标对词汇量要求的逐年增加，2010年高考教师在指导学生复习名词和冠词时要正确把握考纲要求，首先弄清考 试命题动向，其次学生在名词的学习和复习中经常出错和易混的就是同义词和近义词的辨析比较，这样要针对这些问题专门设计针对性题目进行突破；对于冠词的教学在二轮复习中要紧抓冠词的特殊用法，在抽象名词的具体化、零冠词的使用、固定短语中的冠词等进行训练和点拨，学生经常犯错的就是抽象名词具体化，需用冠词以及固定短语中的冠词使用，针对问题，进行归纳梳理，为学生复习备考查缺补漏做好准备 ‎【知识网络】‎ 一、名词 ‎（一）、名词的种类：‎ ‎1、专有名词：‎ ‎1）China, Japan, Beijing, London, Tom, Jack（不加冠词）‎ ‎2）the Great Wall, the Yellow River, the People’s Republic of China, the United States等。（由普通名词构成的专有名词，要加定冠词。）‎ ‎2、普通名词：‎ ‎1）不可数名词 注意：不可数名词前一般不加冠词，尤不加不定冠词：若加a(an)则使之具体化了。‎ 如：have a wonderful time.‎ ‚不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。‎ ƒ不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时，可用复数形式 如：fishes, newspapers, waters, snows……‎ ‎ | | | |‎ 各种各样的鱼 各种报纸 河湖、海水 积雪 „有些抽象名词也常用复数，变为可数的具体的事物。如：times时代，works著作，difficulties困难 …在表数量时，常用“of”词组来表示。如：‎ a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper….‎ ‎2）可数名词：‎ 可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外，一般都要加冠词：A bird can fly .‎ The frog is a kind of hibernating animal. ‎ Vegetables sold at this shop are usually fresh.‎ ‚有复数形式：‎ a）规则变化——加“s”或“es”（与初中同，略）‎ b）不规则变化——child (children), foot (feet), tooth (teeth), man (men), ‎ woman (women), mouse (mice), goose (geese), Englishman (Englishmen), phenomenon(phenomena)…‎ 注意：c）单、复数同形：sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, fish（同一种鱼）……如，‎ a sheep, two sheep d）只用复数形式： thanks, trousers, goods, clothes, socks, shoes,…‎ e）形复实单：physics, politics, maths, news, plastics（塑料），means.‎ f）形单实复：people (人民，人们），the police, cattle等 g）集合名词如：family, public, group, class等。当作为整体时，为单数；当作为整体中的各个成员时，为复数如：‎ My family is a big one.‎ ‎ My family are music lovers.‎ h）复合名词变复数时，a）只把复合名词中的主体各词变为复数形式。如：‎ sister(s)-in-law嫂子，弟妹；step-son (s)继子；editor (s) -in-chief总编辑。‎ b）如没有主体名词则在最后一个词的后面加“s”。如：grown-up(s)成年人，go-between(s)中间人 c）woman, man作定语时，要与被修饰的名词的数一致。如：a man servant—men servants, a woman doctor—women doctors ‎（二）、名词的所有格：‎ ‎1、表有生命的东西（人或动物）的名词所有格，一般在名词后加“’s”。如：Mike’s bag, Children’s Day, my brother’s room, women’s rights…‎ 注意：1）名词复数的词尾是-s或-es，它的所有格只在词后加“s”。如：Teachers’ Day, the workers’ rest-home（工人疗养院），the students’ reading-room。‎ ‎2）复合名词的所有格，在后面的词后加“’s”。如：her son-in-law’s photo（她女婿的照片）；anybody else’s book（其他任何人的书）‎ ‎3）如果一样东西为两人或两人以上共有，则在最后的一个名词后面加“’s”；如果不是共有，则每个词后都要加“’s”。如：Jane and Helen’s room. 珍妮和海伦的房间（共有）. Bill’s and Tom’s radios. 比尔的收音机和汤姆的 收音机（不共有）‎ ‎4）表地点（店铺，某人的家等）的名词所有格后面，一般省去它所修饰的名词。如：‎ the tailor’s (裁缝铺) the doctor’s (诊所) Mr Brown’s (布朗先生的家)‎ ‎5）有些表时间、距离、国家、城镇的无生命的名词，也可加“’s”表所有格 如：half an hour’s walk (半小时的路程)‎ China’s agriculture (中国的农业)‎ ‎2、表示无生命的东西的名词一般与of构成词组，表示所有格。如：the cover of the book ‎3、表示有生命的东西的名词也可以用of，特别是名词较长，有较多的定语时如：‎ the story of Dr Norman Bethune.‎ Do you know the name of the boy standing at the gate?‎ ‎4、“of词组+所有格”的用法：‎ 在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词（如：a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those等）时，常用“of词组+所有格”的形式来表示所有关系。如：‎ a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一位朋友 some inventions of Edison’s 爱迪生的一些发明 those exercise-books of the students’ 学生们的那些练习本 二、冠词 ‎（一）、不定冠词的用法 ‎1.表示one, the same, every They are of an age.‎ I earn 10 dollars an hour as a salesman.‎ ‎2.用在物质、抽象名词前，表示“一种、一类、一份、一场、一阵”‎ That’s a green tea.‎ They were caught in a heavy rain.‎ It is a great pleasure to have a talk with you.‎ ‎3.用于某人姓名前，表示“某个名叫……的人”；用于星期中的某一天的名称前，表示“某星期几” ‎ He died on a Sunday.‎ A Mr. Smith is waiting for you outside.‎ ‎4.不定冠词的特殊位置：‎ What/such/rather a(an) +(adj.)+单数名词 So/as/too/how/however + adj.