高考必考英语语法 41页

‎ 高考必考英语语法超级归纳 一、冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法 A plane is a machine that can fl 1 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of ‎ ‎ y. 2 A boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 3We study eight hours a day. 表示“每一”相当于every，one 4We are nearly of an age. 表示“相同”相当于the same — Hello, could I speak to Mr. Sm ith? —Sorry, wrong number. There isn 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与 't______ Mr. Smith here. ‎ ‎ 5 某名人有类似性质的人或事 B. a A. 不填 C. theD. one That boy is rather a Lei Feng.（活雷锋） a couple of, a bit, once upon a ti 用于固定词组中me, in a hurry, have a walk, ma 6 ny a time 用于quite, rather, many, half, wha This room is rather a big one.7 t, such之后 She is as clever a girl as you can ‎ ‎ 8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 wish to meet. success(抽象名词)→a success(具体化) 成功 的人或事 a failure 失败的人或事 a shame带来耻辱的人 或事 用于抽象名词具体化的名词前 9 a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a must 必需必备的事 a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知 识 ‎ ‎ ‎ . 定冠词的用法 II In many places in China, ___ bicycle i s still ___ popular means of transport 表示某一类人或物 1 ation. A. a; theB. /; aC. the; aD. the; the 用于世上独一无二的事物名 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Oc 2 ean ‎ ‎ 词前 表示说话双方都了解的或上 3Would you mind opening the door? 文提到过的人或事 用于演奏乐器 4play the violin, play the guitar 用于形容词和分词前表示一 5the reach, the living, the wounded 类人 —Could you tell me the way to ____ J ohnsons, please? —Sorry, we don’t have ____ Johnson 表示“一家人”或“夫妇”（对比上文 6 ‎ ‎ here in the village. 的不定冠词用法5） A. the; theB. the; aC. /; theD. the; / 用于序数词和形容词副词比 7He is the taller of the two children. 较级最高级前 用于国家党派等以及江河湖 the United States, the Communist Part 8 y of China, the French 海，山川群岛的名词前 用于表示发明物的单数名词 9The compass was invented in China. ‎ ‎ 前 ‎ 在逢十的复数数词之前，指 10 in the 1990’s(二十世纪九十年代) 世纪的某个年代 用于表示度量单位的名词前 11I hired the car by the hour. 用于方位名词，身体部位名 12He patted me on the shoulder. 词 ‎ III. 不用冠词（又名零冠词）的用法 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词， Beijing University, Jack, China, lov 1 e, air 人名地名等名词前 I want this book, not that one. /W 名词前有this, my, whose, some, 2 hose purse is this? no, each, every等限制 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一 March, Sunday, National Day, sprin 3 ‎ ‎ g 日三餐前 Lincoln was made President of Ame 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 4 rica. 表示球类，棋类等运动的名词前 5He likes playing football/chess. We went right round to the west c oast by ______ sea instead of dri ving across ______ continent. 6 ‎ ‎ 与by连用表示交通方式的名词前 A. the; theB. 不填；the C. the; 不填 D. 不 填；不填 husband and wife, knife and fork, 7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 day and night 表示泛指的复数名词前 8Horses are useful animals. 二、名词和主谓一致 ‎ ‎ ‎ I. 名词的种类 专有名词普通名词 可数名词不可数名词 国名地名人名，团体 机构名称 个体名词抽象名词集体名词物质名词 特别注意名词类别的相互转换 个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换 ‎ ‎ 例 句 名词性质 意 义 ①She held someflowersin her h 个体名词花儿 and. ②The trees are now inflower 抽象名词开花 ①Youthis beautiful. 抽象名词青春 ‎ ‎ ②He is ayouthof twenty 个体名词年轻人 ①They have achieved remarkable 抽象名词成功 successin their work. ②—How about the Christmas eve ning party? 成功的事个体名词 —I should say it was a suc cess. 物质名词与个体名词的相互转换 ‎ ‎ 例 句意 义 名词性质 ①Ironis a kind of metal. 物质名词铁 ‎ ②Please lend me youriron. 熨斗个体名词 ①He broke a piece ofglass. 玻璃物质名词 ‎ ‎ ②He broke aglass. 玻璃杯个体名词 ①I bought a chicken this mornin 个体名词小鸡 g ②Please help yourself to somec 物质名词鸡肉 hicken 抽象名词与个体名词的转换 ①—I’d like______information about the management of y our hotel,please. —Well, you could have____word with the mana ‎ ‎ ger. He might be helpful A.some,aB.an,someC.some,someD.an,a ②They sent usword of the latest happenings. 消息（抽象 具有动作意义的抽象名 名词） 词加用与某些动词（如： A.aB.anC./ D.the have等）连 ③Could we haveword before you go to the meeting? 话 用，表示某一次短暂 （个体名词） A.a B.anC./D.the ‎ ‎ 的动作 类例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/ a discussion/a look take a walk/a bathmake an advance( 进步)/make an early start(早点出发) /make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(发出痛 苦的叫声) /give a try ①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a m 表示知识和时间的 ust in____international trade today. A.a,/B.the, anC.the, theD. /, the 抽象名词转换为普 a knowledge of truth(知道实际情况) 通名词时可以用来 ‎ ‎ give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识) have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识) 表示 ②If there were no examination, we should have______at school. 其中的一部分 A.the happiest timeB.a more happier time ‎ C.much happiest timeD.a much happier time ③ is money. A.The timeB.A timeC.TimeD.Times ‎ ‎ ①Oh, John. _____you gave me! A.How a pleasant surpriseB.How pleasant surpri se 抽象名词转换为普通名 C.What a pleasant surpriseD. What pleasant surprise 词可用来表示“一次、一 ②She looked upwhen I shouted. 阵、一种”具体的行为、 A.in a surpriseB.in the surpriseC.in surpriseD.in 事件、现象或结 some surprise 果。这时名词前往往 其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise ‎ ‎ 有形容词修饰 ③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a lo ok at it. A.so unusualB. such unusualC.such an unusual D.so an unusual II. 名词的数 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es（参看有关语法 书）。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表 规 则例 词 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形 man-men, woman-women, foot-fee 1 ‎ ‎ t, goose-geese, mouse-mice 式 sheep, deer, series, means, works, 单复数相同 2 fish, species ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, g oods, glasses, compasses, content只有复数形式 3 s 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff4 ‎ ‎ audience, class, family, crowd, cou 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整 ple, group, committee, governmen 5 t, population, crew, team, public, 体）也可以作复数（成员） enemy, party ‎ customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), sp irits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), paper 复数形式表示特别含义 6 s(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), bra ins(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) Americans, Australians, Germans, ‎ ‎ 加-s Greeks, Swedes, Europeans Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japan 表示“某国 单复数同形 7 ese 人” 以-man或-woman结尾的 Englishmen, Frenchwomen 改为-men,-women sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-b 将主体名词变为复数 ‎ ‎ y, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatch 合成名词 8 es 部分变为复数 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants III. 