江苏高考高三英语语法知识复习 12页

高三英语语法知识复习(复合句)‎ 一、名词性从句 名词性从句相当于名词，可分别在句中作主语、表语、宾语和同位语。可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。‎ 从属连词that：在从句中不充当任何成分，也没有任何意思，只起连接作用，有时可以省略 从属连词if, whether：在从句中不充当任何成分，有意义，不可以省略 连接代词who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever, what, whatever, whose：‎ 在从句中充当成分，有意义，不可以省略 连接副词where, when, why, how：在从句中充当成分，有意义，不可以省略 一、主语从句 ‎１.由从属连词引导的主语从句：‎ ‎①Whether the country should build a nuclear power station is something we must discuss. ‎ 那个国家是否应该建立核电站……‎ ‎②That light travels in straight line is known to all .光以直线传播….‎ ‎２.由连接代词引导的主语从句：‎ ‎①What we need is more time. 我们所需要的是……‎ ‎②Whichever book you choose doesn’t matter to me.无论你选哪本书……‎ ‎３.由连接副词引导的主语从句：‎ ‎①When the plane is to take off hasn’t been announced.飞机什么时候起飞……‎ ‎③How much water is flowing can be measured easily.水的流量是多少……‎ ‎4.关于形式主语 it ①It + be +形容词+ that-从句 　　　 It is necessary that…　有必要…… 　　It is important that…重要的是… It is obvious that…很明显…… It is likely that….很可能 ‎②It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 　　　 It is believed that…人们相信……It is known to all that…众所周知…It has been decided that…已决定…… ‎ ‎③It + be +名词+ that-从句 　　　 It is common knowledge that…　 ……是常识 　　　It is a surprise that…　　 令人惊奇的是…… 　　　 It is a fact that…事实是…… 可应用于此句型的名词还有fact / shame / honor / question/pity等。　 ‎ ‎④ It +不及物动词+ that-分句 　　　 It appears that…似乎……It happens that…碰巧…… 　　　It occurred to me that…　我突然想起…… ‎ 二、表语从句 可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem 等。‎ The problem is that millions of people die of illnesses caused by smoking.‎ ‎……数百万人死于由抽烟引起的疾病 The question remains whether we can win the game…..我们是否能赢得这次比赛 ‎ 值得注意的是：‎ ‎1. 表语从句的表现形式除了用从属连词，连接代词和连接副词引导以外，还可以由as, as if ，as though引导. It looks as if it is going to rain. 好象要下雨了。‎ ‎2、另外还要注意以下常用的两种结构：The reason why…is that … (而不用 because)‎ It ( This, That ) is because…‎ The reason why he was dismissed is that he didn’t work hard. 他为什么被开除是因为他工作不努力。‎ 三、同位语从句 同位语从句一般由 that, whether 等连词引导，常放在 advice, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, possibility, problem, question, reason, truth, word, suggestion.等名词的后面，说明该名词的具体内容。‎ l. The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world. 登陆月球…….‎ ‎2. I have no idea when he will be back. ……什么时候回来 ‎3. The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill……Mary也许病了 四、宾语从句 宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，介词的宾语，某些形容词的宾语以及非谓语动词的宾语。‎ ‎1.及物动词后的宾语从句：‎ She will give whoever needs help a warm support……任何需要帮助的人……‎ I wonder why she refused my invitation……她为什么拒绝了我的邀请 ‎2.介词后的宾语从句：‎ I always think of how I can improve my spoken English.我总是在思考如何提高我的口语水平。‎ The teacher is satisfied with what she has said. 老师对他所说的话很满意。‎ ‎3.某些形容词后的宾语从句：‎ I am sure that you will make greater progress in English through hard work.‎ ‎……通过努力工作，你将取得更大的进步 We are surprised that he has left without saying goodbye to us…….他没有告别就走了 ‎4.非谓语动词后的宾语从句：‎ Realizing that it was just a difference in custom, the foreigner smiled and said nothing. ‎ ‎5.关于形式宾语it We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished. ‎ I find it necessary that we should ask him for his advice.我发现我们有必要征求他的意见。 ‎ 五、名词性从句重难点 ‎1. 在名词性从句中，疑问句要用陈述句的语序。例如：‎ ‎①Can you make sure ____the gold ring ？（MET90）‎ A.where Alice had put B.where had Alice put C.where Alice has put D.where has Alice put ‎2. 