2020届江苏省高三英语二轮复习：阅读理解主旨大意解题策略(共37张PPT)课件 37页

高三英语二轮复习 阅读理解中主旨大意解题策略 了解教学背景：高考阅读题分析； 主旨题型分类： 1 ）主旨型； 2 ）写作目的型； 3 ）标题型； 3 . 通过 做练习，了解各种解题技巧； 4. 在做阅读练习题中能灵活运用各技巧。 一、教学目的 这几年 高考中所有的试题都是在语篇中考查，听力，阅读，完型填空，任务型，写作，无一例外全都突出语篇的重要性，所以在备考中必须高度重视 语篇能力 ． 二、高考阅读题型分析 得阅读者得英语！ 1 、细节理解题 (questions of details) 2 、词义猜测题 (words in context) 3 、推理判断题 (questions of inference) 4 、主旨归纳题 (main idea) 阅读常见题型 1) 主题 型 的题干形式 ◆ The main idea of the passage is … ◆ The passage is mainly about … ◆ What is the passage mainly about ? ◆ Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?　 三、主旨大意命题形式 2 ) 写作目的型 的题干形式 ◆ The passage is meant to … ◆ The purpose of this article is to … ◆ The author intends to ... ◆ What's the purpose of the passage? 3) 标题型 的题干形式 ◆ The best title for the passage might be … ◆ Which of the following is the best title of the passage? ◆ What would be the best title for the text? ◆ The title that best expresses the idea of this passage is ... 如何辨别正确和错误选项 正确选项 错误选项 抽象概括 内容全面 含义深刻 贴切准确 以偏概全 主题扩大 无中生有 张冠李戴 命题 选项特征 The meaning of science varies among cultural groups. Silence may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs. 范例 1 What may be the best title for the text ? What may be the best title for the text? A. Sound and Silence B. What It Means to be Silent C. Silence to Native Americans D. Speech is Silver; Silence is Gold A 范例 2 Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan. (Para 1) ● What can be a suitable title for the text? ______ A . Is Your House Making You Fat? B . Ways of Serving Dinner C . Effects of Self-Consciousness D . Is Your Home Environment Relaxing? A 主题句在 _____ 语 篇结构为 ： 点 出主题 围绕主题， 展开 论述 或说明 段首 In fact, when we say that all of us must be educated to fit us for life, it means that we must be educated in such a way that, firstly, each of us can do whatever work suited to his brains and ability，and secondly, that we can realize that all jobs are necessary to society, and that is very bad to be ashamed of one‘s work.Only such a type of education can be considered valuable to society. ● The passage tells us about ___of the education. A.the means　　　　 B.the system C.the value D.the type C 层层推理论证 范例 3 主题句在 ______ 段末 语篇结构为： 陈述细节 概括主题 归纳要点 得出结论 提出建议 Imagination and fantasy can play an important role in achieving the things we fear . Children know this very well. Fred Epstein , in his book If I Make It to Five , tells a story he heard from one of friends about Tom , a four - year - old boy with a cancer in his back bone . He came through several operations and a lot of pain by mastering his imagination . It doesn't mean that you should dress as a superhero for you next job interview. But , next time you are tested in a way that seems impossible, imagine what it would take to overcome it. Become the person you need to become to win over your challenge and do it in your mind first. So , let your imagination run wild , and dare to dream. 范例 4 ● What is the purpose of the passage? ____ A.To tell us an interesting story. B.To help us make right decisions. C.To advise us to care about children. D.To encourage us to use our imagination. D Imagination and fantasy can play an important role in achieving the things we fear . Children know this very well. Fred Epstein，in his book If I Make It to Five，tells a story he heard from one of friends about Tom，a four - year - old boy with a cancer in his back bone . He came through several operations and a lot of pain by mastering his imagination . It doesn't mean that you should dress as a superhero for you next job interview. But，next time you are tested in a way that seems impossible, imagine what it would take to overcome it. Become the person you need to become to win over your challenge and do it in your mind first. So，let your imagination run wild，and dare to dream. 