专题15 热点话题（话题解读）-备战2018年高考英语阅读理解话题分类解读与训练 6页

专题15 热点话题 ‎【话题解读】‎ ‎ “热点话题”是高中新课程标准24话题之一，亦是高考英语热点话题。本话题主要包括全球变暖、节约能源、环境保护、交通问题、人口问题等。通过本话题的学习和高考的考查，帮助学生学习有关气候、能源和环保的有关知识，树立“节约能源，保护环境”的主人翁意识。‎ ‎【高考探究】‎ ‎ “热点话题”在高考英语当中通常以阅读理解、完形填空、七选五或书面表达的形式出现，例如：2017年新课标卷II阅读理解C篇；2017年北京卷阅读理解B篇，江苏卷D篇；2016年北京卷阅读理解B篇、2014年新课标全国卷Ⅱ阅读理解B篇等。‎ ‎【参考词汇】‎ 重点单词 Ⅰ.写作必记单词 ‎1.afford v.负担得起；给予；提供 ‎2.defend v.防守，捍卫→defence n.保卫；防卫 ‎3.observe vt.观察；注意到；遵守→observation n.观察 ‎4.prohibit v.阻止；禁止→prohibition n.禁止；禁令 ‎5.purchase v.& n.购买；购买的东西 ‎6.realize v.实现(目标等)；意识到→reality n.真实，现实 ‎7.relax v.放松；休息→relaxing adj.令人轻松的，令人放松的→relaxed adj.感到松懈的；感到放松的 ‎8.remain v.保持；依然；留下；剩余 ‎9.strength n.力气；长处 ‎10.volunteer n.志愿者 Ⅱ.阅读识记单词 ‎11.absorb v.吸收；吸引……的注意 ‎12.budget n.预算 ‎13.career n.事业；职业 ‎14.celebrity n.名人 ‎15.circulate v.传播；流通；循环→circulation n.循环；流传 ‎16.combine v.(使)结合；(使)组合→combination n.联合；混合→combined adj.联合的，共同的 ‎17.conclude v.推断出，断定；使结束，终止→conclusion n.结论；结束 ‎18.consumption n.消费；消耗 ‎19.discourage v.使气馁；阻碍 ‎ ‎20.economically adv.在经济上；节俭地→economy n.经济→economic adj.经济(上)的 ‎21.essential adj.必要的；基本的 ‎22.financial adj.财政的；金融的 ‎23.harmful adj.有害的 ‎ ‎24.harmonious adj.和谐的；和睦的 ‎25.hesitate vi.犹豫，踌躇 ‎26.instructor n.教员，指导老师　‎ ‎27.irresponsible adj.不负责任的；不可靠的　‎ ‎28.majority n.多数　‎ ‎29.massive adj.大量的；巨大的 ‎ ‎30.mental adj.心理的；精神的 ‎31.moral adj.道德的；精神上的 ‎32.negative adj.消极的；否定的 ‎33.phenomenon n.现象 ‎34.professional adj.职业的；专业的 ‎35.psychological adj.心理的；心理学的 ‎36.rural adj.农村的，乡下的 ‎37.security n.安全 ‎38.spoilt adj.宠坏的；损坏的 ‎ ‎39.urgent adj.紧急的；急迫的 ‎40.weaken v.变弱 重点短语 ‎1.adapt to适应于……‎ ‎2.be aware of意识到 ‎3.be bound to必然；必定 ‎4.be devoted to专心于，献身于 ‎5.draw up起草；拟定 ‎6.go up上升；增长；升起 ‎7.in favo(u)r of有利于；支持，赞同 ‎8.in possession of拥有，占有 ‎9.lack of没有，缺乏 ‎10.operate on对……动手术；对……起作用 ‎11.oppose to反对 ‎12.pull down摧毁；推翻 ‎13.result in导致 ‎14.search for搜寻，搜索 ‎【典例剖析】‎ Since the first Earth Day in 1970，Americans have gotten a lot “greener” toward the environment.“We didn’t know at that time that there even was an environment，let alone that there was a problem with it，” says Bruce Anderson，president of Earth Day USA.‎ But what began as nothing important in public affairs has grown into a social movement. Business people，political leaders，university professors，and especially millions of grassroots Americans are taking part in the movement.“The understanding has increased many，many times，” says Gaylord Nelson，the former governor from Wisconsin，who thought up the first Earth Day.‎ According to US government reports，emissions(排放) from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 million tons. The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9.Although serious problems still remain and need to be dealt with，the world is a safer and healthier place. A kind of “green thinking” has become part of practices.