高中高考英语知识汇总真题解析教程练习答案第tenth章非谓语动词 24页

第十章 非谓语动词 第一节 真题精析 ‎1.____ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice. 【05北京春考】‎ ‎ A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing ‎2. “We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob, ______ out of the window.‎ ‎【04全国】‎ ‎ A. looking B. to look ‎ C. looked D. having looked 3. Helen had to shout _____ above the sound of the music. 【04全国】‎ A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard ‎4. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _____ in your mind instead of before your eyes. 【04全国】‎ A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed ‎5. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when________ at the meeting by my boss.‎ ‎【04全国】‎ A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned ‎6. Alice returned from the manager's office,_________ me that the boss wanted to see me at once. 【04全国】‎ A. having told B. tells C. to tell D. telling ‎7. The old man, ____________abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. 【04江苏】‎ ‎ A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked ‎8. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ____ as ‎3M.【04浙江卷】‎ ‎ A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known ‎9. You were silly not ____ you car. 【04湖南卷】‎ ‎ A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked ‎10. ______ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. 【04广东卷】‎ A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed ‎11. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better ______ it—you’ve got some big bills coming. 【04广东卷】‎ A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget ‎12．The news reporters hurried to the airport ,only________ the film stars had left. 【04福建卷】‎ ‎ A．to tell B．to be told C．telling D．told ‎13．Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time________ the exam. 【04福建卷】‎ ‎ A．pass B．to pass C．passed D．passing ‎14．I don’t know whether you happen , but I’m going to study in the U.S.A. this September. 【04辽宁卷】‎ ‎ A．to be heard B．to be hearing C．to hear D．to have heard ‎15． by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm. 【04辽宁卷】‎ ‎ A．Attracting B．Attracted C．To be attracted D．Having attracted ‎16. Don’t leave the water while you brush your teeth. 【04天津卷】‎ A. run B. running C. being run D. to run ‎17. Laws that punish parents for their little children’s actions against the laws get parents_____. 【04重庆卷】‎ A. worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worry ‎18. According to a recent U.S.‎ survey, children spent up to 25 hours a week _________ TV. 【04上海卷】‎ A. to watch B. to watching C. watching D. watch ‎19. The flu is believed _______ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. 【04上海卷】‎ A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. be have caused ‎20. The flowers ____ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. 【04上海卷】‎ A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt ‎21. The disc, digitally ______ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. 【04上海卷】‎ A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded C. having recorded ‎22. Having been attacked by terrorists, ________.【04上海卷】‎ A. doctors cane to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists ‎23. My advisor encouraged ____ a summer course to improve my writing skills.【04北京】‎ ‎ A. for me taking B. me taking ‎ C. for me to take D. me to take ‎24. ____ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. 【04北京】‎ ‎ A. To wait B. Have waited ‎ C. Having waited D. To have waited ‎25.When flint _______ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.‎ ‎【04全国】‎ ‎ A. introducing B. introduced ‎ C. introduce D. being introduced ‎26. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found in the kitchen. 【NMET2003】‎ ‎ A．smoke B．smoking C．to smoke D．smoked ‎27．It is believed that if a book is , it will surely the reader . 【2003上海】‎ ‎ A．interested …interest B．interesting …be interested ‎ ‎ C．interested …be interesting D．interesting…interest ‎28．The discovery of new evidence led to . 【2003上海】‎ ‎ A．the thief having caught B．catch the thief ‎ C．the thief being caught D．the thief to be caught ‎29．An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered clear warnings before firing any shots . 【2003上海】‎ ‎ A．to issue B．being issued C．to have issued D．to be issued ‎30.The teacher asked us ______so much noise. 【2003北京】‎ A. don’t make B .not make C. not making D. not to make ‎31._____ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player. 【2003北京】‎ ‎ A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given ‎32. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _____whether they will enjoy it. 【NMET2002】 A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen ‎33. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving their products more competitive. 【2002上海】‎ A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made ‎34.Though _____ money, his parents ,managed to send him to university. 【2002上海】‎ ‎ A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in ‎35.Don’t use words , expressions, or phrases only to people with specific knowledge. 【2002上海】‎ A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known ‎36. to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin. 【02上海】‎ A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed ‎37.-- How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?‎ ‎ --The key _____ the problem is to meet the demand ____ by the customers. 【02北京】‎ ‎ A. to solving; making B. to solving, made ‎ C. to solve; making C. to solve, made ‎38. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows______. 【NMET2002】 A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it 39.______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered【NMET2001】‎ ‎40. I've worked with children before , so I know what ________in my new job. 【NMET2000】 　A．expected B．to expect 　　 C．to be expecting D．expects ‎41. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _______the next year. 　A．carry out B．carrying out　　 C．carried out D．to carry out【NMET2000】42. Robert is said______ abroad. but I don't know what country he studied in. 【NMET1999】 　A. to have studied 　　　　　　　　 B. to study 　C．to be studying 　　　　　　　　D．to have been studying ‎43.The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _________it more difficult. 　A. not make　　　 B. not to make 　 C. not making 　　　D. do not make【NMET1999】 44. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door_________ "Sorry to miss you；will call later." 【NMET1999】 　A. read 　　　　　 B. reads　　　　　 C. to read 　　　　D. reading ‎45. Cleaning women in big cities usually get _____by the hour. 【NMET1998】‎ A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay ‎46. European football is played in 80 countries, _____it the most popular sport in the world.‎ ‎ A. making B. makes C. made D. to make【NMET1998】‎ ‎47. I would love ____ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.‎ A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone 【NMET1997】‎ ‎48. The Olympic Games, _______in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912. 　