高考英语语法专题复习13名词性从句 11页

‎ 名词性从句 I、重点难点解析 ‎ 名词性从句是历年高考的重点和难点也是热点。名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主高考资源网句的主语、宾语、表语和同位语。因此，名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句（见下表）。‎ 主语从句 做主语，用that，whether，what（＝the thing that）等连接词（原疑问词）引导 宾语从句 做宾语，用that（可省略），if，whether（or not），what（＝the thing which）等连接词（原疑问词）引导 表语从句 用that（一般不省略），whether，what（＝the thing which）等连接词（原疑问词）引导 同位语从句 用that（常用在news，thought，idea等词后），whether等连接词（原疑问词）引导 一、主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。如：‎ ‎ Who will go is not important.‎ ‎ It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not.‎ ‎ That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.‎ ‎1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：‎ ‎ It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.（主语从句）‎ ‎ It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. （主语从句）‎ ‎ It is in the morning that the murder took place.（强调句）‎ ‎ It is John that broke the window. （强调句）‎ ‎2. 用it 作形式主语的结构：‎ ‎ 句型 ‎ 例子 ‎1‎ It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句 It is a fact that … 事实是… / It is an honor that …非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that …是常识 ‎2‎ It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句 It is natural that… 很自然…/ It is strange that… 奇怪的是…‎ ‎3‎ It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句 It seems that… 似乎…/ It happened that… 碰巧…‎ It appears that… 似乎…‎ ‎4‎ It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句 It is reported that… 据报道…/ It has been proved that…已证实… ‎ It is said that… 据说… ‎ ‎3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况： ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 情况说明 例句 ‎1‎ if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。‎ ‎ If he will come or not is unknown （误）‎ ‎. Whether he will come or not is unknown （正）‎ ‎2‎ It is said /reported…‎ It is said that Jiang will visit our school. （正）‎ 结构中的主语从句不可提前 Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （误）‎ ‎3‎ It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前 It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. （正）‎ That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （误）‎ ‎4‎ It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前 It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. （正）‎ Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. （误）‎ ‎5‎ 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前 Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? （正）‎ Is that will rain in the evening likely? （误）‎ ‎ ‎ 二．宾语从句 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 情况说明 例句 ‎1‎ 作动词的宾语 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略)‎ I heard (that) he joined the army.‎ 由what, whether (if),when, where 等引导的宾语从句 She did not know what had happened.‎ I wonder whether you can change this note for me.‎ 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句 She told me that she would accept my invitation.‎ ‎2‎ 作介词的宾语 Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.‎ ‎3‎ 作形容词的宾语 I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.‎ ‎4‎ it 可以作为形式宾语 We heard it that she would get married next month.‎ ‎5‎ 否定的转移（若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式）‎ I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。‎ 注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：‎ anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。 ‎ ‎ ‎ 三．表语从句 表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如：‎ ‎1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.‎ ‎2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people.‎ ‎3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.‎ ‎4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. ‎ 四．同位语从句 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。