主谓一致 情 况举 例 ‎ ‎ 规则 His father is working on the far m. To study English well is not eas 语 y. 以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语， Reading in the sun is bad for y 法 our eyes. 动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动 What he said is very important 一 for us all. ‎ ‎ 词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时， 由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多 致 数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what 谓语动词 从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句 原 的谓语动词用复数形式。 用复数形式。 what I bought were three Engli 则 sh books. What I say and do is (are) hel pful for you.‎ ‎ Lucy and Lily are twins The writer and artist has come. Every student and every teach is in the classroom. 由连接词and或both…and连接起来的主 Many a boy and many a girl lik 语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所 es it. 连接的两个词是指同一个人或物 No boy and no girl likes it. 时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and Each of us has a new book.Is 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, eac everyone here today? ‎ h, every 或more than a (an)/one,m Somebody is speaking in class. any a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数 Everything around us is matter 形式。either, neither, each, every 或n o+单数名词和由some, any no, every 若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的 构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。. 谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数， 它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。 None of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to America. Those who want to go please write their names on the black board. ‎ 在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, whi He is one of my friends who ar ch 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中 e working hard. 先行词的数一致。 He is the (only) one of my frie nds who is working hard. It is I who am going to the cin ema tonight. 在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致 It is we who are going to the c inema tonight. The police are looking for the l ost child. The cattle are eating grass in t ‎ 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的 he field. His family has moved to the south . 谓语动词用单数形式；如果它指的集 (他的一家) His family are watching TV.（他的家人） 体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式 Class four is on the third floor.（四班） Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的学生） There are a lot of people in the 由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a hea ‎ classroom. ‎ ‎ p of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the maj ority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百 Three-fourths of the surface of 分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动 the earth is sea. 词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。 50 percent of the students in o ur class are girls. 此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似 的用法（用复数），但the number of +复 数名词的数就得依number 而定（用单数）。 A number of students have gon e to the farm to help the farm er pick apples. The number of pages in this bo ok is three hundred. ‎ ‎ There comes the bus.On the w all are many pictures. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后 Such is the result.Such are the facts. 的主语一致 Between the two hills stands a monument. Which is your bag?Which are y our bags? Are any of you good at Englis What, who, which, any, more, all 等 逻 h?Has any of you got a pen? 代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思 ‎ ‎ All can be done has been done. 来决定。 辑 All is going well. All have been taken out.All hav 意 e gone to Beijing. Thirty minutes is enough for th 义 e work.. 表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的 Twenty pounds is too dear. 一 ‎ ‎ 复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数 如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词 致 形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念 要用复数形式 上是一个整体。 原 Forty kilos of water are used e very day. 则 The United States is smaller th 若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名 an China. “The Arabian Nights” is an inter 等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单 ‎ esting story-book. 数形式。 One and a half apples is left o 表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复 n the table. 数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathem atics, politics, physics 以及news, wo rks 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际The paper works was built in 1990.这 意义为单数名词，家造纸厂建于1990年。 I don’t think physics is easy to 它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数 study. ‎ ‎ 形式。 trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, sci My glasses are broken. ssors (剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数， 但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of 等量 The pair of shoes under the be 词修饰时（clothes被a suit of 修饰）谓 d is his. 语动词用单数。 The old are taken good care of “定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类 there. 人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词 The beautiful gives pleasure to 用单数。 all. ‎ ‎ Either the teacher or the stude nts are our friends. Neither he nor they are wholly 当两个主语由either or, neither nor, n right. ot only but also ,whether or 连接时， 就 谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一 Neither they nor he is wholly ri 致。 ght. 近 Is neither he nor they wholly ri /远 ‎ ‎ ght? There are two chairs and a des there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于 一 k in the room. 其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个 主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即 There is a desk and two chairs 致 就近一致。 in the room. 原 Mr. Green, together with his wi 主语后面跟有with, together with, exc fe and children, has come to C ept, but, like, as well as, no less th ‎ ‎ 则 an, rather than, more than, beside hina. s, along with, including, in addition A woman with a baby was on t to 等引起的短语，谓语动词要跟主语一致， he bus. 即就远一致。 Nobody but Jim and Mike was ‎ ‎ on the playground. She, like you and Tom, is very tall. The girls as well as the boy ha ‎ ‎ ve learned to speak Japanese. No one except my teachers kno ws anything about it. ‎