A. first playing B. to be first played ‎ C. first played D. to be first playing【NMET1997】‎ ‎49. The patient was warned　　oily food after the operation. 【NMET1996】 　A. to eat not　　　 B. eating not　　 C. not to eat　　 D. not eating ‎50. 　　in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. 【NMET1996】 　A. Losing　　　 B. Having lost C. Lost　 　　　 D. To lose ‎51. Paul doesn't have to be made　　.He always works hard. 【NMET1995】 　A. learn　　　 B. to learn　　　 C. learned　　　 D. learning 52. —You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. 【NMET1995】 　 —Well, now I regret　　that. 　A. to do　 　 B. to be doing 　 C. to have done　 D. having done ‎53. We agreed　　here but so far she hasn't turned up yet. 【NMET1995】 　A. having met　 B. meeting　 C. to meet　　　　 D. to have met 54. Rather than ______ on a crowded bus, he always prefers______ a bicycle. 【MET1994】 　A. ride; ride　　　 B. riding; ride　 C. ride; to ride　 D. to ride; riding ‎55. The missing boys were last seen ______ near the river. 【MET1994】 　A. playing　　 B. to be playing C. play　　　　　 D. to play ‎56. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, ______ that he had enjoyed his stay here. 【MET1994】 　A. having added　　 B. to add　　 C. adding 　　　　 D. added ‎57. The first textbooks ______ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 【MET1994】 　A. having written　 B. to be written　 C. being written　　 D. written ‎58.—I must apologize for ______ ahead of time. 【MET1994】 　 —That's all right. 　A. letting you not know　　　　　　　 B. not letting you know 　C. letting you know not　　　　　　　 D. letting not you know ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎1. C该题考查非谓语动词的用法。Arnold与face是被动关系，此处faced with a difficult situation作状语，故选C。句意：面对困境，阿诺德决定向老板请教。‎ ‎2. A该题考查非谓语动词的用法。主语和look是主动关系，此处表示伴随。句意：鲍勃看着窗外说到：“这种天气我们不能出去。”‎ ‎3. D 该题考查非谓语动词的用法。据题意此处时表示目的故选不定式；herself 和hear的关系是被动关系，故选heard。句意：海伦不得不喊得比音乐声大，想让大家听到她说话。‎ ‎4. C该题考查非谓语动词的用法。此处是分词作定语，pictures和form的关系是主动关系，故选C，同时强调和谓语动作同时发生。句意：读书和看电视是两种不同的体验；（读书）是在大脑中形成图像，而不是在你眼前（看电视）。‎ ‎5. C 该题考查非谓语动词的用法。此处是连词“when+分词”作状语，主语I和question的关系是被动关系，故选择C。其实，by my boss这也是一个重要的启示。句意：说起这件事我很惭愧，但在会上老板问我时我撒谎了。‎ ‎6. D 该题考查非谓语动词的用法。句子主语Alice是tell动作的执行者，returned和tell动作几乎同时发生，因此选择telling。句意：爱丽丝从经理办公室回来，告诉我老板要立即见我。‎ ‎7. D 该题考查非谓语动词。关键词for twenty years，因此此处是强调work动作在is on the way back之前发生，故选现在分词的完成形式。句意：这位老人在国外工作20年后踏上了返回祖国的路。‎ ‎8. B 该题考查非谓语动词作状语的用法。Linda和know as …的关系是被动关系，故选B。句意：琳达在明尼苏达制造业矿业公司工作，都知道她是三老板。‎ ‎9. B 该题是考查非谓语动词的用法。不定式的完成形式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生。因为没锁车才傻。句意：你太傻了怎么没锁车。‎ ‎10. C该题考查非谓语动词的用法。据题意此处强调 not complete的动作发生于stay之前，故选完成形式。Not放在分词前面。句意：节目未完成，他们不得不在这里再住两周。‎ ‎11. A该题考查动词形式的用法。better= had better后接动词原形。句意：如果你打算这周花钱玩，你最好别想了。你的一些大的账单要到。‎ ‎12．B 该题考查非谓语动词的用法。关键词only。only+不定式表示未预料到的结果，此时tell和reporter是被动关系，故选B。句意：新闻记者们匆匆忙忙地赶到机场，却被告知电影明星在已离开。‎ ‎13．D该题考查动词形式的用法。have a good/hard time doing sth为习惯用语。句意：病了近一个月了，他艰难地通过了考试。‎ ‎14．D该题考查非谓语动词的形式。从句意分析强调hear的动作在know之前发生，you和hear的关系是主动关系，因此选择D。句意:我不知道你是否已经听说了，我今年九月要去美国学习。‎ ‎15．B该题考查非谓语动词的作状语。主语the girl和Attract是被动关系，因此选择过去分词，表示被动与完成。句意：为大自然的美所吸引，这位伦敦姑娘决定在农场上再呆两天。‎ ‎16. B该题考查非谓语动词的用法。water和run的关系是主动关系，故选B。句意：你刷牙时不要让水一直流。 ‎ ‎17. A该题考查非谓语动词的用法。parents和worry是被动关系，故选过去分词。句意：惩罚父母对他们的孩子违法行为的法律令父母们担忧。‎ ‎18. C 考查非谓语动词的用法。spend后面可以接some time/ money on something或者(in) doing something 做宾语。句意：根据美国最近的一次调查表明，孩子每周用高达25个小时看电视。‎ ‎19. C 考查非谓语动词的用法。“名词+ be+ believed （said,reported）+不定式”相当于“It’s believed(said, reported) that…”,可以看作一个句型。flu与cause之间是一种动宾关系，所以应该用动词不定式的被动形式，因此，C正确。句意：流感被认为是由在人类鼻腔和喉腔细胞内繁殖的病毒引起的。 ‎ ‎20. B 考查非谓语动词的用法。非谓语动词形式在这里作定语修饰the flowers，smell作不及物动词，与flowers之间构成主谓关系，因此，B正确。句意：植物园内芳香四溢的花吸引游客们享受自然的美。‎ ‎21. A考查非谓语动词的用法。disc与record是被动关系。过去分词作定语表示过去与被动的含义，动词不定式作定语通常表示将来的含义，因此，A正确。句意：用数码技术录制的光盘在那晚的晚会上听起来很迷人。‎ ‎22. B 考查非谓语动词的用法。本题的关键是应该知道分词的逻辑主语应该与句子的主语相同，having been attacked的对象应该是the tall building，因此，B为正确答案。句意：受到恐怖分子攻击后，那座大楼倒塌了。‎ ‎23. D 该题考查不定式作宾语补足语的用法。encourage sb. to do sth.为习惯用语，意为：鼓励某人做某事。句意：我的导师鼓励我去上暑期班来提高写作技能。‎ ‎24. C 该题考查非谓语动词的用法。考查时间先后关系，wait的动作在realize之前发生故选现在分词的完成形式。句意：排队等了半小时后，汤姆突然意识到他把钱包落到家里了。‎ ‎25.B该题考查非谓语动词的用法。Introduce是及物动词，flint和introduce关系是被动关系，故选过去分词。句意：燧石投放市场，这种产品很成功。‎ ‎26. B该题考查非谓语动词作主语补足语的用法。在这里cook是smoke的动作执行者，故选现在分词作主语补足语。句意：如果发现厨师在厨房里抽烟，他会被立即解雇。‎ ‎27.D 考查interest一词的不同形式有不同的用法，interest作名词的意思是“兴趣、利益”，作动词意思是“使人感兴趣”，interested 表示的是“感兴趣”的心理状态，interesting 意思是“有趣的”表示特点或特性，因此D正确。‎ ‎28.C 考查动词短语与动名词的用法，lead to 导致，后接名词或动名词，the thief与catch之间形成一种动宾关系，因此动名词要用被动语态，正确答案为C。‎ ‎29.A 考查非谓语动词，order后应使用动词不定式，动词不定式里的动词issue与soldiers之间是一个动宾关系，所以用动词不定式的主动语态，并且issue的动作不会先于order发生，因此选择A。‎ ‎30.D 该题考查非谓语动词否定的用法。非谓语动词否定是用not来构成，ask后接不定式构成复合宾语，即ask sb to do sth 或者ask sb not to do sth，故选答案D。题意：老师叫我们不要大声喧哗。‎ ‎31.D 该题考查非谓语动词的用法。从四个选项一眼就能看出这是考查非谓语动词作状语的用法，在看一下句子主语为he，与give的关系是被动关系，故选答案D过去分词作状语，表示被动。题意：如果给他时间，他会成为一流的羽毛球运动员。‎ ‎32.B 该题考查动词不定式。后一句中的第一个it 是形式主语,其真正主语是whether they will enjoy it , 第二个it 是指上句中的 having a trip abroad .这对老夫妇是否enjoy having a trip abroad 还需要进一步查明，用将来时态的被动语态，即remains to be seen ，故答案为B。句意：对老两口来说出国旅游固然好，可是这还要看他们是否喜欢 ‎33. A 考查动词的非谓语动词。动词不定式座目的状语。strive一词的用法：strive to do sth或strive for sth意思为“努力做某事”。句意：为了在国际市场上取得更大的份额，许多国际公司正在努力使自己的产品具有竞争性。‎ ‎34.C 考查分词的用法。分词短语作状语时，有时前面可用一个连词，表示强调或出于表达需要，常用的连词有：when, while, after, if, though, unless, as if 等。‎ ‎35.D 考查分词作定语的用法，分词与其修饰的名词形成一种逻辑上的动宾关系，故选用过去分词，D为正确答案。‎ ‎36.C 考查动名词的用法。句子意思为“皮肤暴露的时间太久，将对皮肤有害。”expose与skin是一种动宾关系，所填入的成分在句中做主语，因此，应选用动名词的被动语态形式。C为正确答案。‎ ‎37.B该题考查非谓语动词。该题的关键词是key为名词意为：关键；要害，后接介词to+名词活动名词；另外，the demand后接分词短语作定语，demand是make动作的承受着，表被动，故选答案B。句意：--你怎样处理公司与顾客之间的不和？--处理这个问题的关键是满足顾客的要求。‎ ‎38. C 该题考查疑问词后加不定式短语的用法。do with 和 疑问词what 连用是习惯用语，do with 的宾语是上半句中的land in Australia, 即代词 it ，整个what to do with it 又 作know 宾语，故 C 项是正确的。句意：听说澳大利亚所需处理的土地，比政府所知的还要多。‎ ‎39. A该题考查动词的非谓语动词v-ing作时间状语形式。该题题干中有逗号，而且句子主语是分词动作的执行者，故应考虑不同的非谓语形式在表达意思上的差异，从而作出选择。该句的意思是“河流已经遭受如此严重的污染，现在要想清理也许太晚了”。后面句子的动作发生在前面动词 suffer行为之后，因此，所设空中应该选用表示“已经完成”状态的v-ing的完成体—— Having suffered （选项 A）。另外，already 也起到提示与限制作用。‎ ‎40. B 该题考查疑问词后加不定式短语的用法。疑问词后加不定式短语可以作宾语与表语，该题关键词what。I don’t know what to expect.句意：我以前和孩子一起工作过，所以我知道在新工作中期待什么。‎ ‎41. C该题考查过去分词作宾补的用法。过去分词carried out在句子中作see的宾语补足语。这个句子较复杂，但只要把句子结构还原，就一目了然。the plan在句子中是定语从句的先行词，在定语从句that they would like to see 中作宾语，所以还原后变成they would like to see the plan carried out的形式。因此可以很容易选出正确答案C。句意：经理们讨论了他们要在下一年实施的这个计划。‎ ‎42. A 该题考查动词不定式的用法。be said 后接动词不定式，从“what country he studied in ” 得知study abroad在said之前发生，所以用不定式的完成形式。句意：据说Robert已出国学习，但我不知他在哪个国家。‎ ‎43. B 该题考查两个并列动词不定式短语作表语的用法。句意：新技术的目的是使生活变得更简单而不是使之更复杂。to make life easier 和not to make life more difficult是并列的结构作表语。‎ ‎44. D 该题考查现在分词作后置定语的用法。从句子成分分析，前面有逗号分开，又没有连词连接， 故此处要用非谓语动词。message 是read动作的执行者故应当选现在分词。C项to read为不定式作状语，通常表示目的、结果或原因，用在此处不妥。上面写着一般用read和say这两个动词。句意：我回家时看到门上别着一个纸条上面写着：“很遗憾没有见到你，以后再来拜访。”‎ ‎45. C 该题考查过去分词作表语的用法。get在此相当于系动词后接过去分词作表语,还表示被动意义。get paid 意为：报酬。句意：大城市的妇女清洁工通常按小时计酬。‎ ‎46. A 该题考查现在分词作状语的用法。题意“踢欧式足球在80个国家盛行，这使它成为世界上最流行的体育运动”。 两部分有逗号又没有连词连接，应用非谓语动词作状语。空白处不能选谓语动词，故B两项不可取。C为过去分词表示被动，与题意不符，又因D项为不定式，不定式通常表示目的或出乎预料的结果不能作伴随状语。选项A为现在分词短语作状语，表示伴随状况。该句中的making 相当于which makes。‎ ‎47. B 该题考查非谓语动词作宾语的用法。love doing 指一贯喜欢做某事；would/should love/ like to do sth. 虚拟语气句，用来陈述自己的愿望，表示“想要做某事”。因有last night 和work extra hours to finish a report.故使用would love to have gone来表示谓语动词的动作在加班之前发生。句意：昨晚我很想去晚会的，但为了完成报告不得不加班。‎ ‎48. C 该题考查过去分词作后置定语的用法。the Olympic Games与play之间为被动关系，故play作用被动形式，时间状语in 776 B. C.