动词 doubt 用在疑问句或否定句中，其后宾语从句常用 that 作连接词；用在肯定句中，连接词用 whether 或 if 皆可，而不用 that。‎ Do you doubt that he will win ? I don't doubt that your proposition is wrong . ‎ ‎3. 否定转移问题。‎ ‎①将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等动词后面跟宾语从句时否定转移 I don't think I know you.　我想我并不认识你。 　 I don' t believe he will come.　我相信他不回来。‎ We don't expect he will come tonight , will he ? 注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 　 I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。 ②将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移　 ‎ ‎ It doesn't seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。 　 It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。 ‎ ‎4. 主谓一致问题。‎ What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world．‎ What I bought were three English books．‎ ‎5. 语气问题 ‎① 在含有 suggest , order , demand , propose , command , request , insist, desire, require, advise 等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，that从句常用“should+ 动词原形”的结构 I suggest we (should) set off at once. 我建议我们应该立刻出发。‎ ‎② 在It is ＋过去分词＋that的主语从句中 decided，demanded，desired，insisted，ordered，proposed，suggested，recommended，requested， required等。 ‎ It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening． ‎ ‎③ 在表语从句或同位语从句中 ‎ The suggestion that the mayor (should) present the prizes was accepted by everyone． ‎ ‎④ 在It is（was）＋形容词＋that从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should ＋）动词原形，表示建议或不满、惊奇等情绪。常用于此类的形容词有 essential，important，natural，necessary，possible，strange，等。 It is necessary that a college student ____at least a foreign language．（上海1993） ‎ A.masters B.should master C.mastered D.will master ‎ ‎6.What引导名词从句的特殊含义:‎ What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality．‎ ‎(what为“所……的事”，相当于“the thing that…；all that…；everything that…”)‎ After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed．（M ET'93） ‎ A.what B.when C.that D.which ‎ ‎(what相当于“the time that”，表示“……时间”)‎ He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？‎ ‎(what表示“……的人”，相当于“the person that…”)‎ What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world．‎ ‎(what表示“……的地方”，相当于“the place that…”)‎ Our income is now double what it was ten years ago ‎(what表示“……的数目”，相当于“the amount ／number that…”)‎ ‎7.不可省略的连词：‎ ①介词后的连词不可省略 如：Before I came downstairs I had prepared myself very carefully for what I must say.‎ ②引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略 如：That she was chosen made us very happy.她被选上了，我们很高兴。‎ We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到消息说我们队赢了。 ‎ ‎8.比较：whether 与 if 均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：‎ ‎①whether 引导主语从句在句首 Whether she comes or not doesn’t concern me .‎ ‎②引导表语从句 His first question was whether she had arrived yet. 他问第一个问题就是她来了没有。‎ ‎③引导同位语从句 Answer my question whether you are coming.‎ 回答我你是否来的问题。‎ ‎④whether 从句作介词宾语 I worry about whether I hurt her feeling .我担心是否伤了她的感情。‎ ‎⑤与or not连在一起 I don’t know whether or not he is going to Japan.我不知道他是否去日本。‎ 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it 充当形式主语。例如：‎ ‎ It is not important who will go. 谁去，这不重要。‎ ‎ It is still unknown which team will win the match. 到底谁赢呢，形势尚不明朗。‎ 二、状语从句 状语从句是一种副词性从句，通常由一个从属连词或一个起连词作用的词组引导。‎ ‎1.时间状语从句 由下列连词引导：when, while , as, before, after, once, till, until, once, as soon as, now that, hardly…when, scarcely…when, no sooner…than,有一些表示时间的副词（短语）或名词短语也可引导时间状语从句。