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2018
届 二轮复习
议论文写作指导
议论文
又叫说理文,是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。
作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非,以确定其观点正确或错误,树立或否定某种主张
。
近几年的高考书面表达中,其主要命题形式是
以表格式和提纲式来呈现写作材料
的。
论点,论据和论证是议论文的三要素
,
论点
是作者对所论问题所持的见解和主张;
论据
是用来证明论点的事实和道理的根据;
论证
就是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。一般来说,
议论文每段应有主题句(
topic sentence)
来确定论点
。
文章结尾
往往提出自己的看法、意见或建议,表示对某一现象或论点的赞成或反对。论证有立论和驳论两种,作者证明自己的论点正确,是立论;反之,证明别人的论点错误,是驳论。
议论文的注意事项:
1.
论点要鲜明
,不可含糊其辞;论据要充分,要能充分证明观点的命题性,论据过程要条理清晰。
2.
文章安排
逻辑性要强
,推理要严密。
3.
重在说理
,以理服人。
4.
主要
使用现在时态
。
5.
中学英语书面表达所要求的议论文,是一种限定性的写作,
其论点、论据和论证都比较明确
,有的文章提出问题,如:
……
为什么?
/……
怎么办?
/……
该采取什么措施?考生可以结合题目要求阐述相关的观点,切忌随意发挥。
同学们在写议论文时不妨采用下面的方法来试一试。
一、
结构上采用三或四段式
,显得简明晰。 首段先写主题,然后第二部分写正方或支持方及反方或反对方的观点,尾段写自己的看法或意见,段落一定要清晰。
二、
套话先行
。 套话先行可以起到先声夺人的效果。这既能迅速博得阅卷老师的好感,又能避免过早出现无谓的错误。
1.
首段通常为
1) Many nations/college students have been
faced with the problem of ……
2) Recently the problem has been brought into
focus.
3) Recently the phenomenon has become a
heated topic.
4) Recently the issue has aroused great
concern among …
5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over …
6) Never in our history has the idea that …
been so popular.
7) Faced with …, quite a few people argue
that …
8) According to a recent survey, …
9) With the rapid development of economy/
society…,
10) Recently we held (have hold) a discussion
whether….
11) When it comes to…, (
当说到
…)
2.
第二段首句通常可以这样写:
As is known to all…
play(s
) an important part/
role in our daily life/modern society. However,
different people have different opinions(
背熟此句,想错都难
)…
Some people/The majority of the students think it (is) a good idea/important/useful/convenient
for somebody
(根据题意改人称)
to do…
Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true…
列举观点
Obviously… has both advantages and disadvantages. .../ However, just as every coin has
two sides, …has it’s disadvantages
.
如果是两个论据,可以采用下列模式:
on one hand+1…+on the other hand 2.
或
…is one thing…is another…
如果是三个以上的论据,则可以简单采用以下模式
:
Firstly,/to begin with…+Secondly/furthermore,…Finally/last but not the least,…
注意:表明各方观点时常用一般现在时态。
3.
结论陈述自己观点
There is probably some truth in both arguments
/
statements, but… As far as I’m concerned
/Personally/As for me/in my opinion/Personally
speaking(
尽量避免使用
I think).
总结全文时常用到
in one/a word, generally speaking, to conclude
。
若提出解决办法时却常用下一句型:
1
)
From what has been discussed above, we can
draw the conclusion that ……
2
)
It is high time that strict measures were taken
to stop ……
3
)
We should take measures to …
4
)
We’d better take effective measures to
prevent …
5
)
The government decided to take strong
measures against …
6
)
Urgent measures should be taken to prevent….
7
)
It is necessary that steps should be taken to …
8
)
In conclusion, it is imperative that ……
9
)
There is no easy method, but ……might be of
some help.
10
)
To solve the above
-
mentioned problem,
we must…
11
)
In summary, if we continue to ignore the
above
-
mentioned issue, more problems
will crop up.
12
)
With the efforts of all parts concerned, the
problem will be solved thoroughly.
13
)
We might do more than identify the cause it
is important to take actions to ……
14
)
Taking all these into account, we ……
15
)
Whether it is good or not /positive or
negative, one thing is certain/clear……
问题解决型
---
对某一问题
/
话题进行分析
,
找出解决办法
,
表达自己的看法
第一段:
Nowadays, we have to face a problem that…
(
问题
) /Nowadays, more and more people
are concerned about the problem…(
问题
) /It is important for us to…(
问题
).