表示动作已经完成，故用过去分词短语作定语相当于非限制性定语从句。to be first played属于不定式被动式，它表示该动作在谓语动词之后发生，与时间状语in 776 B. C.‎ ‎ 相矛盾。句意：公元前776年开始举行的奥林匹克运动会直到1912年才允许妇女参加。‎ ‎49. C 该题考查动词不定式作主补的用法。关键词是动词warn，warn意为：警告，用于warn sb to do sth 结构中，用于被动语态是以不定式作其主语补足语，不定式的否定式是not to do…，所以本题答案为C。句意：病人被警告术后不能吃油腻的东西。‎ ‎50. C 该题考查分词短语作状语的用法。lose oneself ；be lost in thought是动词lose的一种 固定用法，意为“陷入沉思之中”。两部分有逗号又没有连词，应用非谓语动词作状语，以说明险些撞到汽车上的原因，根据过去分词表示被动的原则， be lost in thought 又是固定结构，故用过去分词lost。题意：他陷入了沉思，险些撞到他前面汽车上。‎ ‎51. B 该题考查动词不定式作宾补的用法。在英语中，使役动词make, let, have和感官动词see, hear, feel等后面的复合宾语中的不定式均不带to，但是改成被动句后，不定式前的to就不能省略，所以本题答案为B。句意：没必要强迫保罗学习，他总是很努力。‎ ‎52.D 该题考查非谓语动词作宾语的用法。regret doing sth意为：后悔干了某事，表明动作已完 成；regret to do sth意为：为去干某事后悔，表明当时还未做。例如：I regret to say that you can’t go with me.据第一句话得知raise objection at the meeting动作已完成,故选 动名词。句意：“你真勇敢在会上提出反对意见。”“噢，我现在真为此事儿后悔。”‎ ‎53. C 该题考查动词不定式作宾语的用法。该题的关键词是agree其后跟不定式作宾语。选项D虽 属不定式，但不定式的完成式表示动作已发生，与hasn’t turned up yet 相矛盾，所以不能选D。只能跟不定式作宾语的动词还有：afford，ask，beg，choose，decide，determine，hope，offer，want，manage，plan，refuse，pretend，promise，wish等。agree作不及物动词还有下列结构：agree with sb/what one said同意某人的意见或者所说的话；agree to sth（plan ，opinion etc）同意某事（计划，观点等）；agree on/upon sth就某事达成共识。句意：我同意在这里碰面但她到现在还没露面。‎ ‎54.C 该题考查动词不定式的用法。prefer to do rather than do 为习惯用语，该题中的rather than提前表示强调，后接动词原形；prefer 后接to do。题意：他宁愿骑自行车也不愿乘坐拥挤的公共汽车。‎ ‎55. C 该题考查非谓语动词作宾补的区别。感官动词hear，listen to，see，watch，notice，feel等其后的宾补可以是现在分词也可以是不定式。现在分词表示动作正在进行，不定式表示动作已经完成。该题的关键是last seen，据此play的动作是当时正在发生的动作，故选C。题意：最后找到那个丢失的孩子时，他正在河边玩耍。‎ ‎56. C 该题考查现在分词作状语的用法。该题的关键在于有逗号分开，但没有连词，故选分词，且句子主语又是add动作的执行者，故选现在分词作伴随状语。句意：来访的总理表示对这次会谈满意，并补充说他在这儿过得很愉快。‎ ‎57. D 该题考查现在分词短语作定语的用法。textbook是write动作的承受者，又后面有in the 16th century过去时间状语，故用过去分词表示被动与完成。句意：为英语教学编写的第一套教科书出台于16世纪。‎ ‎58. B 本题考查动名词的否定式的用法。动名词的否定式，其否定词not应放在动名词之前构成，not doing。句意：“因事前没告诉你我必须向你道歉。”“没关系。”‎ 第二节 考点归纳 非谓语动词就是在句子中不能单独作谓语的动词，这样的动词没有人称和数的变化。它包括动词的不定式、V-ing和V-ed三种形式。非谓语动词具有双重性质，它既有动词性质，又有非动词性质。具有名词、形容词、副词的特征，因此在句中除了不能作谓语外，可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语和主语补足语、定语、状语。非谓语动词不能作谓语，因此不能借助于助动词或情态动词否定，但是它可以借助于not或never来实现对他的否定。非谓语动词不能作谓语，因此在语法上不能有主语，但由于它们表示的是动作，在意思上是可以有主语的，这个主语可称为逻辑主语（the Logical Subject）。逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间的主谓关系是我们选用非谓语动词的主动式还是被动式的依据，如果逻辑主语是动作的执行者，选用主动形式；如果是动作的承受者，则选用被动形式。‎ 一、动词不定式 动词不定式(infinitive)是动词的一种非限定形式，即非谓语动词形式，它有两种形式：一种是“to + 动词原形”构成（to- infinitive）；另一种是不带to的不定式,即动词原形(bare- infinitive)。所有行为动词都有不定式形式，其否定式是在不定式前加not。动词不定式（或不定式短语）没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语。‎ ‎（一）动词不定式的时态和语态 动词不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式、完成进行式四种时态变化形式，一般式和完成式有被动语态变化形式。 ‎ 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 to write to be written 进行式 to be writing 完成式 to have written to have been written 完成进行式 to have been writing ‎1、不定式的时态意义 不定式的时态是以句中谓语动词的时间为依据的 ‎ （1）一般式表示的动作或状态通常发生在谓语动词之后或同时发生。‎ They made plans to live in Paris. 他们计划住在巴黎。（to live 发生在 made plans之后）‎ ‎（2）进行式表示其动作正在进行，与谓语动词发生的动作同时进行。‎ He pretended to be listening to me carefully. 他假装认真地听我讲。‎ 注意：不定式的进行式常同may, might, can, could, must, need, ought to, should, will, would 等情态动词连用，表示“可能、应当或想必”正在进行的动作。‎ You oughtn’t to be talking so much. 你不应该说这么多。‎ He might be reading a novel at that time. 那时他可能正在读小说。‎ ‎（3）不定式的完成时表达下列意义：‎ A. 不定式的完成式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。‎ I am sorry to have kept you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。‎ ‎（to have kept发生在I am sorry所表示的时间之前）‎ She is said to have just completed a novel. 据说她刚完成一部小说。‎ ‎（to have just completed a novel发生在She is said所表示的时间之前）‎ B. 用在intended, expected, meant, hoped, promised, planned, wished, thought, desired, was, were等词后，不定式的完成式表示未曾实现的愿望、期待、想法、打算或计划等。to have + 过去分词表示动作， to have been表示状态。‎ I meant to have done the work before Sunday. 我本想星期天前完成这项工作。（没完成）‎ I was to have been a doctor. 我本打算当个医生。（没当成）‎ I intended to have come to see you.我本打算来看你的。(但没来)‎ C.用在seem, appear, thing, consider, believe等后，表示一个动作先于另一个动作发生。‎ I seem to have seen her somewhere before.以前我好像在那见过她。（see在seem之前发生）‎ He was believed to have been a reporter.都认为他从前干过记者。‎ D. 在should(would) like 或should(would)have like后用不定式完成式表示没有实现的愿望。‎ I should like to have gone with her.我多么愿意和她一起去。（但没去）‎ I would like to have seen her face when she read the letter.我真想见到她读信时的表情。（但没看到）‎ ‎（4）不定式的完成进行式表示动作在谓语动词之前发生，而且一直进行着。‎ ‎ He was happy to have been staying with his uncle.他很高兴一直跟他叔叔住在一起。‎ ‎ He looked too young to have been publishing books for six years.他看上去很年轻，不像已经出版了6年书的人。‎ ‎（5） come + 不定式表示一个动作发生的过程 ‎ He will come to understand it in the end.他最终会懂得的。‎ ‎ Later he came to be a famous painter.后来他成了著名的画家。‎ ‎2、动词不定式的被动语态 如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者不定式用主动式；如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式用被动语态。‎ The doctor recommended the room to be aired. 医生建议让房间透透气。‎ The sports meeting on the weekend has to be put off. 周末的运动会被迫推迟。‎ ‎3、意义上被动形式上主动的不定式 ‎（1） 在“there be+主语”中，不定式用作定语修饰名词或代词，并同所修饰的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾关系。‎ There is no time to lose. 一点时间也不能浪费了。‎ ‎（2）在“名词（代词）＋ be easy(difficult, fit等形容词) ＋ 不定式”结构中，有时尽管主语是动作的承受者，不定式在意义上是被动，形式上却是主动，这时可以看成省略了动词逻辑主语for us, for me , for you 等。‎ ‎ The book is difficult to read. 这本书很难读懂。‎ He is not easy to get on well with. 他不易相处。‎ ‎（3）如果不定式逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者，不定式和它修饰的名词虽然在逻辑上有动宾关系，也必须用主动形式，因为逻辑主语同不定式的关系更为直接。‎ ‎ We’ve got plenty to eat.我们有足够的东西吃。（句子主语We在逻辑上是不定式to eat动作的执行者，不定式to eat和它修饰的名词plenty在逻辑上是动宾关系，用主动形式表示被动意义。）‎ ‎（4）在too… to 和enough to 结构中，不定式可用主动语态表示被动意义。‎ ‎ The box is too heavy to carry.这个箱子太重了搬不动。‎ ‎（5）blame的不定式作表语时，用主动语态和被动语态表示被动的意义，但含义不同。‎ You were to blame. （= you are at fault.）这该怪你。‎ You were to be blamed.(= You are going to be blamed.)你要受到指责。‎ ‎（6）something, little, what, much, a great deal等作句子主语，表语为to do时，不定式可用主动语态表示被动意义。‎ ‎ A great deal of work remains to do.还有很多工作要做。‎ ‎ What is to do tomorrow? 明天干什么？‎ ‎（二）动词不定式的句法功能 动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。‎ 1、 不定式作主语 不定式及不定式短语作主语时，为了平衡句子结构，可用it作形式主语，而把真正的不定式后置。‎ To make a plan first is a good idea. 先制订计划是个好办法。‎ It is a good idea to make a plan first . 首先制订一个计划是一个好主意。‎ 在下列情况下只宜采用it作形式主语 ‎（1）在疑问句或感叹句中作主语的不定式。‎ How important it is to master a foreign language!掌握一门外语是多么重要啊!‎ ‎（2） 当句中谓语动词不是be, seem, appear等连系动词时。‎ It took us 20 minutes to get to the station. 赶到车站花了我们20分钟。‎ ‎（3） 在“it +be + adj. + of + sb. +不定式”结构中。‎ It's very nice of you to help me with my work. 帮我的工作，你真是太好了。‎ ‎2、不定式作表语 ‎（1）主语、表语都是不定式，前者是条件，后者是目的或结果。‎ To learn a language is to use it. 学语言是为了使用语言。‎ To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. 对敌人仁慈就是对人民残酷。‎ ‎（2）主语是duty, plan, wish, hope, idea, purpose等名词。‎ His wish was to become a scientist. 他的愿望是当一名科学家。‎ To the doctor ,the most important thing is to save people's lives. 对医生来说，最重要的事是拯救人们的生命。‎ ‎（3）表示时态发展的结果、预期的结果、不幸的命运或预言。‎ ‎ You are to die at 98.你会98岁去世。‎ ‎ Man is to live a better life in the next century.人类在下一世纪会生活的更好。‎ ‎（4）表示“同意、安排、命令、决定、劝告、意愿 、禁止”等。‎ ‎ They are to marry next week.（安排）他们下周结婚。‎ ‎ Nobody is to know.（禁止）不应让任何人知道。‎ ‎ You must be patient and persistent if you are to succeed.（愿望）要想成功，就必须有耐力，有毅力。‎ ‎（5）主语是what引导的名词性从句。‎ What surprised me most is to see him beaten black and blue. 使我吃惊的是看到他被打得遍体鳞伤。‎ What is important at present is to save lives.