如：directly, instantly, immediately, by the time，the moment, the second, the minute, the instant, every time, each time, next time, the last time等 注意点如下： 1)when, while, as引导的时间状语从句 as表示“当……的时候”，往往和when/ while通用，但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。‎ ①She came up as I was cooking.(同时)‎ ② When I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.在街上走时，碰到一位老朋友 when(at or during the time that )既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。‎ ①It was raining when we arrived.(指时间点)‎ ②When we were at school, we went to the library every day.(在一段时间内)‎ ③When we arrived there, the film had already begun.(先后发生)‎ While强调一段时间里，仅表示从句和主句的动作同时发生，并且有延续意义，该从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词，从句中常用过去进行时态或一般过去时态；在when表示a period of time时，两者可以互换。‎ ①Please don’t talk so loud while/when others are working. 其他人工作时请不要大声讲话。‎ ②He fell asleep while/when reading. 读书时他睡着了。‎ ③ While they were watching TV, I was preparing myself for the coming examination. ‎ Strike while the iron is hot.( 不可用as或when，这里的while意思是“趁……”)‎ as表示主从句动作同时发生，所以常译作＂一边…一边＂。‎ John sings as he works.‎ 当When引出的时间状语从句为系表结构，而且其主语和主句的主语一致，其表语又是一个名词时，就可以用 as 引导的省略句来代替。‎ When he was a young man (= As a young man ) he was fond of hunting.‎ ‎2.原因状语从句 由下列连词引导：as, because, since, now that, considering that, seeing that(鉴于---)。‎ 下面几点值得注意：‎ 1) because语气最强，用于回答why的提问，可与强调词only, just 以及否定词not 连用。但不可以与so连用。如You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you.‎ He failed because he was careless. 他因粗心而失败了。‎ because引导的从句可以被强调：It was because she wanted to study abroad that she entered for TOEFL ‎2) since引导的从句语气次于because引导的从句，常表示稍加分析后而推断出的原因，或指人们已知的事实，比as正式一些,常置于句首。as语气最弱，其原因只是对结果的附带说明，一般放在句首。‎ Since/ Now that no one is against it ,let’s carry out the plan.‎ As all the seats were full, he stood there. 所有的座位都满了他只好站那儿。‎ ‎3) for虽解释为“因为”但只是一个并列连词，它也常引导句子表原因，但不是原因状语从句，它是一个并列句。for所提供的理由是一种补充性的说明，表推测的理由。‎ The day was short, for it was December.‎ She must have cried for her eyes are red. 她一定哭过了，她眼睛红的。‎ ‎ 3.地点状语从句 由下列连词引导:where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere。‎ You are free to go wherever you like. 你可以去你想要去的任何地方。‎ Anywhere he went, he got warm welcome. 无论他走到哪儿，都收到热烈欢迎。‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。‎ ‎4.结果状语从句 由下列连词引导：that，so…that，such…that，so that等。注意以下几种结构：‎ ‎1).so+adj/adv+that… 2).such(a/an+adj)+n+that…‎ ‎3).so+adj+a/an+n+that=such a/an+adj+n+that… 4).so many/much/few/little(少)+n+that…‎ ‎5)such +(adj) +n (u /pl )+ that ‎ He spoke so fast that I couldn’t follow him. 他说的如此的快，我跟不上他。‎ It was such a lovely day / so lovely a day that we all went swimming天气好，我们大家都去游泳了。‎ So或such置于句首时，主句常倒装。‎ It was such a lovely day / so lovely a day that we all went swimming .　‎ ‎＝Such a lovely day was it that we all went swimming.‎ 注意以上结构与定语从句so/such…as的区别。‎ This is such an interesting/so interesting a film that everyone wants to see it. ‎ This is such an interesting/so interesting a film as everyone wants to see. ‎ ‎5.目的状语从句 由下列连词引导：so that, in order that, for fear that, in case等。（注：so that也可用来引导结果状语从句） so that, in order that引导的目的状语从句中常需用情态动词。so that引导的目的状语从句只能放在主句之后，in order that 引导的目的状语从句可以放在主句之前或之后。‎ We set out early so that we could see the sunrise. 我们很早出发以便能看到日出 He sent the letter by air mail so that it might reach them in time. 他空邮这份信的以便他们能按时收到。