‎ 情况说明 例句 ‎1‎ 同位语从句的功能（一般由that引导）‎ 对于名词进一步解释，‎ The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.‎ 说明名词的具体内容， ‎ The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. ‎ ‎2‎ 同位语从句在句子中的位置 有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，被别的词隔开 He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.‎ 五．whether, if引导名词性从句的区别：‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 情况说明 例句 ‎1‎ 在句首引导主语从句时，只能用whether Whether we will go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.‎ ‎2‎ if不能引导表语从句 What the doctor really doubt is whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.‎ ‎3‎ if 不能引导介词后的宾语从句 Everything depends on whether we can make a plan that they will agree to.‎ ‎4‎ 如果宾语从句是否定句只能用if I asked Pave if he hadn’t decided what he would say at the meeting.‎ ‎5‎ discuss 后的宾语从句只能用whether引导 We discussed whether the medicine will cause side effect.‎ 注意：doubt 作“怀疑”解，后接宾语从句时，如主句是肯定的，宾语从句用whether 或if 引导；如主句是否定，宾语从句只能用that 引导。‎ ‎ (1) I doubt whether/ if he is fit for the job.‎ ‎ (2) I don’t doubt that he can do it very well.‎ II、实战演练 ‎ 用适当的连词填空：‎ ‎ 1. I can’t decide ____________ dictionary I should buy.‎ ‎2. That’s ____________ he refused my invitation.‎ ‎3. I am very interested in ____________ he has improved his pronunciation in such a short time.‎ ‎4. ____________ we need is more time.‎ ‎5. The fact ____________ she had not said anything at the meeting surprised everybody.‎ ‎6. ____________ and ____________ they will meet has not been decided yet.‎ ‎7. Please tell me ____________ you are waiting for.‎ ‎8. Is that ____________ you are looking for?‎ ‎9. Would you please tell me ____________ the nearest post office is?‎ ‎10. I don’t know ____________ he will agree to the plan or not.‎ ‎11.______ is done cannot be undone.‎ ‎12.Take care ______ you don’t make mistakes in the coming exam.‎ ‎13.To his surprise, the umbrella was not ______ he had put. ‎ ‎14.______ we can’t get seems better than ______ we have. ‎ ‎15.______ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. ‎ ‎16.______ they are most interested in is ______ they can produce more and better cars.‎ ‎17.It doesn’t matter ______I rest or not.‎ ‎18. ______I have will be yours sooner or later.‎ ‎19.I think it is ______ you’re eating too much. ‎ ‎20.Can you make sure ______ Alice has put the gold necklace? ‎ ‎21.——Do you remember ______ he came?‎ ‎ ——Yes, I do. He came by train. ‎ ‎22.Mother asked me ______ was wrong with me. ‎ ‎23______they have won the game made us excited. ‎ ‎24. ______he says in his report is a very interesting question. ‎ ‎25.That is he failed to arrive on time.‎ 定语从句 I、重点难点解析 ‎ 定语从句是英语语法中的重点。除了在语法填空中会考到，在基础写作和任务型写作中正确恰当地运用定语从句是作文得高分的关键。另外，在阅读理解中正确理解定语从句也至关重要。‎ 常见考点：‎ ‎1.指物时只用that 或which 的情况 ‎2.介词+关系代词 ‎3.Whose 用法及转换形式 ‎4.as 与which的区别 ‎5.指人时that 与who的区别 ‎6.如何判断用关系副词还是关系代词 ‎7.定语从句中的主谓一致问题 一、定语从句的概念 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词从句叫定语从句，在句中起定语的作用.‎ 被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。引导定语从句的词叫关系代词或关系副词。如：‎ The man who lives next to us is a policeman. ‎ 先行词 关系代词 定语从句 二、关系代词和关系副词的用法：‎ ‎ 关系代词和关系副词又称关系词，用来引导定语从句、代替先行词并在从句中担当一个成分。其用法见下表：‎ 定语从句的关系词 词例 先行词 充当成分 例句 关系代词 who 人 主语 This is the doctor who saved my life .‎ whom 人 宾语 She is the new student (whom) I want to tell to you .‎ that 人&物 主语、宾语 ‎（指人相当于who或whom，指物相当于which）‎ which 物 主语、宾语 ‎1.Please pass me the book which is lying on the table. 2.The novel (which) Tom bought is very interesting.‎ as 物 主语、宾语 The earth ,as is known to all ,is round.‎ whose=of whomof which 人&物 定语 The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Williams 关系副词 when=atinonduring which 时间 状语 We’ll never forget the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.‎ where=atinto which 地点 状语 This is the house where he lived.