目前救人要紧。‎ ‎3、不定式作宾语 ‎（1）有些及物动词常跟不定式作宾语，如agree, afford, arrange, ask, begin , decide, forget, hope, like , start , want, wish等。也可用来作形容词的宾语，如able, afraid, anxious, careful, content, determined, eager, foolish, free, glad, inclined, likely, pleased, prepared, ready, slow, sure, sorry, willing等。‎ She wanted to borrow my bike. 她想借我的自行车。‎ The boys and girls are anxious to learn how to swim. 孩子们渴望学会游泳。‎ ‎（2）不定式作宾语时，句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，与不定式动词的关系是主动关系，但有时不定式和主语却是动宾关系。‎ ‎ English is not difficult to learn.英语不难学。‎ ‎（3）feel, find, judge, make, think, believe, consider等动词后如果是不定式作宾语，后面有宾语补足语时，将真正的宾语不定式放在补足语的后面，而将形式宾语it放在补语之前。‎ ‎ He found it hard to learn maths.他发现数学很难学。‎ ‎ I think it our duty to support the elder.我认为赡养老人是我们的义务。‎ ‎4、不定式作定语 不定式作定语时，需放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后。它与所修饰的名词或代词有下列关系：‎ ‎（1）动宾关系 如果不定式的动词是不及物动词，和所修饰名词搭配的介词不能省略。‎ Have you got anything to say?你有什么要说的吗？‎ He had no room to live in.他没房子住。‎ ‎（2）主谓关系 He is always the first to come and last to leave.他总是第一个来，最后一个走。‎ The next train to arrive is from Washington.下一列到站的火车是从华盛顿开来的。‎ ‎（3）同位语关系 The farmers thought of ways to protect their crops. 农民们想出保护庄稼的办法。‎ He had the wish to be an artist. 他愿意当艺术家。‎ ‎5、不定式作状语 不定式作状语时，常表示目的、结果、原因、条件等，通常放在它所修饰的动词之后。‎ ‎（1）表目的 ‎ 不定式作目的状语时，其动作发生在谓语动词之后，一般放在句子后部。但如要表示强调，也可以位于句首，前面可加in order,不定式作目的状语时其否定必须用in order not +不定式，或so as not ＋不定式。in order to 引出的不定式可置于句首或句中，so as not＋不定式不能放在句首，只能放在句中。‎ He stopped to have a rest. 他停下来休息。（目的）‎ To search for gold, many people went to California. 为了寻找金子，许多人去了加利福尼亚。（目的）‎ I often read China Daily so as to improve my reading. ‎ ‎ 我常读《中国日报》以提高我的阅读。（目的）‎ We often listen to English broadcasts to/in order to/so as to get listening training. 我们经常听英语广播，以增强听力训练。‎ ‎（2）表示结果 A. 形容词如right, polite, crazy, generous, good, greedy, kind, selfish, silly, splendid, nice, unselfish, unkind等对人进行表扬或批评，后接不定式表示结果，不定式的逻辑主语也就是句子主语。‎ He is very polite to show us the way.他很有礼貌给我们指路。‎ He is silly to say so. 他这么说太傻了。‎ B. 不定式和only连用，表示未预料到的结果。‎ He woke up only to find himself famous. 他一觉醒来，竟发现自己成名了。‎ The thief broke into the house only to find it empty. 小偷闯进屋子，却发现是空的。‎ C.在so… as to, such …as to, enough to等结构中的不定式皆表示结果。‎ He is too young to join the army. 他太年轻了，不能参军。‎ He is so careless as to forget his pen.她太粗心了，以至于把钢笔忘了带。‎ D.“too …to”表示结果意为：太……而不能……，但有时不含否定意义。‎ ‎ He is too excited to sleep. 他太激动了，不能入睡。（否定）‎ We are only too pleased to work together with you. 我们同你一起工作，真是太高兴了。（肯定）‎ You are too ready to find out fault with others. 你太好挑剔别人了。（肯定）‎ ‎(3)表示原因，其逻辑主语是句子的主语。‎ She wept to see him in such a terrible state.她看到他这种可怕的样子就哭了。‎ ‎(4)表示条件 ‎ 动词不定式有时也可以表示条件，一般置于句首，否定不定式表示条件多置于句尾，这时谓语动词常含有will, shall, should, would, can, must等。‎ To hear him talk, you would think he owned the whole world. 要是听他讲话，你会认为整个世界都是他的。‎ ‎(5)表明说话人的态度， 在句中作独立成份。‎ To tell the truth, this all Greek to me.说实话，我对此一窍不通。‎ To make a long story short, he became bankrupt.简单的说，他破产了。‎ To be true, we can do it well.当然，我们能做好。‎ 除此之外还有：‎ to be brief 简而言之、to be exact 精确的说、to be frank with you老实对你说 、to be plain 老实说 、to put it straight直截了当、to bring the story short长话短说、to return to my subject言归正传、to change the subject换一个话题、to use his own words用自己的话说、to make matter worse更糟的是、to give him his due公正地说、strange to say奇怪地说、to say nothing of姑且不讲、to conclude总之、to crown all更好（坏）的是、to be honest直率地说、to start /begin with首先、to do him justice说句公道话、to sum up总之，总而言之等。这些短语大都位于句首，偶尔位于句中或句尾，需要用逗号和其他成份隔开。但表示“更不用说”的几个短语一般要放在句尾，如to say nothing of, not to say, not to mention, not to speak of, let alone, much less, much more 等。‎ ‎6、不定式作宾语补足语和主语补足语 动词believe, consider, declare, find, prove, suppose, feel, think等后面常跟to be 不定式作宾补。有时to be 可以省略。这类不定式改为被动语态后就变成了主语补足语。感官动词如feel, see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at 等以及使役动词make, have, let 等在跟不定式作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to。但在转换成被动语态时要加上to。‎ We believe her (to be) innocent.我们相信她无罪。‎ He was heard to sing next door.有人听见他在隔壁唱过歌。‎ She made the boy go to bed early.她让那个男孩早睡觉。‎ The boy was made to go to bed early.那个男孩被迫早睡觉。‎ ‎（三）动词不定式的否定式 不定式的否定式由“not+动词不定式”构成。‎ Tell him not to be late. 告诉他不要迟到。‎ The policeman told the boys not to play in the street. 那位警察告诉那些男孩们不要在街上玩。‎ ‎（四）动词不定式的复合结构 ‎1、for+名词或代词+不定式 不定式的复合结构由“for+名词或代词+不定式”构成。这个名词或代词形式上是for的宾语，而意义上是不定式的逻辑主语。这种结构可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。如：‎ It is necessary for us to learn from each other. 我们相互学习是必要的。（主语）‎ I think it a good idea for her to study medicine. 我认为她学医是个好主意。（宾语）‎ The engine is for you to repair. 这台发动机归你修。（表语）‎ The lake is a good place for you to swim in. 这湖是你游泳的好地方。（定语）‎ I spoke slowly for them to make notes. 我讲得很慢以便让他们作笔记。（状语）‎ ‎2、“It is + 形容词＋X ＋代词（名词）＋不定式”句型——用of 还是用for ‎（1） 如果句中的形容词表示人物特征或品质，常同of搭配构成“It is + 形容词＋of＋代词（名词）＋不定式”句型。如： bold ，brave, careful, careless, considerate, cruel, rude, generous, :right，wrong, kind，nice，good，polite，clever，wise， foolish, silly等。这是一个带有感情色彩的不定式结构， 表示好意时，具有“对……不胜感激”的意思；表示坏的意思时，含有“真是太……，真是……透了”的意思。‎ It is kind of you to help me.你帮助我真是太好了。‎ It was foolish of us to do so.我们这样做真是太傻了。‎ 这一结构均可改为“主语＋be＋形容词＋不定式”但无感情色彩。‎ You are kind to help.你帮我很好。‎ We are foolish to do so.我们这样做傻。‎ ‎（2）表示事物性质的形容词如easy, difficult, hard, important, impossible, possible, safe, dangerous, necessary常同for 搭配，构成“It is + 形容词＋for＋代词（名词）＋不定式”句型。这类形容词同for后的名词或代词关系不密切，没有意义上的主表关系，但与句中的不定式结构关系密切，有意义上的主表关系。‎ It’s difficult for me to work out the problem.我要算出这道题目太难了。‎ It’s very important for students to learn English well.对于学生们来说，学好英语是很重要的。‎ 注意：这类形容词easy, convenient, dangerous, difficult, lazy, weak, hard, important, impossible, possible, safe, necessary, troublesome等，一般不能用于“人称代词（it除外）＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构中。试比较：‎ It is impossible for me to finish it today.我今天不可能完成这项工作。‎ 不能用I am impossible to finish it today. ‎ Come and see me whenever it is convenient to you.方便的时候来看我。‎ ‎（五）动词不定式和疑问词连用 ‎(1) 关系词+动词不定式 动词不定式可以和疑问代词：who, what, which 及疑问副词：when, where, how, why等连用，构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等成份。如：‎ Who to do the work has not been decided yet. 谁干这项工作尚未决定。（主语）‎ He showed me how to use a computer. 他向我示范了一下怎样使用计算机。（宾语）‎ ‎ (2) “with + whom/which + 不定式”结构 ‎“with + whom/which + 不定式”结构是一种简洁的表达方式，指人时用whom，指物时用which，这种结构中的with有时可以是by, through, on, from等。这种结构通常用作后置定语。‎ She had only 15 dollars with which to buy her husband a gift. 她只有15美元，用它来给她丈夫买礼物。‎ She is a nice woman with whom to work.她是一个很好的工作同伴。‎ He opened the north window from which（where） to enjoy the distant hill. 他打开北窗，从那里可以欣赏到远处山的景色。‎ ‎（六）不带to的不定式的用法 不定式除了与助动词（be going to, be to 等除外）、情态动词（ought to, used to等除外）连用时不带to外，下面几种情况通常也不带to：‎ ‎(1)‎ ‎ 当两个或两个以上的不定式具有同等功能时，往往由and，or，than等连接，只用在第一个不定式前，第二个(之后的)不定式可以省略to。‎ It is easier to praise people than criticize them.表扬人比批评人容易。‎ 注意：但有时为了强调对比，可以在每个不定式之前重复to。‎ I’m really puzzled what to think or to say.我真不知道该怎么想怎么说。‎ ‎（2）对照或对比之意时两个不定式如果有对照或对比之意时不可省略to To be or not to be – that is the question.是生还是死，这是问题所在。‎ I came not to scold but to praise you.我不是来骂你的而是来夸你的。‎ ‎（3）在had better, had best, would rather… than, rather than, would sooner, would sooner… than, cannot but, cannot help but等结构中后面不用to He would rather die than give in.他宁死不屈。‎ I cannot but admire his courage.我不能不钦佩他的勇敢。