‎ ‎ for fear that, in case 引导的目的状语从句谓语动词要用should do 它们本身带有否定意义，相当于so that--not, in order that---not We hid behind the bushes in case /for fear that passers-by should see us. 我们躲在丛林中以防过路人看见。‎ Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I forget. 明天请再次提醒我以防我忘了。‎ ‎6.条件状语从句 分为真实条件句和非真实条件句（用在虚拟语气中）。‎ 由下列连词引导：if, unless, suppose, supposing, providing(that),provided(that),given(that),in case, on condition that, as long as, so long as, so far as等。‎ ‎(1)Unless=if not You will fail unless you study hard. 除非努力否则你就要失败。‎ ‎(2)suppose, supposing, providing(that),provided(that),given(that)= if ‎ Suppose I don’t have a day off, what shall I do? ‎ Given that he supports us, we’ll win the election. 如果他支持我们，我们就会赢得选举。‎ ‎(3) on condition that, as long as, so long as = only if ‎ As long as you don’t lose heart, you will succeed. 只要你不灰心，你就会成功。‎ ‎(4) As far as I know, he cheated in the exam.‎ As far as I’m concerned , making money is not the only purpose of life.‎ ‎7.让步状语从句 由下列连词引导：although, though, as, even if, even though ,while, whether…or, whoever, whatever, however, no matter+疑问词等。注意以下几点：‎ 1) although, though引导让步状语从句时，主句前不能用but,但可以加yet, still。‎ Though it was raining hard, yet they didn’t stop working. 尽管下着大雨，他们仍然在工作。‎ 2) as引导让步状语从句时，必须用前置结构，通常是从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在句首，放在句首的名词前的冠词要去掉。‎ Though he is a child, he knows a lot.=Child as(though)he is, he knows a lot.（在child前不要用冠词）‎ Good as he is , he won’t be top of class.‎ Though I like it very much, I won’t buy it.=Much as I like it, I won’t buy it.‎ Try as he would, he couldn’t lift the heavy box.‎ 3) whether ---or (not ) 引导的从句，提供两个对比的“尽管”情况， 含有条件意味。‎ ‎（Whether you） believe it or not, it is true. 信不信由你， 这是真的。 ‎ Whether you come here or we go there , the topic of discussion will remain unchanged.‎ 4) 疑问词+ever＝no matter +疑问词 Whoever you are, you must show your pass. 无论你是谁，你都必须出示你的通行证。‎ Whenever you come, you are welcome. 无论你啥时来，都欢迎。‎ ‎8.方式状语从句 由下列连词引导：as, as if, as though ,the way等。‎ At Rome we must do as the Romans (do). 入乡随俗 Do it the way you were told (to). 教你怎样做就怎样做。‎ He treats me as if I were a stranger. 他对待我象陌生人一样。‎ 注意以下几点： ‎ ‎1)as引导方式状语从句时意义为“按照”，“如同”，前面常用加强语势。‎ I did it just as you told me.‎= I did it just as told to ‎ He didn’t win the match as expected. 他没有像预料的一样赢得比赛。‎ 1) as if和as though 引导的从句中，谓语常用虚拟语气，有时也用陈述语气。‎ ‎ It seems as if it were going to rain. ‎ ‎3)连词while 和whereas 可表示对比。Whereas he is rather lazy, she is quite energetic.‎ 注意状语从句中的省略现象 ‎1)连接词+过去分词 Unless repaired, the washing machine is no use. ‎ Though _______or many times, David often drives after drinking. ‎ A. to be warned B. having been warning C warned D. being warned ‎ ‎2)连词+现在分词 Look out while crossing the street.‎ ‎3)连词+形容词/其他 常见的有if necessary、if possible、when necessary、if any等 ‎4)比较状语从句中的省略句。如：He arrived home half an hour earlier than (he had been)expected.‎ 三、定语从句 一、 定语从句与引导词 定语从句是在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫做选行词，而引导定语从句的词叫引导词，有关系代词和关系副词两类。关系词一共有九个，它们在从句中所充当的句子成分见下表。 ‎ 关系词 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 说　明 that 人/物 人/物 ‎√‎ ‎×‎ ‎√‎ 不能用于非限定性从句 which 物 物 ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎√‎ 可用于非限定性从句 who 人 ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎×‎ whom ‎×‎ 人 ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎×‎ whose ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎×‎ 人/物 ‎×‎ when ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎√‎ where ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎√‎ why ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎√‎ as 主要用于非限制性的定语从句和such…as, the same…as, as…as,结构中。