高考英语考点43 阅读理解词义猜测题 32页

1 考点 43 阅读理解词义猜测题 高考频度：★★★★★ 历年来高考试题中的生词量有增无减。《教学大纲》要求学生“读懂生词率不超过 3%的传记、故事、记 叙文、科普小品文和有关社会文史知识等不同题材的材料。”在英语阅读训练和测试中的生词障碍往往会成 为学生理解的“绊脚石”，这些“绊脚石”的出现大致分五类：1．旧词新义，考查词汇表中未出现的词义；如： Nearby is the Indianapolis race course, where the nation’s most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.我们 学过 course 的意思是“过程，课程”等，在此显然不符句意。根据上下文 course 是汽车赛举行的地方，可推 断 course 在该句是“车道”或“跑道”的意思。2．合成词、转化词与派生词，如 shoplifting，heartbroken， computer-literate，decision-thinking，imperfect 等；3．“灵活”的常用词增多，这些词必须根据具体的上下文 语境才能正确理解；4．“新鲜”的外国人名、地名、专有名称增多，这些词有些带有一定的文化背景 5．超 纲生词。 有的学生在阅读训练和测试中存在着“生词恐惧心理”，一遇到生词就有读不下去的感觉。那么阅读理解 时遇到大量生词该怎么办? 查词典当然是排除词义障碍的一种方法，当然这只有在平常的阅读训练中才可 以使用。但是，频繁的查阅词典既影响阅读速度，又容易破坏学生阅读的思路和兴趣。况且，一词多义是 英语词汇的主要特点，词典不一定能为学生提供单词在特定的上下文中的具体或确切的含义。平时的练习 中遇到生词不要马上查词典，可以通过一定的方法来猜测理解。猜测词义不仅是一项阅读技巧，也是高考 阅读能力考查的一个方面，每年在高考阅读中都有猜测词义的试题。掌握正确方法快速而又准确地猜测出 生词的含义，对提高阅读速度和答题效率相当重要。 该类题常见的考查形式有： 1. The phrase “…”in the sentence could be replaced by ____. 2. The word “…” in the paragraph refers to ____. 3. What is the meaning of the underlined word in the paragraph? / What does the unlined word mean? 4. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase “…”? 5. The word “…” most nearly means ____. 对此类试题，考生应该进行大胆猜测，但这种猜测不是胡乱的，盲目的，而是有一定的方法和技巧。 下面介绍几种常见的猜测词义的方法供同学们加以运用。 1．构词法猜词 阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜测词义很有帮助。如： unforeseeable.这个词，可以根据构词法把它拆成 un, fore, see , able；其中 see 是词根，fore 是“先，前，预” 2 的含义，un 是否定，able 是“能……的，可……的”，因此 unforeseeable 是“未能预见到的”意思。学* …Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they’re being stared at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.” … 70. The underlined word “outcome” in the last paragraph most probably means . A. value B. result C. performance D. connection 【答案】B 2．利用同义近义词猜词 在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生 词的含义。统称在词或短语之间有并列连词 and 或 or，这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且 and 或 or 连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推出它的 大致词义。 …Fermat’s Last Theorem（定理）, first put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique. … 65. Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text? A. To encourage people to raise questions. B. To cause difficulty in understanding. C. To provide a person with an explanation. D. To limit people’s imagination. 【答案】B 3．利用反义词猜词 3 对比是描述，说明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物是互为相反的，因此根据反义或对比关系 可从已知推出未知。利用反义词来说明生词的意义，如反义词 hot and cold, perfect and imperfect，甚至前、 后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。 …A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle ; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. … 74.What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean? A. A party designed by specialists. B. A plan requiring careful thought. C. A situation causing difficulty or trouble. D. A demand made by guests. 【答案】C 【解析】根据前句的否定 doesn’t 与后句的肯定 can be 这一对比关系，可以判断出，为了庆祝孩子的生日， 又不至于麻烦，可以买一个生日开心包。Hassle 的意思应该与 fun 相反，而与 difficulty, trouble 相近。答案 为 C。 4．利用上下文语境猜词 任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有关。利用上 下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年 来高考考查的热点。 （2018·新课标卷 III） Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less. I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金）(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor). …… 4 【文章大意】这是一片夹叙夹议文。文章讲述作者引导孩子主动捐献玩具，并从玩耍简单玩具中获得 快乐的做法。 【答案】A 5．利用定义和解释猜词 有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。 释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加 以解释说明的方式。 “Organic produce is always better, ” Gold said. “The food is free of pesticides (农药), and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than not it is locally (本地)grown and seasonal, so it is more tasty.” Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business. 62. What is the meaning of “the organic trend” as the words are used in the text? A. Growing interest in organic food. B. Better quality of organic food. C. Rising market for organic food. D. Higher prices of organic food. 【答案】A 【解析】由 Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying something 可以推断出，越来越多的顾客像 Gold 一样开始购买有机食物，其实也就是对这类食物产生了越来越浓厚的兴趣。答案为 A。 6．根据语义转折猜词 有时文章的作者为了增强表达效果，会用一些含有表示意思转折的连词，副词或短语。如：though, although, still, but, yet, instead, instead of, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another 等，我们可以根据转折意思猜测词义。 …However obvious these facts may appear at first glance, they are actually not so obvious as they seem except when we take special pains to think about the subject. 5 … 71. In Paragraph 3, “take special pains” probably means “_____”. A. try very hard B. take our time C. are very unhappy D. feel especially painful 【答案析】A 7．利用经验和常识猜词 …“I was on the way to a personal-injury accident in West Nashville. As I got onto Highway 40, blue lights and sirens(警笛) going, I fell in behind a gold Pontiac Firebird that suddenly seemed to take off quickly down the highway. The driver somehow panicked at the sight of me. He was going more than a hundred miles an hour and began passing cars on the shoulder.” 63. The meaning of “panicked” in Paragraph 2 is related to ___________ . A. shame B. hate C. anger D. fear 【答案】D 【解析】根据本段内容描述，可以知道 panicked 意思是“惊慌”，相当于 fear。 题组一（2018 年高考真题） Passage1(2018·新课标卷 I，C) Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them. Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialization, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over. 6 At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数)of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that. Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers),Chiapaneco in Mexico(150), Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three)or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival. 28. What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times? A. They developed very fast. B. They were large in number. C. They had similar patterns. D. They were closely connected. 29. Which of the following best explains "dominant " underlined in paragraph 2？ A. Complex. B. Advanced. C. Powerful. D. Modern. 30. How many languages are spoken by less than 6, 000 people at present? A. About 6,800 B. About 3,400 C. About 2,400 D. About 1,200 31. What is the main idea of the text? A. New languages will be created. B. People’s lifestyles are reflected in languages. C. Human development results in fewer languages. D. Geography determines language evolution. Passage2(2018·新课标卷 II，) Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags. Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or 7 along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台) . The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume. Among the bag makers' argument: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today. The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic. Environmentalists don't dispute（质疑） these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years. 24. What has Steven Stein been hired to do? A. Help increase grocery sales. B. Recycle the waste material. C. Stop things falling off trucks. D. Argue for the use of plastic bags. 25. What does the word “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to? A. Bans on plastic bags. B. Effects of city development. C. Headaches caused by garbage. D. Plastic bags hung in trees. 26. What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers? A. They are quite expensive. B. Replacing them can be difficult. C. They are less strong than plastic bags. D. Producing them requires more energy. 27. What is the best title for the text? A. Plastic, Paper or Neither B. Industry, Pollution and Environment C. Recycle or Throw Away D. Garbage Collection and Waste Control Passage3(2018·浙江卷，B) Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags. Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or 8 along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台) . The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume. Among the bag makers' argument: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today. The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic. Environmentalists don't dispute（质疑） these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years. 24. What has Steven Stein been hired to do? A. Help increase grocery sales. B. Recycle the waste material. C. Stop things falling off trucks. D. Argue for the use of plastic bags. 25. What does the word “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to? A. Bans on plastic bags. B. Effects of city development. C. Headaches caused by garbage. D. Plastic bags hung in trees. 26. What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers? A. They are quite expensive. B. Replacing them can be difficult. C. They are less strong than plastic bags. D. Producing them requires more energy. 27. What is the best title for the text? A. Plastic, Paper or Neither B. Industry, Pollution and Environment C. Recycle or Throw Away D. Garbage Collection and Waste Control Passage4(2018·北京卷，D) Preparing Cities for Robot Cars The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it 9 should be noted, isn’t leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared. Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services. A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任 与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology. Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 47. According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________. A. help deal with transportation-related problems B. provide better services to customers C. cause damage to our environment 10 D. make some people lose jobs 48. As for driverless cars, what is the author’s major concern? A. Safety. B. Side effects. C. Affordability. D. Management. 49. What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Employed. B. Replaced. C. Shared. D. Reduced. 50. What is the author’s attitude to the future of self-driving cars? A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Sympathetic. 题组二（2017 年高考真题） Passage1(2017·新课标卷 II，D) When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short. Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked .It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbours react. Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do. Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth. Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on. 11 32. What does a plant do when it is under attack? A. It makes noises. B. It gets help from other plants. C. It stands quietly D. It sends out certain chemicals. 33. What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3? A. The attackers get attacked. B. The insects gather under the table. C. The plants get ready to fight back. D. The perfumes attract natural enemies. 34.Scientists find from their studies that plants can . A. predict natural disasters B. protect themselves against insects C. talk to one another intentionally D. help their neighbors when necessary 35.what can we infer from the last paragraph? A. The world is changing faster than ever. B. People have stronger senses than before C. The world is more complex than it seems D. People in Darwin’s time were imaginative. Passage2(2017·新课标 III 卷，C) After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves. Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around. The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations — major food sources (来源) for the wolf — grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’s red foxes, and completely drove away the park’s beavers. 12 As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets. The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well. 28. What is the text mainly about? A. Wildlife research in the United States. B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area. C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves. D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park. 29. What does the underlined word ＂displaced＂ in paragraph 2 mean? A. Tested. B. Separated. C. Forced out. D. Tracked down. 30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about? A. Damage to local ecology. B. A decline in the park’s income. C. Preservation of vegetation. D. An increase in the variety of animals. 31. What is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project? A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring. Passage3(2017·天津卷) This month, Germany’s transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆). They would define the driver’s role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost. The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future. 13 Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property( 财产) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel — to check email, say — the car’s maker is responsible if there is a crash. “The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says. Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK. An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment. But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars.” Merat says. “You know — no driver.” Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without operation. Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched. That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo. 46. What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. A place where cars often break down. B. A case where passing a law is impossible. C. An area where no driving is permitted. D. A situation where drivers’ role is not clear. 47. The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to __________. A. stop people from breaking traffic rules B. help promote fully automatic driving C. protect drivers of all ages and races D. prevent serious property damage 48. What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars? A. It should get the attention of insurance companies. 14 B. It should be the main concern of law makers. C. It should not cause deadly traffic accidents. D. It should involve no human responsibility. 49. Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in _________. A. Singapore B. the UK C. the US D. Germany 50. What could be the best title for the passage? A. Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability? B. Fully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthrough C. Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed! D. Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents Passage4(2017·江苏卷) Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother’s voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning (胎教), birds could rule the roost. As recently reported in The Auk: Ornithological Advances, some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch (孵化). New-born chicks can then imitate their mom’s call within a few days of entering the world. This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer, a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia, and her colleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—a sound that served as their regular ＂feed me!＂ call. To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity. It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms. And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs, the more similar were the babies’ begging calls. In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom’s voice were rewarded with the most food. This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological (神经系统的) strengths of 15 children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn. ＂As a parent, do you invest in quality children, or do you invest in children that are in need?＂ Kleindorfer asks. ＂Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.＂ 58.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means＂____________＂. A. be the worst B. be the best C. be the as bad D. be just as good 59. What are Kleindorfer’s findings based on? A. Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks. B. The observation of fairy wrens across Australia. C. The data collected from Queensland’s locals. D. Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds. 60. Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which ____________. A. can receive quality signals B. are in need of training C. fit the environment better D. make the loudest call 题组三（2016 年高考真题） Passage1(2016·新课标全国卷 I) I am Peter Hodes , a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I’ve done 89 trips—of those , 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干细胞）in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time. I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said: “ Well, I’m really sorry, I’ve got some bad news for you—there are no flights from Washington.” So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said:“In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient-please, please, you’ve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.” She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me，re-routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled. 16 For this courier job, you’re consciously aware that in that box you’re got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life. 29. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph1? A. provider B. delivery man C. collector D. medical doctor 30.Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42hours? A. He cannot stay away from his job too long. B. The donor can only wait for that long. C. The operation needs that much time. D. The ice won’t last any longer. 31. Which flight did the woman put Peter on first? A. To London. B. To Newark. C. To Providence. D. To Washington. Passage2(2016·新课标全国卷 II) Five years ago, when I taught art at a school in Seattle, I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students. I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of each student, and said: “Make something out of the Tinkertoys. You have 45 minutes today—and 45minutes each day for the rest of the week.” A few students hesitated to start. They waited to see what the rest of the class would do. Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided. Another group built something out of their own imaginations. Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students. Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But I’m just not creative.” “Do you dream at night when you’re asleep?” “Oh, sure.” “So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.” The student would tell something wildly imaginative. Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads. “That’s pretty creative. Who does that for you?” 17 “Nobody. I do it.” “Really—at night, when you’re asleep?” “Sure.” “Try doing it in the daytime, in class, okay?” 25. The teacher used Tinkertoys in class in order to ________. A. know more about the students B. make the lessons more exciting C. raise the students’ interest in art D. teach the students about toy design 26. What do we know about the boy mentioned in Paragraph 3? A. He liked to help his teacher. B. He preferred to study alone. C. He was active in class. D. He was imaginative. 27. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Mistake. B. Drawback. C. Difficulty. D. Burden. 28. Why did the teacher ask the students to talk about their dreams? A. To help them to see their creativity. B. To find out about their sleeping habits. C. To help them to improve their memory. D. To find out about their ways of thinking. Passage3(2016·新课标卷 III) On one of her trips to New York several years ago, Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Slide cafe and within minutes, another customer was approaching their table. ＂ Hey, aren’t you from Mississippi? ＂ the elegant, white-haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger. ＂I’m from Mississippi too.＂ Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair. ＂They began telling me all the news of Mississippi,＂ Welty said. ＂I didn’t know what my New York friends were thinking.＂ 18 Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave, it was pouring outside. Welty’s new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(团聚). ＂My friends said: ‘Now we believe your stories,’＂ Welty added. ＂And I said: ‘Now you know. These are the people that make me write them.’＂ Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this explanation. ＂I don’t make them up,＂ she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years. ＂I don’t have to.＂ Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty’s people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations overheard on a bus. It annoys Welty that, at 78, her left ear has now given out. Sometimes, sitting on a bus or a train, she hears only a fragment(片段) of a particularly interesting story. 25. What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe? A. Two strangers joined her． B. Her childhood friends came in C. A heavy rain ruined the dinner． D. Some people held a party there. 26. The underlined word ＂them＂ in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty’s _______. A. readers B. parties C. friends D. stories 27. What can we learn about the characters in Welty’s fiction? A. They live in big cities. B. They are mostly women. C. They come from real life. D. They are pleasure seekers. Passage4(2016·四川卷) If you could have one superpower, what would it be? Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds, see through walls, or have superhuman strength may sound silly, but it actually gets to the heart of what really matters in your life. 19 Every day in our work, we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world. They have a different kind of superpower that all of us possess: the power to make a difference in the lives of others. We’re not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor. Your lives are busy enough doing homework, playing sports, making friends, seeking after your dreams. But we do think that you can live a more powerful life when you devote some of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself. Find an issue you are interested in and learn more. Volunteer or, if you can, contribute a little money to a cause. Whatever you do, don’t be a bystander. Get involved. You may have the opportunity to make your biggest difference when you’re older. But why not start now? Our own experience working together on health, development, and energy the last twenty years has been one of the most rewarding parts of our lives. It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead. 24. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. Your life style. B. Your life value. C. Your trouble in life. D. Your life experience. 25. Why does the author say they are inspired every day? A. They possess different kinds of superpowers. B. They have got the power to change the world. C. Some people around them are making the world better. D. There are many powerful people in their life and work. 26. What does the author stress in Paragraph 5? A. Learning more and contributing more to a cause. B. Rising above self and acting to help others. C. Working hard to get a bigger opportunity. D. Trying your best to help the poor. 27. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. The author believes the lives of the poorest will get better. B. Much more progress will be made in the near future. C. The work on health is the most valuable experience. D. People’s efforts have been materially rewarded. 20 题组四（名校模拟题） Passage 1(2018 届福建省百所重点校高三年联合考试) The story of Sir Nicholas Winton is the one that you would imagine could only happen on the silver screen. Sir Nicholas Winton was a British man who went to heroic efforts, potentially putting himself at risk, during World War II. Sir Winton was responsible for ensuring the safety of six hundred and sixty-nine Jewish children by aiding their escape from countries occupied by Nazis. Finally, the Jewish children were brought to England where he worked to make sure families in his native country would help the kids by taking them into their homes. Recently, this unbelievable story has again been making the rounds on the Internet, particularly after a rerun of the BBC show called “That’s Life”, which featured Sir Winton. People around the world were moved at the details of the story, with saying it to be the best story they’ve ever seen. Sir Winton kept his entire plan completely secret, even his wife had no idea about his planning until fifty years later. After the war, years passed and many people remained in the dark about Sir Winton’s extraordinary achievement. Some fifty years later, his wife Greta was searching in their house and discovered a Winton’s notebook which documented the names of all the children. She worked with BBC and they produced a TV episode (插曲) of their program “That’s Life” that served as an honor for Sir Winton’s work. In 2003, Sir Winton was knighted by the Queen of England for his work. He also was even nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize. He also had a small planet named after him by Czech astronomers. Sir Winton died peacefully in his sleep at the old age of one hundred and six, in 2015. Leaders around the world paid tribute (悼念). Israel’s ambassador to the United Kingdom, Daniel Taub, said, “He was a hero of our time, having saved 669 Jewish children from Nazis. His story, as a point of light in a period of darkness, will forever be remembered.” 1.What happened to the 669 Jewish children? A. They were killed by Nazis. B. They returned to their own homes. C. They fled to their native countries. D. They were raised by English families. 2.What made Winton’s story spread widely? A. People’s chatting online. B. The program “That’s Life”. 21 C. His wife’s promotion. D. Praises from some leaders. 3.Which of the following can replace the underlined expression “remained in the dark’, in Paragraph 3? A. felt doubtful B. remained moved C. knew nothing D. criticized something 4.What do we know about Winton? A. He was born in 1909. B. Nazis tried to arrest him. C. He named a small planet. D. Many children paid tribute to him. Passage 2((2018 届河南省中原名校高三质量考评) A ROBOT companion for older people aims to promote activity and deal with loneliness by urging them to take part in digital and physical activities. The ElliQ robot, made by Israel-based start-up Intuition Robotics, will be published at the Design Museum in London this week. ElliQ is a small desktop device that consists of a domed ( 拱 形 的 ) “body” and a separate detachable (可拆卸的) screen. Created in collaboration with Swiss designer Yves Behar, the robot is able to encourage a degree of social engagement. Similar to home assistants like the Amazon Echo, people can simply talk to it, and there are visual clues that could be particularly helpful for those with hearing difficulties. A key purpose of ElliQ is to act as an easy platform to access existing services such as social media, and messaging programs. For example, the device could alert the users that their grandchild has posted a new photo on Facebook, show it to them on the screen. ElliQ can recommend activities voluntarily. It might ask if you’re interested in watching a video, for instance, or suggest a walk. It can also act as reminder to take medication. Having a robot constantly offer suggestions could obviously get annoying, so the device uses machine learning to tailor these suggestions to individual preferences. If a suggestion is met with a positive response once, ElliQ might try it again. If not, it might change for a different tack. 1.Which of the following statements is NOT true? A.A robot companion for older people will strongly advise them to participate in digital and physical activities to be healthy. B. The ElliQ robot is published at the Design Museum in London. C. The screen of the ElliQ robot can be removed if necessary. D. The ElliQ robot is created by Swiss designer Yves Behar and Israel-based start-up Intuition Robotics. 