‎ ‎（4）Why(not)后不能带to ‎ 这种结构的肯定式表示不满或委婉的批评，否定句则表示指责。‎ Why worry about such trifle? 为何为琐事烦心？‎ Why not think of something you can do.为什么不想个你能干的事呢?‎ ‎（5）在feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch等感官司动词后，have, make, let等使役动词后作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to。如：‎ He notices a thief slip into the house. 他注意到一个小偷溜进了房子。‎ ‎（6）在动词help后，作宾语或宾语补足语时，to可带可不带。如：‎ ‎ Shall I help (you to )carry the box?我帮着（你）拿箱了好吗？‎ ‎ Will you help me(to)move the table?请帮我搬一下桌子好吗？‎ ‎（7）在某些介词后 介词except， but，besides之后跟不定式作宾语时，如果介词前有动词do及其变化形式时，不定式省略to。‎ I'll do anything but help the boy with his lessons. 除了帮那孩子做功课外，我什么都干。（省去）‎ He wanted nothing except to stay here. 除了留在这里，他什么都不要。（to不可省去）‎ What do you like to do besides swim? 除了游泳，你还爱好什么?‎ ‎（8）在“come(go)+不定式”结构中，不定式一般省去to，特别是在美国口语中更为常见。第一个动词表示“来”、“去”这个动作，第二个动词表示“来”、“去”的目的。‎ Go fetch your notebook..去把你的日记本拿来。‎ Come sit with me.来跟我坐在一起。‎ ‎（ 9）在实义动词dare之后 在实义动词dare之后作宾语的不定式，在否定句中有时也可省略to。‎ I don't dare(to)ask her.我不敢问她。‎ He didn’t dare(to)go.他不敢去 ‎（10） 某些固定搭配中 在make believe, let go, hear tell(say), go hang等固定搭配中不用to。‎ ‎ We’ll have to make do with what we have now.我们要设法应付我们目前的情况。‎ ‎ He made believe he was innocent. 他假装清白。‎ ‎（11） 主语是all或者是what引导的从句，主语受only, first, one, least 或形容词的最高级修饰，且主语从句中包含有do或其变形，不定式做表语，动词不定式常可省略to。‎ All you need to do now is have a good rest.现在你需要的是好好休息。‎ What he did to the matter was keep silent.对此事他所做的就是保持缄默。‎ ‎（12）在“try(go,come,etc.)and”结构中，and之后的不定式常常省去to。‎ I’ll try and remember the matter.我一定记着那件事。‎ I hope you will go and see the patient.我希望你去看看那个病人。‎ Come and see us.请来看看我们。‎ ‎（12） 当主语是以动词say作谓语的定语从句所修饰的all时，作表语的不定式常常省略to。如：‎ All they said is hurry up, please. 他们只是说赶快。‎ What he said is work hard.他只说要努力工作。‎ 二、动词的-ing形式 动词的-ing形式包括了传统语法中所说的动名词(gerund)和现在分词(present participle)。所有行为动词都有-ing形式。情态动词和助动词（除be，have外）没有动名词形式。动词的-ing形式仍保留有动词的许多特征，可以有自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语。动词的-ing形式连同其后面的宾语或状语，一起构成了动词的-ing形式短语。同时动词的-ing形式词又具有名词、形容词、副词的特性，可以在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语等成份。‎ ‎（一）动词不定式的时态和语态 动词的-ing形式有主动和被动两种语态，也有一般式、完成式和完成进行式之分，它们是以谓语动词发生的时间为依据的。现以write为例列表如下：‎ 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 writing being written 完成式 having written having been written 完成进行式 having been writing ‎1、时态 ‎（1）一般式 一般式所表示的动作或状态与谓语动词所表示的动作或状态几乎同时发生或发生在谓语动词之后。‎ My wife hates smoking. 我妻了憎恨抽烟。‎ I saw them playing under a big tree. 看见他们正在大树下玩。（同时）‎ Working hard，you'll be successful. 努力工作你就会成功。（稍前）‎ We met an accident, causing the delay. 我们遇到了车祸，所以晚了。（稍后）‎ ‎（2）完成式 完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。‎ She didn't remember having met him before. 她不记得从前见过他了。‎ Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. 没有收到回信，他决定再写一封。‎ ‎（3）完成进行式 完成进行式表示其动作在谓动词之前己经开始，一直持续到谓语动词发生时为止，且有可能仍在继续的动作。‎ I was satisfied for his having been looking after me day and night. 他日夜照料我，我很满意。‎ Forgive me for my having been troubling you. 原谅我打扰了你。‎ ‎ 2、动词的-ing形式的语态 动词的-ing形式有主动和被动两种形式，主动式通常表示它的逻辑主语是其动作的执行者；被动式通常表示逻辑主语是动作的承受者时。‎ （1） 主动语态 ‎ Walking in the street yesterday afternoon, he came across Mr. Smith.昨天他在大街上散步时遇到了史密斯先生。‎ His often coming late made his boss very angry.他经常迟到使他的老板很恼火。‎ ‎（2）被动语态 动词的-ing形式的被动语态分为一般式和完成式两种。一般式(being done)表示一个被动动作正在进行，或与谓语动词的动作同时发生；完成式(having been done)表示一个被动动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。‎ I noticed the boy being beaten by his mother. 我注意到那男孩挨他母亲的打。‎ Having been cheated many times, she now believes in nobody. 由于多次受骗，所以她现在对任何人都不信任。‎ ‎（3）-动词的-ing形式主动式表被动含义 在形容词worth之后的动名词，用主动形式表达被动含义在动词want, need, require后跟动名词的主动形式表达被动含义，当然这几个动词也可以跟不定式的被动形式去表达此意。。‎ The film is well worth reading. 这部电影很值得看。‎ This sentence needs improving. = This sentence needs to be improved.这个句子需要改。‎ The room requires cleaning. =The room requires to be cleaned. 房间需要打扫了。‎ ‎（二）动词-ing形式的否定式 动词-ing形式的否定是在动名词前加not或never。‎ I'm sorry for not finishing my task on time. 对不起没有准时完成任务。‎ ‎ Not knowing his telephone number, she had some difficulty getting in touch with Bill. 因为不知道比尔的电话号码，她和他联系遇到了困难。‎ ‎（三）动词-ing形式的复合结构 动词-ing形式的复合结构是由名词所有格或形容词性物主代词加动词-ing构成。名词所有格或形容词性物主代词是动名词的逻辑主语。‎ I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon. 你今天下午给我打电话我很感激。‎ What worried the child most was his not being allowed to visit his mother in the hospital.最让那个孩子担心的是不让他到医院看她妈妈。‎ We are looking forward to the doctor's coming to see her. 我们都盼着医生来给她看病。‎ 注意：在口语或非正式文体中，如果-ing形式的复合结构作宾语，可用名词的所有格或普通格，也可用代词宾格或形容词性物主代词;如果作主语，就只能用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词。‎ I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. 我不能想象皮特五天内横渡大西洋。‎ How about the two of us taking a walk down the garden? 我们俩在公园散步怎么样？‎ ‎（四)动词的-ing形式的句法功能 ‎1、动词的-ing形式作主语 Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old.散步是一种老幼皆宜的锻炼形式。‎ 动词的-ing形式作主语时，为了平衡句子结构，也可用it作形式主语而把动名词置后。在use, good, pity, bore, time, fun, hard, funny, nice, odd, worth, difficult, worthwhile, interesting, tiring, better, enjoyable, pointless, crazy, terrible等名词或形容词作表语时，可用it作形式主语，把作主语的-ing形式倒置。‎ It is important controlling costs at a newspaper. 控制报纸的费用是重要的。‎ It is pleasant working with you. 跟你在一起工作是令人愉快的。‎ ‎2、动词的-ing形式作宾语 ‎（1）作动词宾语 只跟动词的-ing作宾语的动词有：admit（承认）,advise(见一)， appreciate（感谢）,avoid（避免），consider（考虑），delay（推迟），deny (否认)，dislike （不喜欢），enjoy（喜爱），escape（逃脱），excuse(原谅)，fancy(想象)，finish（完成），forgive(原谅，宽恕), imagine（想象），keep (on)（保持），mind（介意），miss（错过），practise（练习），risk(冒险)，suggest（建议），give up（放弃），can't help（禁不住），cannot stand（不能容忍）等。‎ He admitted taking the watch.他承认拿了手表。‎ He disliked fighting in any form.他不喜欢任何形式的打架斗殴。‎ ‎（2）作介词宾语。‎ He studied ways of keeping seeds.他研究了种子的保存方法。‎ ‎3、动词的-ing形式作表语 ‎（1）说明主语的内容，表语和主语可以互换位置，相当于不定式。‎ ‎ Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。‎ Her job was looking after the children. 她的工作是照看孩子。‎ ‎（2）说明主语的性质或特征。‎ The music is exciting. 这首音乐令人兴奋。‎ The film is very moving and exciting. 这部电影很动人很使人振奋。‎ ‎4、动词的-ing形式作定语 ‎（1）动词的-ing形式作定语说明所修饰中心词的用途，表示“供作……之用”(used for)的意思。‎ ‎ No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.阅览室不准大声喧哗。‎ ‎ This is a shop dealing with walking sticks.这是一家出售手杖的商店。‎ ‎（2）动词的-ing形式作定语说明所修饰中心词的性质，表示“……的”意思。‎ Do you know the boy lying under the big tree?你认识那个躺在树下的男孩吗？‎ ‎ 注意 ‎：动词的-ing形式作定语的分词如果是单个词，一般放在它所修饰的名词之前；如果是分词短语，则放在它所修饰的名词之后，相当于一个定语从句，可以相互转化。‎ ‎ Two days later I received a letter offering me the job =which offered me the job.两天后我收到同意给我这份工作的来信。‎ The boy standing there is a classmate of mine.= The boy who is standing there is a classmate of mine.站在那儿的那个男孩是我的一个同学。‎ ‎5、动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语或主语补足语 动词的-ing形式一般在感觉、感官动词和使役、致使役动词后作宾语补足语表示正在进行的主动意义。这样的句子由主动语态变为被动语态时，其中的宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。。‎ ‎（1）感觉、感官动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语，这类动词有find，feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice，observe，see，smell，watch等。‎ His father saw him sitting on some eggs.他父亲看见他坐在鸡蛋上面。‎ ‎（2）使役、致使役动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语，这类动词有catch, get，have, leave，set，start, keep等。‎ He tried to start the machine running. 他试图使机器开动起来。‎ ‎6、动词的-ing形式作状语 动词的-ing形式作状语时，用来进一步说明谓语动词的动作，或者说明整个句子所表达的概念，其逻辑主语通常应与句子的主语一致，即句子的主语就是动词的-ing形式这一动作的执行者。在意义上可表示时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果、目的、让步等，这时它相当于一个状语从句。它的位置比较灵活，可以置于句首、句中或句尾，有时用逗号分开，有时也不用。