‎ 懂得什么样的先行词后用什么样的引导词是学好定语从句的关键。‎ 1． 关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,在定语从句中作主语、宾语中表语，whose ‎ 作定语。代人的有：who,whom,whose,that；代物的有：that,which,whose. ‎ ‎ The man who helped you is Mr White.(who代人，在定语从句中作主语)‎ ‎ That is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see.‎ ‎(whom,who,that指代人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略)‎ ‎ I´m not the fool(that) you thought me to be.(that代人，在定从中作表语)‎ ‎ A dictionary is a useful book which(＝that) tells us the meaning of words ‎(which或that代物，在定从中作主语)‎ 2． 关系副词有：when(指时间)，where(指地点),why(指原因)，在定语从句中作状语。‎ 例如：Would you suggest a time(when) we can have a talk?(when可省略)‎ The house where they live is not very large./This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.‎ 注意：不是表时间的先行词都用when引导定从，不是表地点的先行词都用where 引导定从。例如：We´ll visit the factory which(＝that) makes radios.‎ ‎(which或that在定从中作主语，where不可用主语，故不可用)‎ They still remember the happy days(which/that) they spent in Beidaihe.‎ ‎(which或that在定从中作spent的宾语，when不可作宾语，故不可用)‎ 注意：①先行词是表示地点的名词时（country, school, room…），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当地点状语，一般用where引导定语从句。也可以用介词＋which的结构。值得注意的是which前介词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。 The room where(=in which)he used to live has now been turned into a museum. The desk where(=on which)I put my bag is his. ②先行词是表示时间的名词（year, month, day, night…），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当时间状语，一般用when引导定语从句。也可以用介词＋which的结构。值得注意的是which前介词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。应特别注意：介词的位置变化以及相应的关系词的变化。请看下面两个句子。‎ 那就是他工作的大学。‎ ‎ ┏ at which he works.‎ ‎ ┣ which he works at. That is the college ┣ where he works.‎ ‎ ┣ that he works at.‎ ‎ ┗ he works at.‎ 它出生的那一天是‎1952年8月20日。‎ ‎ ┏ on which he was born ‎ ┣ which he was born on The day ┣ when he was born was　Aug.20,1952.‎ ‎ ┣ that he was born on ‎ ┗ he was born on 二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句和主句之间不用逗号分开，修饰主句中的某一个名词或名词词组或代词；非限制性定语从句常用逗号和主句隔开，可以修饰主句中的某一个词，也可修饰整个句子。非限制性定语从句不能用that引导，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词不能省略。非限制性定语从句例：Li Ping’s father, who works in a factory, is an engineer./He tore up my photo, which made me very angry.(which指代主句内容，因前后两句是因果关系，此时which不可换为as。)‎ He is good at physics, as is known to us all.＝As is known to us all, he is good at physics.(as指代主句内容，在as is known/believed, as we all know/believe这类结构中as不可换为which)‎ 三、 只用that引导和不用that引导的场合 1． 只用that引导的场合 1） 当先行词既包括人又包括物时：He talked about the men and the books that attracted him.‎ 2） 指物的先行词被any, every, only, very, all, no等修饰时：These are the very points that interest me./That's the only watch that I like most.‎ 3） 指物的先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时：The first step that we are to take is very difficult./This is the second card that he gave me.‎ 4） 先行词是指物的不定代词all, little, few, much,及everything, anything, nothing等时：There is still much that can be done about it./Have you got everything that you need?‎ 1） 先行词是who时：Who that have seen him does not like him?‎ 1． 