范例 4 主题句 _________ 语篇结构为 : 开头提出主题 —— 中间展开论述或说明 —— 最后进一 步引申或发展主题 首尾呼应 Group exercise is one of the most effective ways to improve physical fitness and sustain( 保持 )a healthy lifestyle. Group exercise is challenge, yet fun and empowering! Of course everyone knows that exercise is good for the body. However, studies have shown that when exercise is performed in groups, it’s not only great for improving physical health but for psychological health. It’s an opportunity to be social, release endorphins( 内啡肽 ),and improve your strength. ● What would be the best title for the passage?_____ A. Seeking Support B. Supporting Health C. Improving Your Strength D. Building Up Fitness B 范例 5 主题句前面会出现 however, but, in fact, actually 等单词 或短语。 主题句在短文______ 中间 In a world with limited land, water and other natural resources, the harm from the traditional business model is on the rise. Actually, the past decade has seen more and more forests disappearing and the globe becoming increasingly warm. People now realize that this unhealthy situation must be changed, and that we must be able to develop in sustainable (可持续的)ways. That means growth with low carbon or development of sustainable products.In other words, we should keep the earth healthy while using its supply of natural resources. Today, sustainable development is a proper trend in many countries....In recent years the markets for sustainable products have grown by more than 50%. 范例 6 ● What is the main purpose of the passage? ____ A.To introduce a new business model. B.To compare two business models. C.To predict a change of the global market. D.To advocate sustainable development. D In a world with limited land, water and other natural resources, the harm from the traditional business model is on the rise. Actually, the past decade has seen more and more forests disappearing and globe becoming increasingly warm. People now realize that this unhealthy situation must be changed, and that we must be able to develop in sustainable (可持续的)ways. That means growth with low carbon or development of sustainable products.In other words, we should keep the earth healthy while using its supply of natural resources. Today, sustainable development is a proper trend in many countries....In recent years the markets for sustainable products have grown by more than 50%. 提出问题或现象 作进一步的 解释 继续陈述 细节 范例 6 点出主题 举例说明 语篇结构为 : 引出话题 —— 解释话题 —— 总结话题 —— 举例或论证 主题句在短文 中间 （ 无信息词） 可通过寻找 ______ 的方式归纳主旨大意 , 主题句可能在文章或段落 ____, 中间或 _____, 所以我们可以扫读文章的首段和尾段或段落的首句和 ___ , 弄清文章或段落的 ____ 来搜索主题信息。 主题句 开头 结尾 结构 尾句 方法一 “主题句定位法” 范例 7 Everyone can experience anger sometimes. But not everyone   can control it properly. To some people,controlling anger seems like the hardest thing in the world to do. Control these by talking to yourself in your own mind, when you experience unwanted feelings. By talking it over in your own head you can work out how you will best deal with the situation. It is important to remember it is possible for everyone to get angry and therefore, controlling it is the real challenge. ● What is the best title of the passage ?_____ A. Not everyone can control anger. B. How to control anger. C. Communicating with others is helpful. D. Controlling anger is challenging. B 方法 二 当很难找出主题句时，要注意文中频繁出现的词，这些 高频词 一般与主旨相关。 范例 8 At thirteen，I was diagnosed (诊断) with a kind of attention disorder . It made school difficult for me . When everyone else in the class was focusing on tasks，I could not. In my first literature class，Mrs.Smith asked us to read a story and then write on it，all within 45 minutes . I raised my hand right away and said，“Mrs.Smith，you see，the doctor said I have attention problems . I might not be able to do it.” She glanced down at me through her glasses，“You are no different from your classmates，young man.” I tried，but I didn‘t finish the reading when the bell rang . I had to take it home. In the quietness of my bedroom，the story suddenly all became clear to me. It was about a blind person，Louis Braille. He lived in a time when the blind couldn't get much education.But Louis didn't give up.Instead，he invented a reading system of raised dots (点)，which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind. Wasn ’ t I the “blind” in my class，being made to learn like the “sighted”students？