高考英语一轮复习写作和阅读练习四1 8页

江西瑞昌市2017高考英语写作和阅读一轮练习 书面表达。‎ ‎【高端点拨】每年高考后，我们一直在思索：英语高考中书面表达考什么、怎么考、如何写等系列高难表述问题。但是，通过与考生交流，我们发现他们的书面表达的思维能力并非不活跃，只是在他们的记忆库中存储的相应表达方式不足，或记忆有误，或根本是空白。拿到作文题目后，不愁没内容可写，只愁没词可用，或是写了不知是否正确，因此在表达过程中，要么被迫放弃，要么按照汉语的结构硬译，以致造成短文词不达意，错误地传递信息，分数也受到影响。针对考生在书面表达方面出现的问题，下面将谈谈高考书面表达的复习建议和答题技巧。‎ 一、复习建议 ‎（一）明确写作能力的培养和提高是一个日积月累的过程。高考英语书面表达题是一项综合性的测试。要写好一篇短文，考生不仅要具备熟练的谴词、造句和谋篇能力，而且需要熟知不同的写作策略。如果从高三年级开始准备，则必须保证有科学、全面的训练计划和足量的写作实践，在这方面，笔者要求学生从认识句子成分，到谴词成句，到练习基本句式，再到语段语篇的这样一个过程。当然有些学生在这过程中也坚持写日记，然后笔者给他们都进行了详细批改。这样学生既听从了老师的安排和指导，也没有忽视自己的独立实践与总结。‎ ‎（二）注重平时的练笔。近几年考题的话题包括外国交换学生在华学习生活安排、少年健康问题、中学生业余生活、人们的生活变化、环境保护、中学生庆祝 2008年奥运会申办、举办成功等。对于这些话题，每个考生都不会感到无话可说，只要平时认真进行一些写作实践，就不难具备应付这类话题所必要的写作能力。‎ ‎（三）明确写作方向。从近几年的情况来看，试题并没有特定的语篇或文体要求。虽然短文会用到记叙、说明或议论等表达方式，但这毕竟只是一个区区几十字的文段，远不足被称为记叙文、议论文、说明文或某种特定文体的文章。例如： 书面表达材料要求根据一首诗的内容，描述其中的一位老师，这是单纯的记叙文;或者根据提示，写毕业赠言，其中首先要求表述好友在你心中的印象，并用一两个事例加以描述，然后表达祝愿，这其实也是记叙文;或者依据要求，让学生描述一位伟人，并说明自己喜欢他或她的原因，这还是记叙文。‎ ‎（四）注意平时的词汇积累。针对考生平时练习时出现的没词可用，写了不知是否正确等情况，建议考生们采用听、读、写相结合的办法，增加语言输入，扩大存储量。高三年级不可避免地要进行大量的听和读的练习，在做完听力和阅读理解后，可以停下来，用一点时间有意识地增加针对写作的语言输入，比如将听过或读过的表达方式回忆一下并记住，或者将有用的短语标出来，记在笔记本上，以备事后记忆之用。注意选取的资料应与考生自己的写作水平相近，还要提高记忆的准确性。‎ 二、解题技巧 高考英语书面表达题解题应遵循五步骤的原则进行。2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲—英语中对写作这样要求：“要求考生根据提示进行书面表达，考生应能(1)准确使用语法和词汇。(2)使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思。‎ 如何写好一篇作文分5个步骤 ‎（一）仔细审题，确定要点。在开始写作这前一定要认真阅读题目中的所有信息(中文提示、图示、注意事项等)把需要表达的全部信息要点列成提纲，列要点时，如果提示是图表，要认真审图，从图中找出要表达的信息要点，如事件发生的背景，人物的衣着、表情、动作、位置、年龄、外貌、图中的英汉文字等，如果有参考词汇，一定要用上。‎ ‎（二）根据要点，遣词造句。近年来高考书面表达的要求不断提高，高分文章要有较多的词汇，较高级的词汇用法。比如表达丰富可以用rich,但如果你用abundant这个词就属于较高级的词汇。再比如“他强调小心驾驶的重要”这个句子 He emphasized the importance of careful driving.其中“强调”这个词如果你用 attach much importance to 效果更佳。‎ ‎（三）确定时态及人称，内容连贯，结构紧凑。高考书面表达评分标准明确规定，如人称错误要扣分，不同的文体一般都有基本时态。日记通常记叙发生过的事情，多用一般过去时。议论文多用一般现在时，通知等文体通常用一般将来时。每个句子写好之后，句与句之间要选择恰当的连接词。比如：(1)表示承接、递进用语，besides(并且)、what's more(并且)，moreover(而且)，firstly, secondly, finally(最后)，from now on (从此)，afterwards I after that(后来)，to make things worse/ what's worse(使事情更为糟糕的是)，the worst thing of all(最糟糕的是)。(2)表示转折关系用语。But, however, otherwise, though, despite, in spite of...(尽管)on the other hand(另一方面)，as(尽管)，all the same(尽管如此)。(3)表示因果关系用语。because/because of......for(因为)，owing to (由于)，thanks to (由于)，due to (由于)，so that (结果)。(4)归纳总结用语。to summarize(总而言之)，in short/in a word(简而言之)，on the whole(从总体看)，generally speaking(一般说来)，in my view(我的观点)，in conclusion(总之)。‎ ‎（四）句式丰富，避免重词。英语书面表达评分标准第五档(21-25分)要求，“应使用较复杂结构，这要求学生不仅会运用基本句型，也要有意识地使用复杂句型，这是文章的亮点。如何使用复杂结构，本人认为适当运用非谓语结构(分词短语、动名词或不定式短语)、适当运用各种从句(定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句)，这些都是有效的途径。比如：When he arrived in Beijing, he gave me an e-mail.(时间状语从句。一般)→On arriving in Beijing, he gave me an e-mail. Having arrived in Beijing, he gave me an e-mail.(使用了介词+动名词和现在分词短语，分别作状语。高级) Hardly had he arrived in Beijing ‎ when he gave me an e-mail.(改变时态，句子结构。高级)I won't believe what he says.(一般)→No matter what he says, I won't believe it.(让步状从句，高级)。‎ ‎（五）认真答写，卷面整洁。高考书面表达评分标准中对书写有较高要求。尤其是高考英语作文网上进行阅卷以来，如果书写较差，会影响到扫描质量，因此，考生在答卷时，一定要认真、清楚规范地书写，以保卷面整洁和美观，为争取高分作文做好铺垫。‎ 三、修正小误 ‎1、审题不够仔细，遗漏要点 ‎2、语言基础知识薄弱，语法和拼写错误较多 ‎3． 句子结构错误 ①双谓语现象②句子结构混乱 ‎ ‎4． 动词使用错误 ①时态错误②语态错误③滥用be动词 ‎ ‎5． 汉语式英语 ‎ ‎6. 不规则动词及常用词拼写错误 ‎ ‎7. 名词单复数错误 ‎ ‎8、词义模糊，用词不够准确 ‎9、行文清晰，句子与句子间缺乏衔接. ‎ ‎10、逻辑错误，如：because与so或者although与but等同时出现在同一个句子里。