22 2.The underlined word “alert” is closest m meaning to ________ . A. declare B. announce C. remindD. say 3.ElliQ can serve the following purposes EXCEPT________. A. when the user’s friend updates his moments (朋友圈), it can show it to the user on the screen. B.it can recommend some activities even the user doesn’t ask. C.it will constantly give suggestions regardless of the user’s individual preference. D.it can help those with hearing difficulties by offering visual clues. 4.In which column we are most likely to find the passage? A. News & Technology B. People C. Health D. International Affairs Passage 3(2017 届黑龙江大庆一中高三第三段测) One of the main challenges facing many countries is how to maintain their identity in the face of globalization and the growing multi-language trend. ＂One of the main reasons for economic failure in many African countries is the fact that, with a few important exceptions, mother-tongue education is not practiced in any of the independent African states.＂ said Neville Alexander, Director of the Project for the Study of Alternative Education in South Africa at the University of Cape Town. In response to the spread of English and the increased multi-language trends arising from immigration, many countries have introduced language laws in the last decade. In some, the use of languages other than the national language is banned in public spaces such as advertising posters. One of the first such legal provisions(规定) was the 1994 ＂Toubon law＂ in France, and the idea has been copied in many countries since then. Such efforts to govern language use are often considered as futile by language experts, who are well aware of the difficulty in controlling fashions in speech and know from research that language switching among bilinguals is a natural process. It is especially difficult for native speakers of English to understand the desire to maintain the ＂purity＂ of a language by law. Since the time of Shakespeare, English has continually absorbed foreign words into its own language. English is one of the most mixed and rapidly changing languages in the world, but that has not been a barrier to acquiring superiority and power. Another reason for the failure of many native English speakers to understand the role of the state regulation is that it has never been the Anglo-Saxon way of doing things. English has never had a state-controlled authority for the language, similar, for example, to the Academic Francaise in France. The need to protect national languages is, for most western Europeans, a recent phenomenon- especially the 23 need to ensure that English does not unnecessarily take over too many fields. Public communication, education and new ways of communication promoted by technology, may be key fields to defend. 1.Neville Alexander believes that __________. A. mother-tongue education is not practiced in all African countries B. globalization has resulted in the economic failure of Africa C. globalization has led to the rise of multi-language trend D. lack of mother-tongue education can lead to economic failure 2.The underlined word ＂futile＂ (in paragraph 2) most probably means ＂ ___________＂. A. workable B. practical C. useless D. unnecessary 3.What can we infer from the last paragraph? A. English has taken over fields like public communication and education. B. Many aspects of national culture are threatened by the spread of English. C. Most language experts believe it is important to promote a national language. D. Europeans have long realized the need to protect a national language. 4.The best title for the passage is __________. A. Fighting against the rule of English B. Protecting local languages and identities C. Globalization and multi-language trend D. To maintain the purity of language by law Passage 4(2017 届河南省新乡市第一中学高三模考) Scientists in Britain have managed to teach bumblebees(大黄蜂) to pull strings to get to food and then pass on what they have learned to others in their colony(群体)—showing a high level of intelligence despite their tiny brains. Researchers at Queen Mary University of London said the experiments, often used to test the intelligence of apes (猿) and birds, showed for the first time that some insects are up to the task, and can also pass skills on through several generations. The findings add to the evidence suggesting the ability for ＂culture spread＂ — the ability to learn and pass on knowledge and skills — may not be exclusive to humans. In the research, published in the journal PLOS Biology on Tuesday, the scientists were able to train 23 out of a group of 40 bees to pull strings with their legs and feet. 24 The strings were attached to discs — or artificial ＂flowers ＂ — containing food at their center but placed under a transparent screen. The bees, spotting the food beneath the screen, learned to pull the ＂flowers＂ out by pulling the string with their legs and feet to be able to get to it. From another group of bees given the chance to solve the task without any training, only two of 110 were successful. Another group of bees was then allowed to observe the trained bees pulling the strings, and 60 percent of them successfully learned the skill. Finally, trained bees were put in colonies, and the scientists found the technique spread successfully to a majority of the colony’s worker bees. Lars Chittka, a Queen Mary University professor who guided the project, said the team is interested in figuring out the brain processes behind the bees’ learning and teaching skills. 