不用that的场合如下：‎ ‎1）非限制性定语从句中 Last night ,I saw a very good film, which was about the Long March . ‎ ‎2）介词放在关系代词之前时 This is the man from whom I learnt the news ‎3）句中出现了that，或先行词是that时 I have found that which I was looking for.‎ 四、“介词＋关系代词”用法 1． 介词的确定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配，例如：Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands?(shake hands with…是习惯性搭配)‎ 2． 介词常受先行词的制约（即介词和先行词的搭配），例如：He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.(through which 即through the telescope)‎ 3． 当关系代词作“动词＋介词”固定短语的宾语时，此时因定短语中的介词不能拆开移到关系代词前。例如：This is the watch which you’re looking for./He is a kind of man whom you can safely depend on.‎ 五、几个名词后的引导词 1. situation后常用where, in which引导定语从句 Can you imagine a situation where/in which you can use the word?‎ ‎2.way后面的定语从句，引导定语从句有三种情况：‎ a.在比较正式的文体中用in which I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood. It was clear that the speaker now trusted Tom from the way in which these words were said.‎ b.一般情况下用that ‎ Lincoln‎ asked the people to think of slavery in the way that these men did. Mary,there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you.‎ c.in which和that省去。 ‎ That's the way I looked at it.‎ The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed.‎ 六、关于as引导的定语从句的问题 as引导定语从句主要用于非限制性定语从句和the same…as，such…as，as…as的结构中。 1.as与which都可以引导一个非限制性定语从句，并代表前面整个句子或主句中的表语。 He married the girl，as(which)was natural. He seemed a foreigner, as(which)in fact he was.‎ 不同的是：as引导的定语从句可以前置，而which不行。 As was natural, he married the girl.‎ 在the same…as, such…as, as…as结构中，same, such, as之后应是名词或形容词＋名词。 We are facing the same problems as we did years ago. Some people have no doubt that their cat understands as many words as a dog does. We hope to get such a tool as he is using.‎ 这三种结构也可以用which改写。但要去掉这种结构，不能直接用which代替as。‎ 以上三句分别可以改写成： We are facing the problems which we faced years ago. Some people have no doubt that their cat understands the words which a dog understands. We hope to get the tool which he is using. ‎ ‎　　the same…as与the same…that引导的定语从句在意义上的区别是：前者修饰的是与原物同样的；而后者修饰的就是先行词同样的东西。比较： 　　This is the same watch as I lost.这和我丢失的那一只表一样。（不是同一只） 　　This is the same watch that I lost.这就是我丢失的那一只表。（同一只）‎ 定语从句与其他从句或句型的区分 一、定语从句与并列句 ‎ 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。 ‎ ‎①Mr Li has three daughters，none of _____ is an engineer． ‎ ‎②Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _____ is a dancer． ‎ ‎③Mr Li has three daughters；_____ are doctors．‎ 解析：定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。从结构上看，①小题是定语从句，故填whom；②小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them；③小题是两个并列分句，无需连接词，缺少主语，故填none或they。 ‎ 二、定语从句与状语从句 ‎ 1．定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。‎ ‎ This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为the place）‎ ‎ Let’s go where we can find a better job. 我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）‎ ‎ 2．定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。‎ ‎ Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）‎ ‎ It was already five o’clock when the class was over. ‎ ‎ =When the class was over, it was already five o’clock. 当下课时己经是5点了。（时间状语从句）‎ ‎ 3．When, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词＋which”的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行。‎ ‎ This is the factory in which (where) his father once worked. 