‎ 基础写作（共1小题，满分15分）‎ 假设你是某报社记者，请根据下表提供的信息写一篇英文稿，简要地报道中国开发中西部的有关情况。‎ 主要概括和实施要点 ‎ 范围：9个省、自治区（autonomous regions）、1个直辖市（municipality） ‎ 面积：540万平方公里 人口：2.85亿 交通建设：修建多条公路、铁路 环境保护：退耕还林；防治污染 资源利用：开发利用其丰富的天然资源 人才引进：广纳各类专家、技术人员 ‎【写作要求】‎ 1． 标题：New Development for Central and Western China 1． 必须使用5个句子介绍所给的内容 2． 将5个句子组织成连贯的短文 ‎.‎ 第二节 读写任务 （共1小题，满分25分）‎ News report,‎ Four young female college students died Friday after falling or jumping from a blazing room on the sixth floor of Shanghai Business School. Witness said one woman who jumped appeared to be aiming for bushes on the ground, but missed and landed on concrete. Witnesses said the other three were desperately trying to climb to another room amid roaring flames when they fell to the concrete paving. ‎ The fire broke out in Room 602 of the seven-floor dormitory at the school’s downtown campus on Zhongshan Road West, just after ‎6 a.m. The fire was caused by an electrical device used to heat water. This had ignited flammable objects, police said late Friday afternoon. After receiving reports of the fire at 6:‎12 a.m, police, firefighters and ambulances were quickly on the scene. The fire was extinguished by 6:‎30 a.m., according to the school.‎ There is only one public toilet on each floor to get water and fire extinguishers in the dormitory were outdated, students said. (SZ-Agencies)‎ ‎[写作内容]‎ ‎1． 以约30个词概括这篇报道的主要内容。‎ ‎2． 针对此篇报道发表你对校园安全问题的看法, 至少包括以下内容要点，该部分词数大约120个词。‎ ‎1）作为学生，我们该如何在危急的状况下保护好自己。‎ ‎2）作为校方应该采取哪些措施避免此类悲剧的发生。‎ ‎[写作要求]‎ ‎1．作文中可使用实例或其它方法支持你的观点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容但不得直接 引用原文中的句子；‎ ‎2．文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。‎ ‎[评分标准]‎ 概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。‎ ‎【参考范文】‎ 基础写作：‎ New Development for Central and Western China The Chinese government has recently decided to develop central and western China which includes 9 provinces and autonomous regions and one municipality, covering and area of 5.4 million square kilometers with a population of 285 million. The government will pay special attention to its transportation and some highways and railways will be built. To protect the environment, farmers will return farmland to forest and measures will be taken to prevent pollution. Western China is rich in natural resources, which can be exploited and made full use of. To meet the need of the development, different kinds of experts and skilled workers are to be brought in.‎ 任务写作：‎ ‎ After the Tears, Let’s Focus on Dorm Safety It was reported that on November 14, a tragedy occurred in a girls’ dormitory of the Shanghai Business School. Four girls jumped from their sixth-floor balcony in an attempt to escape a fire, and lost their lives. ‎ People expressed their sympathy after hearing the tragedy. In my opinion, this incident reflects a lack of awareness of safety procedures. Both the college and the students are responsible for it. On one hand, we students should learn to deal with an emergency calmly in daily life. If there is a crisis, we are supposed to remain calm, ensure we are safe and then call for help.‎ On the other hand, it is the school authorities’ obligation to take safety measures for students living in a campus. Furthermore, more lectures should be held on safety to enhance students’ awareness of the issue. ‎ In short, to avoid similar tragedies, both sides must work together.