黄金模板
For instance________________(
例一
)
First, _________________(
原因一
).
Moreover, _______________(
例二
)
Second, __________________(
原因二
)
第二段:
People have figured out many ways to solve the problem
.
/ Confronted with…(
问题
)
we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation
.
Firstly
,
____________(
解决方法一
)
Secondly
,
____________(
解决方法二
)
第三段
:
1) Personally, I believe that____________(
我的方
法
) /To me, I am taking two ways to solve
the problem of…(
问题
)
One of them is ______________(
我的方法
)
The other way is ______________(
方法二
)
By now ways have been working perfectly and
efficiently…(
结果
)
2) In conclusion/In a word/To sum up/ In
summary/Obviously/It’s clear that…/It’s
no doubt that…
对比选择型
---
不
同观点对比
---
列举理由
---
然后自己的观点
第一段;
Some people tend to think that
___________
(
观点一
)
They point out tha
t
_____________
(
理由一
)
Additionally
, ________________(
理由二
)
A case in point is
__________(
举例
)
Therefore________________(
小结
)
第二段:
On the contrary
,
other people hold the view
That
_____
(
观点二
)
They argue that
__________(
理由一
)
What‘s more
____________(
理由二
)
As an illustration
, ________(
举例
)
Accordingly
,
______________(
小结
)
第三段:
As far as I am concerned
,
(I think) _____
________________(
我的观点
)
The reason is that
_______________(
理由一
)
And also,_________
(
理由二
)
So,____________
(
总结自己的观点
)
说明利弊型
----
某观点
/
某件事
/
某现象有利
(
列举好处
),
也有弊
(
列举弊端
),
应如何正确对待
第一段;
[
某观点
/
某件事
/
某现象有利
(
列举好处
)]
Whenever we hear people say that _____(
主题
)we’ll instantly have the idea that it is a good
/
bad thing for_______(
某人
)
Indeed, ______ (
主题
)have advantages to _________(
某人
)
We can take_______(
举例
) as an example…
It will benefit_______(
好处一
)
In addition________(
好处二
)
第二段:
[
也有弊
(
列举弊端
)]
In the mean time
,
we must realize those disadvantages of ____ (
主题
)
First of all, _______________(
坏处一
)
Second, ___________________(
坏处二
)
第三段:
[
应如何正确对待
]
To sum up the above arguments
,
I think a proper attitude towards________(
主题
) is that _______________(
我的观点
)
阐述主题型
第一段:
A famous saying goes that______(
名言或谚语
).
It means that________________(
释义
).
An example of this case is ______(
举例,解释
).
第二段:
Another case in point is _____________(
例二
)/ Secondly, _______
第三段:
I like the saying ______(
名言
) which encourages me____________(
理由
)
(2012
·
江西高考
)
某英文报社举办以“
I Like Reading”
为主题的征文活动,你打算投稿。请根据以下要点写一篇短文:
1.
你为什么喜欢读书;
2.
你喜欢读哪一类的书
(
例如:历史、科学、文学等
)
?请给出至少两个理由。
注意:词数
120
个左右。
写作点拨
【
审题
——
抓准信息
·
快速推断
】
项目
结论
体裁
_______
话题
_____________
时态
___________
人称
_________
议论文
我喜欢读书
一般现在时
第一人称
【
定点
——
把握要点,遣词造句
】
第
1
段:列明喜欢读书的原因
【
信息
】
喜欢读书
【
点拨
】
摆明论点
,
陈述论据;转化为第一人称并陈述理由
【
运用
】
(1)
阅读是我的嗜好。
(
翻译
)
__________________________
Reading is my favorite hobby.
(2)
在我的生活中
,
书就像聪明的老师和好朋友,我从来没有停止对读书的热爱。
一般表达:
I can never stop the love for reading. Books are like wise teachers and good friends in my life.
高级表达:
(
用连词合并句子
)
__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
I can never stop the love for reading because books are like wise teachers as well as good friends in my life.