这就是他的父亲曾经在那里工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句）‎ ‎ Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。（状语从句）‎ ‎ 4．定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。如：‎ ‎ It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。（as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句）‎ ‎ It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。（that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句）‎ 三、定语从句与同位语从句 定语从句和同位语从句在形式结构上基本相同，都跟在名词或代词之后，且又常由that引导。但它们的句法功能却不相同。我们可以从以下几个方面把它们区别开来：‎ ‎1.先行词的范围不同 定语从句的先行词范围很广，可以指人、物等，没有限制；同位语从句的被修饰词通常是少数一些表示抽象意义的名词，不指人。同位语从句修饰的词常见的有：belief, doubt, fact, hope, idea, news, thought, order, suggestion, wish, answer, information, conclusion, decision,‎ ‎ knowledge, opinion, problem, promise, question, plan, report, truth, view等。例如：‎ This is the place that / which we visited yesterday . 这就是昨天我们参观过的地方。（定语从句）‎ The text tells us a fact that smoking does great harm to people’s health . ‎ 这篇课文又告诉我们一个事实，吸烟对健康危害很大。(同位语从句)‎ I had no idea when the sports meet will take place. 我不知道运动会何时举行。(同位语从句)‎ ‎2.从句和先行词的关系不同 定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。例如：‎ The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy. ‎ 她考试及格的消息使她父母很高兴。（同位语从句）‎ 此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam ‎ 可以改写成表语从句：The news is that he passed the exam. ‎ The news that he told us interested all of us. 他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（定语从句）‎ The news that he told us 是定语从句，此句就不能改写为：The news is that he told us.‎ ‎3.引导词及其作用不同 引导定语从句的词是关系词，常见的关系词有that , which , who , whose , whom , when , where , why , as 等。关系词除了连接主从句的作用外，还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分，如主语、宾语、状语、定语、表语等。引导同位语从句的that只起连接主从句的作用，不在从句中担任任何成分。what, whether 和 how 可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。例如：‎ The fact that（which） we talked about is very important．‎ 我们所谈论的那个事实很重要。（定语从句，that在从句中作about的宾语）‎ The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody．‎ 他实验成功这个事实使我们大家很高兴。（同位语从句，that只起连接作用）‎ 三、定语从句与强调句 ‎ 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。 ‎ ‎①It is on the morning of May 1st _____ I met Liang Wei at the airport． ‎ ‎②It is the factory _____ Mr Wang works． ‎ 解析：定语从句与强调句的主要区别在于：强调句的结构为“It is／was＋被强调部分＋that＋从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用who代替that。这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when或where代替 that。从结构上看，①小题是强调句，故填 that。此种情况检测的标准是：先把强调句中的It is／was去掉，再把被强调部分还原，在不增加或减少任何单词的情况下，如句子仍然成立则为强调句，否则为定语从句。将第①小题改为：I met Liang Wei on the morning of May 1st at the airport．显然，这句话是正确的，故为强调句。②小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前差个介词in，故填 where。 ‎ 四、定语从句与习惯句型 ‎ 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。 ‎ ‎①It is the first time _____ she has been in Shanghai． ‎ ‎②It was the time _____ Chinese people had a hard life． ‎ 解析：这里①小题是一个习惯句型，其结构为：It is／was the first／second ．．． time ＋that从句。故①填that，其意为：这是她第一次在上海。②小题the time是先行词，其后是表示时间的定语从句，故填 when。‎ 五、定语从句与单句 ‎ 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。 ‎ ‎①The mother told the lazy boy to work，_____ didn't help． ‎ ‎②The mother told the lazy boy to work．_____ didn't help． ‎ 解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须有关系词；而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。①小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词 which，前面整个句子作先行词；②小题则填It，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。‎