‎ why=for which 原因 状语 I know the reason why she works so well.‎ 三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 从句与先行词的关系 从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就会不完整或不明确。‎ 从句只是对先行词的附加说明，如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚或完整 标 点 从句和主句之间不用逗号分开 从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开 关系 代词 指人who (that) whom 指人who（作主语）whom（做宾语）‎ 指物which (that)‎ 指物which 人和物的whose 人和物的whose 关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省去 关系代词一般不可省 修饰 从句只修饰一个名词或代词 可以修饰一个词也可修饰整个主句 翻译 定语从句译在被修饰词的前面 定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子 四、关系词的选用 ‎1只能用that做关系代词的情况：‎ 只能用that做关系代词的情况 例句 ‎1‎ 当先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing, much, little, none, one等不定代词时(something除外)‎ Pay attention to everything that I do.‎ ‎2‎ 当先行词被All, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时 He has little time that he can spare.‎ ‎3‎ 当先行词被序高考资源网数词或形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best novel (that) have read.‎ ‎4‎ 如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时 They were talking about the person and things that they remembered in school.‎ ‎5‎ 当先行词被the only, the last, the way, the same等等修饰时 This is the last time that I I want to see you.‎ ‎6‎ ‎.在疑问词who, which, what开头的特殊疑问句中,为了避免重复只用that Which of the students that knows something about history.‎ ‎7‎ 当定语从句为there be 句型时，关系代词只能用 This is the fastest train (that) there is ‎ that,也可以省略 to Beijing.‎ ‎8‎ 当指人或物的关系代词在定语从句中做表语时，关系代词只能用that,也可以省略 China‎ is not the country (that) it was. ‎ ‎2指物只能用which 不用that的情况:‎ 只能用which 不用that的情况:‎ 例句 ‎1‎ 在非限制性定语从句中 St Petersburg‎, which was once called Leningrad, is a very beautiful city.‎ ‎2‎ 在介词后面 This is the room in which we lived last year.‎ ‎3指人时只能用who不用 that的情况: ‎ 只能用who不用 that的情况 例句 ‎1‎ 先行词为one, ones，those，anyone，he时 ‎ Those who break the law must be punished.‎ ‎4 as与which as与which均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as: ‎ 多用as的情况:‎ 例句 ‎1‎ 与such或the same连用时，一般用as Such books as you read are interesting Such money as he earned was spent on books.‎ ‎2‎ as 引导的从句可以放在句首, as 表“正如…..正象…”之意 As we all know, the earth is round.‎ 五、定语从句中的主谓一致 定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致:‎ ‎1.I am not one who is afraid of difficulty．‎ ‎2.Don’t choose me, who am not fit for this job．‎ II、实战演练 用恰当的关系代词或关系副词填空： ‎ ‎1. Because of my poor memory, all ____ you told me has been forgotten.‎ ‎2. Do you remember those days ____ we spent along the seashore very happily? ‎ ‎3. Those ____ want to go please sign their names here. ‎ ‎4. Who is the woman ____ is sweeping the floor over there?‎ ‎5. The man ____ you are going to make friends is my father’s neighbour.‎ ‎6. Finally, the thief handed over everything ____ he had stolen to the police. ‎ ‎7. This is the very letter ____came last night. w。w ‎ ‎8. This is the factory ____ we worked a year ago.‎ ‎9. Jack is pleased with what you have given him and all ____ you have told him.‎ ‎10. Do you work near the building ____ colour is yellow?‎ ‎11. Alice received an invitation from her boss, ____ came as a surprise.‎ ‎12. I live in the house ____ windows face south.. ‎ ‎13. They stayed with me three weeks, ____ they drank all the wine I had.‎ ‎14. The room ____ Mr White lives is not very large. ‎ ‎15. I’ve finished writing the novel, ____ is to be published next month. ‎ ‎16. He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, ____ was unexpected.‎ ‎17. The old man had three sons, all of ____ died during World War Ⅱ. ‎ ‎18. I have bought two pens, both of ____ write well. ‎ ‎19. Do you know the reason ____ she has changed her mind?‎ ‎20. He failed in the exam, ____ proves that he wasn’t working hard enough. ‎ ‎21. ____ was expected, he succeeded in the exam.