1.What does the underlined word ＂exclusive＂ in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Ordinary. B. Unique. C. Beneficial. D. Widespread. 2.What did the researchers find about bees? A. Bees learn best in insects. B. Bees are as clever as birds. C. Bees are born good learners. D. Bees can be trained to learn skills. 3.What may the research team focus on next? A. What else bees can do. B. Where bees learn skills. C. How bees teach others. D. How bees’ brain work. 4.What may be the best title for the text? A. Small bees, great abilities B. Bees can learn and teach C. Bees are smarter D. Let bees learn 题组一 25 Passage1 【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。 29.C 【解析】猜测词义题。根据文章第二段中的 dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知 dominant languages 意为：强有力的语言。故选 C。 30.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的 At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.和 The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that. 可知，目前世界上大约有 6800 种语言，但是讲的人数少于 6000 人的占一半即 3400.故选 B。 31.C 【解析】主旨要义题。根据文章第一段中的主题句 Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.可知，语言的产生和消失进行 了几千年，但最近时代语言产生的少，消失的太多。故选 C。学* Passage2 【文章大意】文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况，塑料袋造成了环境问题，尽管纸袋容易回收，但生 产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。 24.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段 one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.和第二段 plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.可知塑料袋生产商雇用 Steven Stein 是为了证明他们 的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害，是对塑料袋被禁用的解释和争论。故选 D。 25.A 【解析】词义猜测题。上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用 Steven Stein 等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。headwinds “逆风”，此处指塑料袋被禁用的现状，即 Bans on plastic bags，故选 A。 26.D 【 解 析 】 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 第 四 段 However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.可知塑料袋生产商认为生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故选 D。 26 Passage3 【文章大意】文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况，塑料袋造成了环境问题，尽管纸袋容易回收，但生 产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。 24.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段 one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.和第二段 plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.可知塑料袋生产商雇用 Steven Stein 是为了证明他们 的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害，是对塑料袋被禁用的解释和争论。故选 D。 25.A 【解析】词义猜测题。上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用 Steven Stein 等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。headwinds “逆风”，此处指塑料袋被禁用的现状，即 Bans on plastic bags，故选 A。 26.D 【 解 析 】 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 第 四 段 However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.可知塑料袋生产商认为生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故选 D。 27.A 【解析】标题归纳题。文章讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要 更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比，Plastic, Paper or Neither 既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，最适合作为标题。故选 A。 Passage4 【文章大意】本文为议论文。文章主要讨论有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。 47.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段 While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. 可 知，政策制定者应该讨论无人驾驶车怎么帮助削减交通阻塞，减少尾气排放，提供更方便、更便 宜的出行选择，由此可见人们应该多关注无人驾驶车怎么帮助处理与交通有关的问题。故选 A。 48.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第一段 But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. 可知，不管花多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和我们 的城市，不管是好是坏，这取决于如何这种转变如何被规范，再根据文章最后一句话 The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 可知，我们需要为其做好计划，故作者的主要关注点是 27 对这种转变的管理规范，故选 D。 50.B 【解析】观点态度题。根据文章最后一段 The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 中的 advancement，move more people, and more affordably. 以及 plan for it 可推知，作者是积极的态度。故选 B。 题组二 Passage1 【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。研究发现，当植物受到攻击时，会发出 VOCs，以此来保护自己 或者与周围的植物通过化学物质进行交流。 32.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据“reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm”可知，当植物受到伤害时，会分泌一种特殊的化学物质。 33.A 【解析】词义推测题。根据“Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch”，一旦它们到达这里，这些攻击者就会受到植物的攻击，故选 A。 34.B 【解析】细节理解题，根据“Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked” 及“Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away... ”可知答案选 B。 35.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据“imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on”可知，这个世界远比我们看到 或听到的更热闹、更亲密，我们认知能力有限，有很多事仍在继续发生，远比我们想象的要复杂。 故选 C。 Passage2 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼的事情。人类活动的影响使灰狼 的数量逐渐减少，鹿群数量逐渐增加，从而导致植被被大量破坏。 28.D 【解析】主旨大意题。文章开门见山地提出黄石公园引进灰狼的举措，然后在下文中详细介绍其原因 以及带来的良好的转机，由此判断本文的中心话题是美国黄石公园对灰狼的引进。 28 29.C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据本段后两句可知，因为人类的发展，侵占了灰狼的领域，灰狼逐渐向北迁 徙，由此推断灰狼被人类排挤走了。 31.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章末段的最后一句可知，作者认为引进灰狼的项目是很有价值的实验， 因此可推知作者对这一举措持肯定的态度。 Passage3 【文章大意】这是一篇新闻报道。文章记叙了德国交通部长的对于自主驾驶车辆的规章制度的一个提 议，引出说明了位于科技前沿的无人驾驶的自动化车辆在英国、新加坡和美国的不同前景。 46.D 【解析】考查词义猜测。根据第二段的句子 the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future 可知选 D。 47.B 【解析】考查推理判断。根据第二段内容 The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles…可知选 B。 48.D【解析】考查细节理解。根据第六、七、八段内容可知选 D。 49.C 【解析】考查细节理解。根据最后一段 That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo.可知选 C。 50.A 【解析】通读全文可以知道，本文主要讲述了谁来对无人驾驶的机动车辆负责。故选 A。 Passage4 【文章大意】文章介绍了鸟类在胎教方面的超凡本领。实验发现鸟儿在孵化时不停地鸣叫是为了教会以 后出生的雏鸟歌唱的本领，从而挑选出能够适应环境的雏鸟。 