+ a/an单数名词 Many a(an) +单数名词 许多 Not a(an) +单数名词 不止一个 Half a(an) +单数名词 What a clever boy he is!=How clever a boy he is!‎ Many a young man wants to learn English.‎ He is quite a good player.‎ It is rather a cold day.‎ However clever a boy he is, he is to follow the teacher’s instructions.‎ ‎5.用在某些固定词组中：‎ Have a swim/talk/walk/dance/look/quarrel, have a cold, have a good time, keep a diary, in a hurry, once in a while, at a loss, for a while, once upon a time, all of a sudden, tell a lie, do sb. a favor, at a mouthful, at a distance, as a matter of fact ‎（二）、.定冠词的用法 ‎1. 专有名词 The Englishmen the English ‎ The Frenchmen the French The Englishmen in the dining-room are having supper now.‎ The Englishmen/English use a knife and fork in their meals.‎ ‎2. 固定习惯用语 The Greens are at table.‎ The Chens will move to Nanjing.‎ The Tang Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period, in the 1870’s He plays the violin but gives lessons on the piano.‎ I have hired the car by the hour.‎ The windows face to the south.‎ On the left/right In the daytime the other day=a few days ago Hit sb. in the face Wound sb. in the leg the first, the tallest, the taller of the two boys ‎ Who invented the telephone?‎ The rich, the wounded the blind the rich the wounded the new the unknown the learned the dying ‎ In the morning, in the end, in the least, in the distance, in the way, on the whole, on the other hand, at the same time, at the moment, in the ‎1980’‎s, go to the cinema/theatre, go to the doctors’, for the time being, on the radio/phone.‎ ‎（三）、零冠词的用法 ‎1、一日三餐、一年四季、节假日 Spring comes after winter.‎ They came to Beijing in the winter of 2004.‎ We have few classes on Saturday.‎ This happened on a Sunday toward the end of June.‎ He likes playing basketball.‎ He studies biology at university.‎ Comrade Li was chairman of the meeting.‎ ‎2.系动词turn（变成）后的单数名词作表语用零冠词 His brother has turned writer. ‎ 3.用在“表示类型的名词+of…”这一结构后的单数名词用零冠词。‎ The warmth of the sweater will of course be determined by the sort of wool used.‎ ‎4.“零冠词+单数名词+as/though +主语+谓语，+主句”意味“虽然/尽管……，但是……”。‎ Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings.‎ ‎5.在独立主格结构中的某一形式中 The teacher came in, book in hand.‎ ‎6.固定短语 day and night, pen and ink, husband and wife, father and son, sun and moon, master and servant, face to face, hand in hand, side by side, shoulder to shoulder, neck and neck, step by step, from top to bottom, in case of fire, from morning till night, from beginning to end, at noon/ dawn/ daybreak/ dusk/ night/ midnight, to/at/from work, catch fire, catch sight of, come to light, come to power, give birth to, watch TV/ on TV, every few days, on second thoughts, come/ rank/ come out first, take office.‎ ‎（四）、冠词常考易混点 ‎1.the world, a peaceful world ,the moon, a bright moon ‎ -Have you had supper?‎ ‎-We had a wonderful supper.‎ He starts his day by playing the violin.‎ He is playing a borrowed violin.‎ This book is too expensive for me. I want to look at a cheaper one.‎ It is a most useful book.‎ ‎2.Can you give me a second chance, please?‎ He got a first prize in mathematics.‎ We played two draws the other day, but when I tried a third time, I was beaten.‎ ‎3.由动词转化来的抽象名词，有定语修饰时与不定冠词连用 A knowledge of English, a wide knowledge of trade and music An understanding of, a collection of ‎ experience 经历 ；经验 success 成功的人或事；成功 exercise 练习，习题，体操； 锻炼，运动 ‎4.牢记纯不可数名词。Information, fun, weather, progress, advice, news, space, word (news)。‎