‎ ‎22. We should read such books ____ will make us better and wiser. ‎ ‎23. He is absent， ____ is often the case.‎ ‎24. It is the first time ____ I have come to your city. ‎ ‎25. Who ____ has the same idea as it will do it in this way. ‎ ‎26. I shall never forget those years ____ I lived in the country with the farmers, ____ has a great effect on my life. ‎ ‎27. This is the only book ____ I can find.‎ ‎28. This is the only one of the students ____ handwriting is the best. ‎ ‎29. You must show my wife the same respect ____ you show me. ‎ ‎30. This is the professor ____ taught me chemistry in 1980 .‎ ‎ 专题十五 状语从句 I、重点难点解析 ‎ 状语从句是由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、www.ks5u.com原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目，也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些从句仍是今后高考热点，应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。不同的状语从句所使用的连接词也各不相同。见下表：‎ 状语从句名称 连接词 时间状语从句 when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the moment ), by the time, no sooner … than, hardly (scarcely) … when, every time等 地点状语从句 where 和wherever 条件状语从句 if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )‎ 原因状语从句 because, since, as, now that（既然）‎ 结果状语从句 so that （从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so … that, such … that 目的状语从句 so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）‎ 让步状语从句 although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether … or, no ‎ matter who (when, what, …) 等 比较状语从句 than, so (as) … as, the more … the more 方式状语从句 as, as if (though), the way, rather than等 一、时间状语从句w。‎ ‎1、当while, when, as引导时间状语从句时的区别：‎ ‎(1) while引导的状语从句中动词必须是持续性。谓语动词多为进行时，或状态动词的一般时。while 的这些用法可用when代替。‎ E.g. Please keep quiet while (when) others are studying；‎ ‎(2) when除可指一段时间外，还可用来指一点时间，等于 “at the time”，也就是说when引出的时间状语从句中的谓语动词可以是终止性的，也可以延续性的。因此主句和从句的谓语可以是一般时，进行时，或完成时。‎ E.g. When I went into the lab, the teacher was doing an experiment.（when不能换成while）He often makes mistakes when he is speaking English.（when可换成while）‎ ‎(3) as常可与when，while通用，但强调“一边、一边”。E.g. As (when, while) I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of number 37. ‎ ‎(4) when有时代替if，引导条件句，意为“如果”、“假如”‎ E.g. I’ll come when (if) I’m free.‎ ‎2、till, until引导时间状语短语或状语从句，用于否定句时，结构为not …until (till)，主句谓语动词延续与非延续皆可，意为“直到…才…”。用于肯定句时，只与延续性动词连用，表示“到…为止”。E.g. They played volleyball until (till) it got dark./ They didn’t talk（延续性动词）until (till) the interpreter（译员）came./ He didn’t go to bed（非延续性动词）until (till) the his father came back.；until可以放在句首，till则不行，E.g. Until the last minute of the match we kept on playing./ Not until he finished his work did he go home.（倒装）；till, until只用于时间，以下句子是错误的：We walked till the edge of the forest.（要用as far as或to）。‎ 二、地点状语从句 引导地点状语从句的连词是where 和wherever等。‎ E.g. Sit wherever you like.‎ ‎ Make a mark where you have a question.‎ 三、条件状语从句 ‎ 条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。‎ ‎ E.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.‎ ‎ You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.‎ ‎ So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months.‎ ‎ You can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you don’t go too far away from the river bank.‎ ‎ If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.‎ 四、原因状语从句 ‎ because, since, as引导原因状语时注意使用上的区别：‎ ‎1.如果原因构成句子的最主要部分,一般用because ,因此because引导的从句往往放在句末。用why提问的句子，一定用because回答。‎ E.g. He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.；2.如原因已为人们所知，或不如句子的其他部分重要，就用as，或 since。since比as更正式些。as和since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。‎ E.g. As you are tired, you had better rest./ Since everyone is here, now let’s begin. ‎ 五、结果状语从句 ‎ 结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that （从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so … that, such … that等引导。 ‎ ‎ E.g. She was ill, so that she didn’t attend the meeting.‎ ‎ He was so excited that he could not say a word. ‎ ‎ She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.‎ 六、目的状语从句 引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。‎ E.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.‎ ‎ She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.‎ ‎ He left early in case he should miss the train. w。‎ 七、让步状语从句 ‎ 让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether … or, no matter who (when, what, …) 等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。‎ ‎ E.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot.‎ ‎ Child as he is, he knows a lot. w。w。 ‎ ‎ Whatever ( = No matter what ) you say, I’ll never change my mind.‎ 八、比较状语从句 ‎ 比较状语从句常用than, so (as) … as, the more … the more等引导。‎ ‎ E.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.‎ ‎ He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.‎ ‎ The busier he is, the happier he feels.‎ 九、方式状语从句 ‎ 方式状语从句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引导。‎ ‎ E.g. You must do the exercise as I show you.‎ ‎ He acted as if nothing had happened.‎ 十、使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题 ‎ 1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。 ‎ ‎ E.g. We’ll go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.‎ ‎ I’ll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.‎ ‎ 2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be ，就可省略从句中的“主语 + be”部分。‎ ‎ E.g. When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.‎ ‎ If (you are) asked you may come in.‎ ‎ If (it is) necessary I’ll explain to you again.‎ ‎ 3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。‎ ‎ E.g. You are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句）‎ ‎ Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词）‎ ‎ I don’t know where he came from.（宾语从句）‎ ‎ Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句）‎ ‎ This place is where they once hid.（表语从句）‎ ‎4、as作从属连词可引导多种状语从句。‎ ‎（1）as引导时间状语从句，意为“当…时”。例如：As (he was) a young man, he was a storekeeper and later a postmaster./ He sang as he worked. 高.考.资.源.网 ‎（2）as引导方式状语从句，意为“象…一样”。例如：We must do as the Party teaches us.　‎ ‎（3）as引导原因状语从句。意为“由于”，例如：As you are tired, you had better rest.　‎ ‎（4）as引导让步状语从句。意为“虽然”、“尽管”Child as he is, he can do it well. ( = Although he is a child, he can do it well.) 另外，as做为关系代词还可以引导定语从句，如：I have the same book as you.‎ II、实战演练 用适当的连词填空： ‎ ‎1. Dr. Bethune (白求恩) came to China __________ he was fifty.‎ ‎2. He began to work __________ he got there.‎ ‎3. Let's begin our meeting __________everyone is here.‎ ‎4. I like the English people, __________ I don't like their food.‎ ‎5. __________ you go in China, you can see smiling faces.‎ ‎6. He didn't come to the lecture, __________ he was very busy.‎ ‎7. __________we had enough time, we walked to the cinema.‎ ‎8. They will help you __________ you meet with difficulty.‎ ‎9. _________ we came to the university, we have learnt quite a lot.‎ ‎10.I didn't join them yesterday evening __________ I had to go to an important meeting.‎ ‎11. We would try to get a car __________we could all travel together more easily.‎ ‎12. She wouldn't forget her mother's birthday __________ she seldom wrote to her family.‎ ‎13. We're doing everything we can to make things as easy for you ___________we can.‎ ‎14. The meeting became so disorderly __________ the speaker had to shout the audience down.‎ ‎15. He was angrier __________ ever before.‎ ‎16. __________ you lock all the doors, he can still manage to get in.‎ ‎17. The boy was so tired __________ he fell asleep on the bus.‎ ‎18. Hard _________ he tried, he couldn’t force the door open.‎