‎ ‎ ‎ 基础写作（共1小题，满分15分）‎ 上周四，你班在某一社区组织了主题为“大家齐动手，共建文明城”的环保活动，分三组,每组十五人, 开展活动,活动内容如下：‎ 活动内容 具体做法 一组 回收废旧电池 挨家挨户回收 二组 清除墙上的广告纸和地面垃圾 不怕脏，不怕累，认真清理 三组 派发环保资料,宣传环保活动 邀请居民一起参与环保活动 居民看法 支持、赞扬你班的环保行为 ‎【写作内容】‎ ‎1. 活动的时间、地点、主题、参与人员；‎ ‎2. 各组活动内容、具体做法；‎ ‎3. 居民看法。‎ ‎【参考词汇】‎ ‎“Joining Together to Build a Civilized City” “大家齐动手，共建文明城”‎ ‎【写作要求】‎ ‎1. 请使用5个句子表达全部所给的内容。‎ ‎2. 将5个句子组织成一篇连贯的短文。‎ ‎【评分标准】‎ 句子结构准确，信息内容完整，篇章结构连贯。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 第二节  读写任务（共1小题，满分25分） 阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。‎ In one way of thinking, failure is a part of life. In another way, failure may be a way towards success. The “spider story’’ often told, Robert Bruce, leader of the Scots in the 13 th century, was hiding in a cave from the English. He watched a spider spinning a web. The spider tried to reach across a rough place in the rock. He tried six times without success. On the seventh time he made it and went to spin his web. Bruce is said to have taken heart and to have gone on to defeat ‎ the English. Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, made hundreds of models that failed before he found the right way to make one. Abraham Lincoln, the famous American president, lost elections more times than he won them! He never gave up in the face of failure but kept trying and was eventually elected to Congress and then the presidency.‎ So what? First, always think about your failure. What caused it? Were conditions right? Were you in top from yourself? What can you change so things will go right next time? ‎ Second, is the goal you’re trying to reach the right one? Try to do some thinking about what your real goals may be. Think about this question. “If I do succeed this time, where will it get me?’’ This may help you prevent failure in things you shouldn’t be doing anyway. ‎ The third thing to bear in mind about failure is that it’s part of life. Learn to “live with yourself” even though you may have failed. Remember, “You can’t win them all.”‎ ‎【写作内容】‎ ‎1、概括短文的内容要点，该部分字数大约30词左右；‎ ‎2、以“Is Failure a Bad Thing”为题写一篇文章，包含以下内容要点，该部分的字数大约120词左右。‎ ‎⑴失败是生活中的常事 ‎⑵人们对失败所持的不同态度 ‎⑶你对失败的认识 ‎【写作要求】‎ ‎1、可以使用实例或其他论述方法支持你的观点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子 ‎2、作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【参考范文】‎ 基础写作 A possible version:‎ Last Wednesday our class organized an environmental activity whose theme was “Joining Together to Build a Civilized City” in a community and the students were divided into three groups with 15 students each. Group 1 went from door to door recycling the used batteries. Not fearing dirt or fatigue, the second group cleared up the posters and advertisements on the walls as well as the rubbish on the ground. The last group handed out the leaflets of the environmental protection and they also advocated their activity by inviting the residents to take part. The dwellers praised our class for our practice and gave us much support.‎ 第二节  读写任务 概括应该包括以下要点：‎ 1、 一系列事例说明失败是成功之母的道理 2、 面对失败需要勇气和反思 A possible version for the summary:‎ ‎ Examples were given to illustrate that failure is part of life, which paves the way to success on condition that one would reflect on failure positively and face it courageously.‎