第
2
段:喜欢读的书的种类
【
信息
】
历史、科学、文学等
【
点拨
】
举例论述,适当增加细节,以使行文连
贯
【
运用
】
(3)
对我们来说有各种各样的书要去选择,像历史书、科学书、文学书等。
There are a variety of books for us to choose from, _________________________________
_______________________________________.
like history books, science books, literary books and so on
(4)
但是对我来说最感兴趣的是文学书,尤其是那些著名作家写的书。
But ____________________ is literary books, especially those by famous writers.
what interests me most
第
3
段:摆明喜欢读某种书的理由,得出阅读带来好处的结论
【
运用
】
(5)
一方面,它们有助于提高我的写作能力并开阔视野。另一方面,它们能丰富我的生活,给我的生活带来快乐。
____________, they help to improve my writing skills and broaden my horizons. ___________________________________
_______________________.
For one thing
For another, they can enrich my life and
provide me with great fun
(6)
在阅读的时候内心得到极大的平静,这难道不是一种快乐吗?
Isn’t t it a pleasure to have great calm in mind ___________________?
while you are reading
【
注意事项
】
本文是一篇议论文。给出的要点简练、清晰、概括性强,需要考生细致审题,深刻理解要点含义,依据议论文的体裁特点,恰当运用论证语言,从论点、论据、结论三方面阐释喜欢阅读的理由、喜欢阅读的书目类型以及理由等。论述时要论证合理,得出的结论恰当,水到渠成。
2.
常用套语
:
(1)
陈述理由:
because of, because, as a result of, therefore, so that
等;
(2)
过渡性语言:
as we know, as far as. . . , what’s more, moreover, furthermore, however
等;
(3)
不同观点的论证:
for one thing, for another, some. . . some/others. . . , on the one hand, on the other hand
等;
(4)
举例或列举:
for example/instance, such as
等;
(5)
结论性用语:
as a result, in conclusion, draw a conclusion
等。
【
成篇
——
衔接过渡,连句成篇
】
I Like Reading
Reading is my favorite hobby. I can never stop the love for reading because books are like wise teachers as well as good friends in my life. As we know, books are the source of knowledge. I benefit a great deal from reading.
There are a variety of books for us to choose from, like history books, science books, literary books and so on. But what interests me most is literary books, especially those by famous writers.
For one thing, they help to improve my writing skills and broaden my horizons. For another, they can enrich my life and provide me with great fun. Isn’t it a pleasure to have great calm in mind while you are reading?
如今, 选美比赛在青少年中越来越普及, 因此你们班就此开展了一场“
Should beauty contests be held among teenagers
?”的讨论, 请你根据下面表格内容写一份总结。
实战演练
一些同学认为
另一部分同学认为
1.
爱美之心是人之常情;
2.
提供了展示美和欣赏美的平台;
3.
提高青少年审美品位, 如在重要场所应该如何穿衣。
1.
着重外貌,麻木追求外表美;
2.
商业化,参与比赛浪费时间和金钱。
总结:外貌并非成功的关键,应注重内在美
……
【
写作要求
】
1.
只能使用
5
个句子表达全部的内容。
2.
文章的开头已给出,不计入总句数。
【
评分标准
】
句子结构准确,信息内容完整,篇章结构连贯。
Recently our class has had a heated discussion about whether beauty contests should be held among teenagers.
Recently our class has had a heated discussion about whether beauty contests should be held among teenagers. Some students hold the opinion that love of beauty is part of human nature, so beauty contests not only provide a stage for people to show off their beauty but also a good chance to appreciate beauty. Beauty contests, in their opinion, can help improve teenagers' tastes like helping them choose the right for important clothes occasions.
【
参考范文
】
However, other students disagree because they are afraid that most beauty contests focus on contestants' appearance, which encourages teenagers to run blindly after appearances. Moreover, many beauty contests are too commercialized and it is a waste of time and money to take part. Although our classmates' opinions vary, we can still safely draw the conclusion that a good face is not the key to success and we should focus more on inner beauty.
【
范文解析
】
本文为典型的正方论证的写作方法,先提出一个主题,接着陈述正方的观点及理由,然后点明反方的观点及理由,最后才亮出作者的观点。首先, 本文的语言比较丰富和地道, 如“人之常情”可以翻译为
human nature
,“提供平台”可以翻译为
provide a stage for
sb
.
,“提高品位”可以翻译为“
improve one's taste”
,而“麻木追求“可以翻译为“
run blindly after”
。
因此, 考生在平时的学习中应该积累丰富的词汇短语。另外, 本文的句型也比较丰富, 第一句使用了
not only...but also...
的句型;第二句把
in their opinion
放在句子中间, 使句子显得更灵活;第三句用了
because
的原因状语从句;第四句是并列句;而最后一句则使用了一个
Although our classmates' opinions vary...“
让步状语从句+主句”的复合句句型。