一般用作时间、原因、条件状语时，这些短语通常位于句子的句首；当用作方式、结果、伴随状语时，通常位于句末。‎ ‎（1）作时间状语时相当于when或while引导的从句。若两个动作同时发生，可在分词前用when或while表示强调。如果表示强调或-ing的动作紧接着谓语动词动作之后发生，动词的-ing形式应放句尾；如果表示强调或-ing的动作发生在着谓语动词动作之前，动词的-ing形式应放句首。‎ Having finished their work, they had a rest. 完成了工作之后，他们休息。‎ ‎（2）作原因状语时相当于as, since, because引导的从句。这类状语多方在前半部。‎ Being ill(=Because she was ill),she went home. 由于病了，她回家了。‎ Not knowing what to do, he turned to the teacher for help.不知道该怎样做，他去向老师求助。‎ ‎（3）作方式、伴随状语时不能用状语从句替换，但可以改成并列句。‎ ‎ She sat at the desk reading a newspaper. = She sat at the desk and read a newspaper.她坐在桌边读报纸。‎ ‎（4）作条件状语时相当于if, unless引导的从句。常见的词由supposing, considering等。这类状语多方在前半部。‎ Working hard(=If you work hard)，you'll succeed. 努力工作，你会成功的。‎ ‎ Turning to the right(=If you turn to the right), you will find a path leading to his cottage.向左转你会找到通往他的茅舍的小路。‎ ‎（5）作结果状语时相当于so, so that等引导的从句。这类状语常放在后半部。‎ She died, leaving nothing but debts. 她死了，除了债什么也没留下。‎ ‎（6）作让步状语时相当于though, even if等引导的从句。这类状语多方在前半部。‎ Admitting what she said(Although I admitted what she said, I still think she hasn’t tried her best.尽管承认她说的话，我仍然认为她没尽最大努力。‎ ‎（7）动词的-ing形式作状语时前面有时可以用一个连词表示强调或出于表达需要。常用的连词有：when, while, after, before, if, though, whether, unless, as if 等。‎ Whether sleeping or waking, he was not at ease.不管睡着还是醒着，他心都不安。‎ Though being ill, he would not take a rest.虽然病了，他仍不愿休息。‎ ‎7、动词的-ing形式构成的独立主格结构 ‎（1）名词(代词)+动词的-ing形式 名词(代词)+动词的-ing形式作状语。它一般位于句首，在这种结构中，前面的名词或代词是动词的-ing的逻辑主语，即动作的执行者，它表示主动意义。可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。‎ Mary coming back, they discussed it together.玛丽回来后，他们一起讨论那件事。‎ Weather permitting, we shall go there on foot.天气允许的话，我们将步行前往。‎ ‎（2）There + being 结构 这种结构多放在句首，其中being不可省略。‎ ‎ There being nothing to do, we played games.没有什么可做，我们玩起了游戏。‎ There being no customers, they closed the store.因为没有顾客，他们的店关了门。‎ ‎（3）with+宾语+动词的-ing形式独立主格结构 with/ without+宾语+动词的-ing形式独立主格结构在句中作伴随状语或定语。‎ He fell asleep with the light burning.他开着灯睡着了。‎ ‎（五）动词的-ing形式与不定式的区别。‎ ‎1、作主语时，动词的-ing形式通常表示一种抽象的动作概念，即泛指某种行为或动作；而不定式作主语通常表示具体动作或具体意义。‎ It’s no use crying over split milk.牛奶打翻哭也无用。‎ It’s an honour for me to be invited to the party.我很荣幸被邀请参加这个晚会。‎ ‎2、作宾语时 ‎（1） 动词的-ing形式表示笼统和抽象意义，而不定式则表示某个具体动作。‎ I like collecting stamps. 我喜欢集邮。（指一般、抽象的行为）‎ Would you like to swim today?你今天想去游泳吗？（指今天这次具体的动作）‎ ‎（2）动词的-ing形式所表示的动作的逻辑主语可能是句子里的名词或代词，也可能是他人或物；而不定式的逻辑主语通常是句子里的一个名词或代词。‎ She hates smoking. 她憎恶抽烟。（smoking的逻辑主语是他人）‎ She hates to trouble you. 她不愿麻烦你。（she是不定式的逻辑主语）‎ ‎（3）有些动词如remember, forget, regret等，接不定式和动词-ing形式意义不同。动词-ing形式表示动作发生在上述动词之前；不定式表示的动作发生在上述动词之后。‎ remember doing sth. /to do sth. （记得干过某事/记住要做某事）‎ forget doing sth. /to do sth. （忘记过去干过某事/忘记要做某事）‎ regret doing sth. /to do sth. （懊悔干过某事/为要做某事而不安）‎ I regret accepting your advice.我真后悔听了你的建议。（accepting发生在regret之前）‎ I regret to tell you that I won’t accept your advice.我十分遗憾地告诉你，我不准备接受你的意见。（to tell发生在regret之后）‎ I remember putting the books on the shelf.我记得曾把书放在书架上。（已经做过）‎ Remember to put the books on the shelf.记住要把书放在书架上。（还没做）‎ I forgot paying the money.我已付过钱，却忘记了。(付过钱)‎ I forgot to pay the money. 我忘了付钱。(没有付钱)‎ ‎（4）stop后跟-ing形式短语作宾语，表示停下手头正在干的事；stop后跟不定式，不定式不是宾语而是目的状语，表示停下手头正在干的事去干另外一件事。‎ She stopped to have a rest. 她停下来休息。（不定式用来表目的）‎ She stopped talking. 她停止了讲话。（停止原来正在进行的动作）‎ She stopped to watch TV.她停下来，开始看电视。（不定式用来表目的）‎ She stopped watching TV.她停止看电视。（停止原来正在进行的动作）‎ ‎（5） try后接不定式时，意为“努力，设法”；try后接-ing形式时，意为“试，试用”。‎ We must try to get everything done in time.我们必须设法及时把一切搞好。‎ Let’s try doing the work some other way.我们用别的方法做这工作试试。‎ ‎（6） go on后跟-ing形式表示“继续去做同一件事”，后跟不定式表示“干完一件事接着去干另一件事”。‎ The teacher went on explaining the problem after the break.休息过后，老师继续讲解那个问题。(继续原来的动作)‎ After finishing studying the text we went on to do the exercise.学完课文之后，我们接着做练习。（做另一件事）‎ ‎（7）mean后接不定式时，意为“决意，打算”；mean后接-ing形式时，意为“意味着，表明”。‎ I didn’t mean to make you angry.我并不想叫你生气。(打算)‎ Your plan would mean spending hours.你的计划意为着要花费几个小时。(意味着)‎ ‎（8）有些及物动词可跟动名词也可跟不定式作宾语，意义没有什么区别。如：begin, start, continue, hate, prefer等。‎ When did you start to learn/learning English? 你什么时候开始学的英语？‎ They continued to do/doing their homework. 他们继续做他们的作业。‎ ‎（9）有些及物动词后面只能跟动词不定式作宾语，如want（想要），hope（希望），wish（愿望），promise（许诺），intend(打算), decide(决定)，expect（盼望），manage（设法），try(尽力)，pretend（假装），mean（打算）等。‎ I wish to pass the exam. 但愿我能考试及格。‎ They managed to send him to school. 他们设法送他去上学。‎ She promised to buy me a pen. 她许诺给我买一支钢笔。‎ ‎（10） 有些及物动词后面只能跟动名词作宾语而不跟不定式。（详参动词的-ing形式作宾语）‎ I enjoy learning English. 我喜欢英语。‎ We should follow the teacher's advice and avoid making mistakes. 我们应该听从老师的建议，避免出错误。‎ ‎3、作定语 动词的-ing形式和不定式在表示时间方面的差别。‎ ‎ 动词的-ing形式 表示的是正在进行，而不定式表示的是将来的动作。‎ The meeting being held now is very important.现在正在召开的会议非常重要。‎ The meeting to be held next week is very important.下周举行的会议非常重要。 ‎ ‎4、动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语或主语补足语 ‎（1）感官动词feel, hear, notice, see, watch, observe等动词后面既可跟不带to的不定式，也可跟动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，但含义不同。动词的-ing形式强调动作正在进行，而不定式则强调动作己经完成的全部过程。‎ I watched her crossing the road. 我看见她正在过马路。（动作正在进行）‎ I watched her cross the road. 我看她过了马路。（动作己完成）‎ I heard someone knocking at the door. 我听见有人敲门。（动作正在进行）‎ I heard someone fall. 我听见有人跌倒了。（动作己完成）‎ ‎（2）have表“使、叫、让”等含义时，后面跟不带to的不定式，表示一次性动作；而接动词的-ing形式作宾补时，常表示反复或持续性动作。‎ Please have him come early. 请让他早来。(表示一次性动作)‎ I had her waiting for me. 我让她一直等我。(表示反复或持续性动作)‎ ‎（六）常见动词的-ing形式 ‎1、动词的-ing形式+介词 这类动词的-ing形式有些是及物动词，有些是不及物动词，为固定说法，有些已经转化为介词短语。这类词有：according to 根据，judging from从……判断，talking of谈到，allowing for考虑到，coming to 论及(说道)，getting back to回到，not expecting包括，leaving … on one side抛开……不谈，taking all things together通盘考虑，talking all things in consideration全盘考虑，setting aside除开，viewing it from this point从这点来讲 ‎2、副词+speaking generally speaking 总地说来，frankly speaking坦率地说， roughly speaking粗略地说，honestly speaking诚实地说，properly speaking恰当地说，strictly speaking严格地说 三、动词的-ed形式 动词的-ed分词是一种非谓语动词，即传统语法中所说的过去分词(past participle)，兼有动词和形容词、副词的特征与自己的状语一起构成份词短语，在句子中可以充当表语、定语、状语、补语等成份。它只有一般式表示完成和被动的动作，没有完成式，也没有主动语态。规则动词的过去分词由动词原形加-ed构成，不规则的过去分词没有统一的构成规则。‎ ‎（一）动词的-ed形式的句法功能 ‎1、作表语 作表语时，说明主语所处的状态，表示情感的动词的ed形式常见有disappointed(失望的)，astonished(惊讶的)，excited(激动的)，interested(感兴趣的)，frightened(害怕的)，moved(感动的)，pleased（高兴的）， puzzled （不解的），satisfied(满足的)，surprised(惊奇的)，touched （感动的），worried（担忧的）等。这类此都有“被怎样了的”意义”表示主语的状态，主语一般是人。 He is gone.他走了。‎ I was not satisfied with the result.我对那个结果感到不满意。‎ ‎2、作定语 ‎（1）动词的-ed形式作定语表示被动与完成，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的中心词,是它动作的承受者。作定语的过去分词如果是单个词，一般放在名词的前面。如果是过去分词短语，要放在名词的后面，相当于一个含有被动语态的定语从句。‎ Japan is a developed country.日本是一个发达国家。‎ The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies. (=which were ever found…)曾经在英国发掘的最大的一批硬币有大约20万枚银便士。‎ ‎（2）表示情感的动词的ed形式作定语 表示情感的动词的ed形式常见有disappointed(失望的)，astonished(惊讶的)，excited(激动的)，interested(感兴趣的)，frightened(害怕的)，moved(感动的)，pleased（高兴的）， puzzled （不解的），satisfied(满足的)，surprised(惊奇的)，touched （感动的），worried（担忧的）等。这类此都有“被怎样了的”意义”表示中心词的状态，中心词一般是人。‎ The excited football fans were singing in loud voices.那些兴奋的球迷在高声唱歌。‎ ‎ The frightened child kept trembling all the time.那个被吓坏的男孩一直在发抖。‎ ‎（3）己完全形容词化动词的ed形式作定语 有些动词的ed形式己完全形容词化，作前置定语时，其含义与同形的作后置定语的动词的ed形式不完全相同。‎ I’m going to buy some used books tomorrow. 明天我要去买一些旧书。（旧的）‎ The books used are still new now . 用过的书现在仍然很新。