58.B【解析】根据第二段＂when the errs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers＂可知，鸟儿在孵化小鸟的时候，鸣叫对未出生的小鸟有很大影响，它们被孵化后也能发出 类似的声音，说明鸟儿很擅长胎教。 29 60.C【解析】根据倒数第二段中的＂the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom’s voice were rewarded with the most food＂和最后一段＂Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.＂可知，模仿母 鸟模仿得最好的雏鸟得到最多的食物，研究结果表明，母亲会选择质量好的雏鸟。由此可知，胎教帮 助母鸟辨别出那些适应环境较好的孩子。 题组三 Passage1 【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文，主要介绍了作者在一次运送造血干细胞途中的一段经历，表现了人 们之间的友爱。 29.B 【解析】词义猜测题。根据本段内容 I’ve done 89 trips 和 I have 42 hours to carry stem cells in my little box 以及第二段内容可知作者是运送干细胞的人，也就是 delivery man。故选 B 。 30.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段第二句 I have 42 hours to carry stem cells in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last.可知冰盒只能保持 42 小时适宜的温度。故选 D 。 31.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段末句 She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me, re-routed me through Newark 可知，这位好心的女士首先安排作者去 Newark 的航班。故选 B。 Passage2 【文章大意】本文属于记叙文，作者通过让学生拼装玩具发现并鼓励学生的创造性和想象力。 25.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“to find out something about my students.”可知，作者使用 Tinkertoys 是为了弄清楚学生的一些事情。故 A 正确。 26.D 【解析】推理判断题。文章第三段第一句中提到的这个男孩在空闲时间拼装这些玩具，而且他的作品 堆满了艺术教室的架子，家里的卧室里也有很多。第三段倒数第二句“Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work”说明他是一个很有想象力和创造性的人。故 D 项正确。 27.B 【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线单词后一句“I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.”可知我冒着失去那些有不同思维方式的学生的危险。说明我的这种教育方法也有 不足之处。故画线词意为“drawback 缺点”。故 B 正确。 Passage3 【文章大意】文章介绍了一位女作家请纽约的朋友吃饭时发生的故事。Welty 是一位年纪比较大的作家， 她来自密西西比。Welty 的作品都是来自于现实的生活。 30 25.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的＂another customer was approaching their table＂和第三段的＂the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair＂可知，先后 有两个陌生人（一位女士及其同伴）加入了 Welty 的聚会，故选 A。 26.D 【解析】猜测词义题。画线的 them 指代前面提到的人或物，根据＂Now we believe your stories＂可 知，them 指代的是 Welty 写的小说里面的故事，听了 Welty 和两个陌生人的有关密西西比的谈话之 后，Welty 的朋友相信了 Welty 小说里的故事都是来源于生活，故选 D。 27.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据＂I don’t make them up＂和＂Welty’s people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations overheard on a bus.＂可知，Welty 小说里的人物并不是虚构的，他们都来源于现实生活，故选 C。 Passage4 【文章大意】本文以虚拟语气的问句形式开头，鼓励人们奉献自己的一些时间和精力去帮助别人，最 穷人的生活将会变得更好。 24.B 【解析】词义猜测题。此处是说，梦想着能读懂别人心思，看穿墙，或者拥有超能力，这些可能听起 来很荒唐，但是实际上它是你生活的价值的核心。故选 B。 25.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段 Every day in our work, we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world.可知每天在我们的工作中，我们会受到一些人的鼓舞，他们 在做一些特别的事情来改善世界。故选 C。 26.B 【解析】推理判断题。综合第五段内容可知，作者想要告诉我们，提升自己，行动起来帮助别人。故 选 B。 27.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，它已经改变了我们是谁，并将在以后的这些年里 继续点燃我们对改善穷人生活的乐观情绪。故选 A。学* 题组四 Passage1 【文章大意】文章主要讲述 Sir Nicholas Winton 在纳粹期间帮助 669 个犹太孩子逃到英国的故事。如今 而且 BBC 把这一故事搬上荧幕，让大众知道在黑暗时期还有这样一个英雄给人们带来光明。 31 2.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段的第一句“Recently, this unbelievable story has again been making the rounds on the Internet, particularly after a rerun of the BBC show called “That’s Life””可知，这个故事被 BBC 做成电视节目，重新出现在人们的视野中，使这个故事被人们所熟知。故选Ｂ。 3.C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据前面的句意可知，Sir Nicholas Winton 一直对自己的英雄事迹保密，甚至是 他的妻子。所以，此处应为不为人们所知道。故选 C。 4.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Sir Winton died peacefully in his sleep at the old age of one hundred and six, in 2015.”可知，Sir Winton 生于 1909 年。故选 A。 Passage2 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一款能够帮助老年人处理孤独的机器人伴侣。 1.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The ElliQ robot, made by Israel-based start-up Intuition Robotics, will be published at the Design Museum in London this week.”可知，ElliQ 在伦敦的设计博物馆发布，故 B 项 正确。 2.C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“the users that their grandchild has posted a new photo on Facebook, show it to them on the screen.”可知，这个设备能提醒老年人他们的孙子或孙女在 Facebook 发布新照片并 展示给他们看，故 C 项正确。 3.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三、四段对 ElliQ 功能的介绍可知，ElliQ 会提醒老年人朋友圈有新动态， 为他们推荐一些活动以及通过提供视觉线索帮助听力有困难的老年人，但并没有说不管个人喜好如何 它都会不断地提出建议，故 C 项正确。 4.A 【解析】推理判断题。本文介绍的是一款能够帮助老年人处理孤独的机器人伴侣，属于科技范畴，最 有可能出现在科技新闻中，故 A 项正确。 Passage3 【语篇解读】现在世界全球化导致很多国家的独特的文化收到了冲击和影响，本文讲述的正是这方面 的话题。很多国家都采取了很多的措施来保护本国的文化。 2.C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据本句 Such efforts to govern language use are often dismissed as futile by language experts, who are well aware of the difficulty in controlling fashions in speech and know from research that language switching among bilinguals is a natural process.可知，很多语言专家都认为管理 32 语言使用的努力是无用的，因为这样的控制是没有什么效果的。故 C 正确。 3.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第一段第一句 One of the main challenges facing many countries is how to maintain their identity in the face of globalization and the growing multi-language trend.可知，很多国家都因 为英语的广泛推广而导致本国的语言和文化受到了冲击和影响。故 B 正确。 4.B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段 One of the main challenges facing many countries is how to maintain their identity in the face of globalization and the growing multi-language trend.可知，现在世界全球化导致很 多国家的独特的文化受到了冲击和影响，本文讲述的正是这方面的话题。故 B 正确。 Passage4 【文章大意】本文为说明文，属于科普类文章。介绍了大黄蜂有学习能力，还会传播自己学到的知识。 1.B 【解析】猜测词义题。依据第二段可知，大黄蜂也具有学习并传播所学知识的能力，结合第三段本句 话可知，这种能力并非人类独有的，故选 B 项。 2.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三、四、五、六、七段可知，蜜蜂可以被训练学习技能。D 项正确。 3.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一句...the team is interested in figuring out the brain processes behind the bees’ learning and teaching skills.可知，该小组感兴趣的是找出蜜蜂学习和教学技能背后的大脑活动 过程。故 D 项正确。 4.B 【解析】主旨大意题。综合全文尤其第一段可知，文章主要介绍一项科学发现，大黄蜂也可以学习并传 播所学技能，故选 B 项。