‎ Great improvement has been achieved. In 1988 there were only 600 recycling programs；today in 1995 there are about 6,600.Advanced lights，motors，and building designs have helped save a lot of energy and therefore prevented pollution.‎ Twenty five years ago，there were hardly any education programs for environment. Today，it’s hard to find a public school，university，or law school that does not have such a kind of program.“Until we do that，nothing else will change！” says Bruce Anderson.‎ ‎5. According to Anderson，before 1970，Americans had little idea about .‎ A. the social movement B. recycling techniques C. environmental problems D. the importance of Earth Day ‎【答案】　C ‎6. Where does the support for environmental protection mainly come from?‎ A. The grassroots level.‎ B. The business circle.‎ C. Government officials.‎ D. University professors.‎ ‎【答案】　A ‎【解析】　细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“Business people，political leaders，university professors，and especially millions of grassroots Americans are taking part in the movement.”可知，这里强调了这个运动的主要支持者应该是那些普通的美国民众，因此答案应是A项。‎ ‎7. What have Americans achieved in environmental protection?‎ A. They have cut car emissions to the lowest.‎ B. They have settled their environmental problems.‎ C. They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.‎ D. They have reduced pollution through effective measures.‎ ‎【答案】　D ‎【解析】　细节理解题。文章第三段的第一句说明了汽车和卡车的尾气排放量从每年1 030万吨降到了550万吨，由此可排除A项；再结合第二句“一氧化碳排放超标的城市从40个降到了9个”可知C项是错误的；根据第三句提到的“环境问题依然严峻”可知这个问题还没有得到解决，所以排除B项；本段列举的这些数字证明了美国人采取了有效措施，减少了环境污染，因此答案选D项。‎ ‎8. What is especially important for environmental protection according to the last paragraph?‎ A. Education. B. Planning.‎ C. Green living. D. CO reduction.‎ ‎【答案】　A ‎【解析】　推理判断题。结合最后一段提到的“25年以前，在美国几乎没有关于环境的教育项目，而如今，很难找到没有类似项目的公立学校、大学或者法学院了”，再结合布鲁斯所说的“没有教育，就无法改变环境问题”等，我们可以推断出教育(education)的重要性，从而排除了B项“计划”、C项“绿色生活”和D项“减少一氧化碳”这几个选项。‎ 名师指津 ‎1. 抓住主旨大意，理清文章脉络 通过阅读文章可知，本文是一篇记叙文，在文章中作者介绍了自从1970年第一个地球日成立以来，美国的环境有了很大的改善。‎ 文章具体脉络如下：‎ ‎2. 总结解题规律，提高解题能力 重叠选项，定位答案 通过题干返回原文，判断四个选项，抓住选项中的关键词，把选项定位到原文的某处进行比较，重叠选项，选出答案。注意要有选一个答案的理由和不选其余三个的理由。‎ 正确答案的特征：‎ ‎(1)正确答案经常与中心思想有关。‎ ‎(2)正确答案的位置，最常见的三个位置是：段首段尾处、转折处、因果处。‎ ‎(3)正确答案经常运用的原则：同义替换、正话反说、反话正说。‎ ‎(4)从语气角度来看，正确答案中经常含有不肯定的语气词和委婉表达的用词。例如：can，may，might，possible，not necessarily，some。‎ ‎(5)正确答案经常具有概括性、深刻性，不能只见树木不见森林。‎ 例如本篇中的第7题What have Americans achieved in environmental protection?‎ A. They have cut car emissions to the lowest.‎ B. They have settled their environmental problems.‎ C. They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.‎ D. They have reduced pollution through effective measures.‎ 文章第三段的第一句说明了汽车和卡车的尾气排放量从每年1 030万吨降到了550万吨，由此可排除A项；根据第三句提到的“环境问题依然严峻”可知这个问题还没有得到解决，所以排除B项；再结合第二句“一氧化碳排放超标的城市从40个降到了9个”可知C项是错误的；本段列举的这些数字证明了美国人采取了有效措施，减少了环境污染，因此答案选D项。‎