（用）‎ ‎3、作宾语补足语 动词的-ed形式作宾语补足语时，它前面的宾语就是它的逻辑主语；如果主动句改为被动句，宾语补足语则变成了主语补足语。动词的-ed形式一般在感觉、感官动词和使役、致使役动词后作宾语补足语表示已经完成的被动意义。‎ ‎（1）感觉、感官动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语，这类动词有find，feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice，observe，see，smell，watch等。‎ We found the door locked. 我们发现门锁上了。（宾补）‎ ‎（2）使役、致使役动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语，这类动词有catch, get，have, leave，set，start, keep等。‎ ‎ She had her foot injured in the fall. 她跌倒了，脚受了伤。‎ ‎（3）“have/get sth.+-ed分词作宾补”的不同含义 ‎“have/get sth.+-ed分词作宾补”归纳起来有3种不同含义:‎ A.表示让/叫别人(为自己)做某事。‎ ‎ Mrs Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had repaired went wrong. 布朗太太看到她请人修的洗衣机坏了非常失望。‎ He's going to have his hair cut.他要去理发。‎ B.表示"使完成某事"，可以是别人完成，也可以是自己参与完成。如:‎ In that year he had a hundred yuan saved. 那一年他积蓄了100元。‎ C.表示"遭遇某事"，常指不幸之事。‎ ‎ She had her house damaged in the storm. 她的房屋在暴风雨中毁坏了。‎ ‎4、作状语 动词的-ing形式作状语。‎ 动词的-ed形式作状语时，用来进一步说明谓语动词的动作或状态，其逻辑主语通常应与句子的主语一致，即句子的主语就是动词的-ed形式这一动作的承受者。在意义上可表示时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、让步等，这时它相当于一个状语从句。它的位置比较灵活，可以置于句首、句中或句尾，有时用逗号分开，有时也不用。一般用作时间、原因、条件状语时，这些短语通常位于句子的句首；当用作方式、结果、伴随状语时，通常位于句末。‎ Shot in the leg(=When he was shot in the leg), he continued to fire back with his gun.当他的腿被击中了后，他仍继续还击。‎ Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. 他陷入了沉思，险些撞到他前面汽车上。‎ He turned away disappointed. (=He was disappointed and turned away.)他非常失望地走了。‎ Given another chance(=If I am given another chance), I will do it much better.如果再给我一次机会，我会干得更好。‎ Born a free man（Though he was born a free man）, he was now in chains.他生来是个自由人，现在却戴上了镣铐。‎ 注意：动词的-ed形式作状语时,前面有时可以用一个连词，表示强调或出于表达需要。常用的连词有：when, while, after, before, if, though, whether, unless, as if 等。‎ If followed, he would eat all the food in the house.如果被允许，他会把家里的食物全吃了。‎ When asked why he did it, he said nothing.当问到他为什么做这件事时，他什么也没说。‎ ‎5、动词的-ed形式构成的独立主格结构 （1） 名词(代词)+动词的-ed形式构成的独立主格结构 这种结构多用来表示行为方式或伴随状况，有时用来表示时间、原因、条件等。这时-ed分词与前面的名词通格或代词主格是被动的逻辑主谓关系。‎ The question settled, the meeting was over. 问题解决后，会议结束了。‎ He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.他满脸是汗跑了进来。‎ His work finished, he prepared to go home.干完活后，他就准备回家。‎ （2） with+宾语+动词的-ed形式独立主格结构 ‎ 这种结构多用来表示伴随情况。‎ He was lying with his eyes shut. 他躺在那里，眼睛闭着。‎ With his home-work finished ahead of time, he began to use his computer to write his diary.他提前把作业做完了，接着就开始用电脑写日记。‎ ‎（三）动词的-ing形式与动词的-ed形式的区别 动词的-ing形式与动词的-ed形式的区别主要表现在语态和时间概念上。‎ ‎1、语态上不同：动词的-ing形式（除被动式外）表示主动意思；而及物动词的动词的-ed形式表示被动意义。‎ Who is the girl standing over there? 站在那里的小女孩是谁呀？（主动）‎ What is the language spoken in Australia?澳大利亚讲什么语言？（被动）‎ Seen from the hill , the city looks beautiful.从山上望去，这座城市很美。（被动）‎ Seeing from the hill, you will see the city beautiful. 从山上望去，你会看到美丽的城市。（主动）‎ ‎2、时间概念上的不同：动词的-ing形式表示正在进行的动作；而动词的-ed形式表示己经完成的动作。‎ the changing world正在变化的世界 the changed world己经变化了的世界 the rising sun冉冉升起的太阳 the risen sun 已经升起的太阳 a developing country发展中国家 a developed country发达国家 boiling water正在开的水 boiled water己经开了的水 四、不定式、动词的-ing形式和动词的-ed形式的区别 不定式表示未来的或后于谓语动词的动作；动词的-ing形式表示正在进行的动作或与谓语动作同时进行的动作；动词的-ed形式表示己经完成的动作。‎ I've been invited to the party to be held next Sunday. 我己经被邀请参加下星期天举行的聚会。‎ He lived in the house facing(which faced)the street. 他住在朝大街的房子里。‎ America‎ is a developed country. 美国是发达国家。‎ The building to be built next week will be a teaching building. 下周开建的楼将用作教学楼。‎ The building being built now will be a teaching building. 正在建的楼将用作教学楼。‎ The building built 10 years ago is being rebuilt now. 十年前间的搂着在改建。‎ 第三节 巩固提高 ‎1.---The light in the office is on.‎ ‎ ---Oh,I forget_______.‎ ‎ A.turning it off B.turn it off ‎ C.to turn it off D.having turned it off ‎2.Is______necessary to complete the design before National Day?‎ ‎ A.this B.that C.it D.he ‎3.Is_______possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship?‎ ‎ A.now B.man C.that D.it ‎4. When and where to build the new factory_______yet.‎ ‎ A.is not not decided B.are not decided ‎ C.has not decided D.have not decided ‎5.I_______to believe that God could make me enter a university.‎ ‎ A.reject B.require C.resist D.refuse ‎6.The little time we have together we try_______wisely.‎ ‎ A.spending it B.to spend it C.to spend D.spending that ‎7. They knew her very well. They had seen her ________ up from childhood.‎ ‎ A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow ‎8. I'll try to get her _______the doctor. ‎ ‎ A. see B. seeing C. to see D. for seeing ‎9. The waiter was made ________ to the guest. ‎ ‎ A. apologize B. apologizing ‎ C. to apologize D. to be apologizing ‎10. As you've never been there before, I'll have someone ________you the way. ‎ A. to show B. show C. showing D. showed ‎11.I’ll get her______the door.‎ ‎ A.see B.seeing C.to see D.for seeing ‎12. Charles Babbage is generally considered__________the first computer.‎ ‎ A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented ‎13.Though he had often made his little sister _______, today he was made _______ by his little sister.‎ ‎ A. cry; to cry B. crying; crying C. cry; cry D. to cry; cry ‎14. John was made _______ the truck for a week as a punishment.‎ ‎ A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing ‎15. There are five pairs ________, but I'm at a loss which to buy.‎ ‎ A. to be chosen B. to choose from ‎ C. to choose D. for choosing ‎16.When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person_______.‎ ‎ A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to ‎17.The question was_______to take the children to the theatre or to leave them at home.‎ ‎ A.how B.however C.if D.whether ‎18.She searched the top of the hill and stopped _______ on a big rock by the side of the path.‎ ‎ A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest ‎19.Tom kept quiet about the accident ________ lose his job.‎ ‎ A. so not as to B. so as not to ‎ C. so as to not D. not so as to ‎20.The chair looks rather hard, but in fact, it is very comfortable to________. ‎ ‎ A. sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on ‎21.---Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day?‎ ‎ ---________ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.‎ ‎ A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting ‎22. Mr. Smith warned his daughter _______ after drinking.‎ ‎ A. never to drive B. to never drive ‎ C. never driving D. never drive ‎23. To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule ________.‎ ‎ A. to never break B. never to be broken ‎ C. never to have broken D. never to be breaking ‎24. Tell him ________ the window.‎ ‎ A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut ‎25. Last summer I took a course on ________.‎ ‎ A. how to make dresses B. how dresses to make ‎ C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made ‎26. When and where to build the new factory _______ yet.‎ ‎ A. is not decided B. are not decided ‎ C. has not decided D. have not decided ‎27. There are so many kinds of tape recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind ________ to buy.‎ ‎ A. what B. which C. how D. where ‎28. ---Have you decided when _______?‎ ‎ ---Yes, tomorrow morning.‎ ‎ A. to leave B. to be leaving ‎ C. will you leave D. are you leaving ‎29. No one told her _______.‎ ‎ A. what to do B. what she does C. to do what D. what she to do ‎30. Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening.‎ ‎ A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking ‎31. One ought _____ for what one hasn't done.‎ ‎ A. not to be punished B. to not be punished ‎ C. to not punished D. not be punished ‎32. This page needs______again.‎ ‎ A. being checked B. checked C. to check D. to be checked ‎33. He claimed ______ in the super market when he was doing shopping yesterday.‎ ‎ A. being badly treated B. treating badly C. to be treated badly D. to have been badly treated ‎34. Charles Babbage is generally considered _______ the first computer.‎ ‎ A. to invent B. inventing ‎ C. to have invented D. having invented ‎35.It was foolish _______ you to give up what you rightly owned.‎ A. for B. of C. about D. from ‎36.---I usually go there by train.‎ ‎ ---Why not _______ by boat for a change? ‎ ‎ A. to try going B. trying to go ‎ C. to try and go D. try going ‎37.Children at the beginning of this century _________ a lot and ________themselves greatly even without television. ‎ ‎ A. used to read; enjoy B. used to read; enjoyed ‎ C. were used to reading; enjoy D. were used to read; enjoying ‎38.---Shall we go skating or stay at home?‎ ‎---Which ______ do yourself? ‎ ‎ A. do you rather B. would you rather ‎ C. will you rather D. should you rather ‎39.----Does your brother intended to study German? ‎ ‎ ----Yes, he intends _______.‎ A./ B.to C.so D.that ‎40. Most of the artists _______ to the party were from South Africa.‎ ‎ A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited ‎41. The computer centre, _______ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.‎ ‎ A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened ‎42. As soon as she enter the room, she caught sight of the flowers_____ by her mother.‎ ‎ A.buying B.being bought C.were bought D.bought ‎ 43.---Good morning. Can I help you?‎ ‎ ---I'd tike to have the package _______, madam.‎ ‎ A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed ‎44.The speaker raised his voice but still couldn't make himself ________. ‎ ‎ A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard ‎45. Mrs Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had_______went ‎ wrong. ‎ ‎ A. it B. it repaired C. repaired D. to be repaired ‎46．He didn't keep on asking me the time any longer as he had had his watch_______. ‎ ‎ A. to repair B. repaired C. repairing D. repair ‎47. _______ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.‎ ‎ A. Followed B. Followed by ‎ C. Being followed D. Having been followed by ‎48. The murderer was brought in, with his hand _______ behind his back.‎ A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied ‎49.---What do you think made Mary so upset?‎ ‎ ---________he new bicycle.‎ ‎ A.As she lost B.Lost ‎ C.Losing D.Because of losing ‎50.______is a good form of exercise for both young and old.‎ ‎ A.The walk B.Walking C.To walk D.Walk ‎51.Once your business becomes international, ________constantly will be part of your life.‎ ‎ A.you fly B.your flight C.flight D.flying ‎52.We enjoy________very much because it is good to our health.‎ ‎ A.swim B.to swim C.swimming D.to be swimming ‎53.---Let me tell you something about the journalists.‎ ‎ ---Don’t you remember_______me the story yesterday? ‎ ‎ A.told B.telling C.to tell D.to have told ‎54.The library needs_______,but it will have to wait until Sunday.‎ ‎ A.to prepare B.preparing C.prepared D.was preparing ‎55.She looks forward every spring to_______the flower-lined garden.‎ ‎ A.visit B.paying a visit C.walk in D.walking in ‎56.---What are you going to do this afternoon?‎ ‎ ---I’m thinking of_______to visit my aunt.‎ ‎ A.go B.going C.having gone D.my going ‎57.---I usually go there by train.‎ ‎ ---Why not_______by boat for a change.‎ ‎ A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going ‎58.Do you remember_______me at a party last year.‎ ‎ A.meet B.to meet C.meeting D.met.‎ ‎59.The secretary worked late into the night,_______ a long speech for the president.‎ ‎ A.to prepare B.preparing C.prepared D.was preparing ‎60.Europen football is palyed in 80 countries, _______it the most popular sport in the world.‎ ‎ A.making B.makes C.made D.is make ‎61.“Can’t you read?”Mary said_______to the notice.‎ ‎ A.angrily pointing B.and point angrily ‎ C.angrily pointed D.and angrily pointing ‎62. Do you know the boy ______under the big tree?‎ ‎ A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying ‎63. The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the _________.‎ ‎ A. 20 dollars remained B. 20 dollars to remain ‎ C.remained20dotlars D. remaining 20 dollars ‎64. There was a terrible noise _______ the sudden burst of light.‎ ‎ A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed ‎65._______ his telephone number, she had some difficulty getting in touch with Bill. A. Not knowing B. Knowing not ‎ C. Not having known D. Having not known ‎66. I would appreciate ______ back this afternoon.‎ ‎ A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. you're calling ‎ ‎67. I can hardly imagine Peter_______ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.‎ ‎ A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. to have sailed ‎ ‎68. How about the two of us______ a walk down the garden? ‎ ‎ A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking ‎69. Tom insisted _______ to to the party. ‎ ‎ A. on me to come B. on my coming ‎ C. me to come D. me coming ‎70. She didn't remember _______ him before.‎ ‎ A. having met B. have met C. to meet D. to have met ‎71. _______areply, he decided to write again.‎ ‎ A. Not receiving B. Receiving not ‎ C. Not having received D. Having not received ‎72. He has always insisted on his ________ Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner.‎ ‎ A. been called B. called C. having called D. being called ‎73. Do you mind ________ alone at home? ‎ ‎ A. Jam leaving B. Jam having left C. Jam’s being left D. Jam to be left ‎74. While shopping, people sometimes can't help ________ into buying something they don't really need. ‎ ‎ A. to persuade B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded ‎75. ---What do you think of the book?‎ ‎ ---Oh, excellent. Ifs worth_______a second time.‎ ‎ A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read ‎76. This sentence needs _______. ‎ ‎ A. a improvement B. improve C. improving D. improved ‎77. She pretended ______me when I passed by. ‎ A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen ‎ ‎78. John was made the truck for a week as a punishment. ‎ A. washing B. to wash C. wash D. to be washing ‎79.I am afraid I forget you before. ‎ A. to meet B. meeting C. meet D. met ‎80.Little Tom could do nothing but . ‎ A. waited B. waiting C. wait D. to wait 参考答案：1.C 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.A 8.C 9.C 10.B 11.C 12.C 13.A 14.A 15.B 16.C 17.D 18.C 19.B 20.B 21.C 22.A 23.B 24.B 25.A 26.A 27.B 28.A 29.A 30.A 31.A 32.D 33.D 34.C 35.B 36.D 37.B 38.B 39.B 40.A 41.D 42.D 43.D 44.D 45.C 46.B 47.B 48.D 49.C 50.B 51.D 52.C 53.B 54.B 55.D 56.B 57.D 58.C 59.B 60.A 61.A 62.D 63.D 64.B 65.A 66.C 67.C 68.C 69.B 70.A 71.C 72.D 73.C 74.C 75.C 76.C 77.A 78.B 79.B 80.C