My thoughts spilled out and my pen started to dance . I completed the task within 40 minutes.Indeed，I was no different from others；I just needed a quieter place . If Louis could find his way out of his problems，why should I ever give up? I didn‘t expect anything when I handed in my paper to Mrs.Smith，so it was quite a surprise when it came back to me the next day—with an “A” on it . At the bottom of the paper were these words：“See what you can do when you keep trying？” ● What is the main idea of the passage? _____ The disabled should be treated with respect. B . A teacher can open up a new world to students. 无中生有 张冠李戴 以偏概全 C C . One can find his way out of difficulties with efforts. D . Everyone needs a hand when faced with challenges. 内容全面 方法三 通观全文 整体归纳 有的文章的中心思想隐含在文中（尤其是记叙文），让读者很难发现，这种情况难度较大，考生要通观全文，分清主旨细节，进行归纳推理。 方法一： 可通过寻找 主题句 的方式归纳主旨大意 , 主题 句可能在 文章（段落）开头、中间或结尾 , 所以 我们可以扫读文章的首段和 尾段 , 或 段落的首句和尾句 , 弄清 文章或段落的结构搜索主题信息。 方法二： 当找不到全文的主题句时 , 抓住 每段的主题句 , 和 全文的 高频词汇 ，概括出全文中心思想。 方法三： 当找不到全文的主题句 , 而且 段落也 没有主题句时 , 就要 通观全文，整体概括。 课堂回顾 如何归纳主旨大意 Widespread media coverage has been given to a new pill to prevent heart disease and stroke. The Sun said the pill, called Ateronon, “could save thousands of lives”. The Daily Telegraph said that the new product contains a natural thing found in tomatoes that is a powerful antioxidant. The newspaper said the pill can prevent the bulid-up of fat. ● What is the main idea of the passage? ______ A. How we can prevent heart disease. B. A new pill gets much media attention. C. The build-up of fat is harmful. D. A natural thing was found in tomatoes. B 即学即练（ 1 ） Some people think that success is only for those with talent or those who grow up in the right family, and others believe that success mostly comes down to luck. I’m not going to say luck, talent, and circumstances don’t come into play because they do. Some people are born into the right family while others are born with great intelligence, and that’s just the reality of how life is . ● This paragraph mainly talks about ______. A. the reasons for success B. the meaning of success C. the standards of success D. the importance of success 即学即练（ 2 ） A If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only ＄ 79. Two days sale. Hurry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs ＄ 395. This sales method is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale. ● The paragraph could be entitled ______. A. Buying A TV Set B . A Selling Method C. Buyer Beware D . TV On Sale 即学即练（ 3 ） B Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease (illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smoker’s cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it? ● What is the passage mainly about ? ____ A. Ways of experimenting on smoking. B. Information about smoking. C. Smoking resulting in cancer. D. Side effects of smoking. 即学即练（ 4 ） D I suddenly heard an elephant crying as though frightened. Looking down, I immediately recognized that something was wrong, and ran down to the edge of the near bank. There I saw Ma Shwe with her three-month-old calf struggling in the fast-rising water, and it was a life-and-death struggle. Her calf was floating and screaming with fear. Ma Shwe was as near to the far bank as she could get, holding her whole body against the rushing water and keeping the calf pressed against her huge body. Every now and then the rushing water would sweep the calf a way. There was a sudden rise in the water and the calf was washed clean over the mother’s body and was gone. Ma Shwe turned quickly to reach it and pressed the calf with her head and trunk （象鼻） against the rocky bank. Then with a huge effort she picked it up in her trunk and tried until she was able to place it on a narrow shelf of rock . 即学即练（ 5 ） Just at this moment she fell back into the river. If she were carried down it would be certain death. I knew as well as she did, that there was one spot （地点） where she could get up the bank, but it was on the other side from where she had put her calf. While I was wondering what I could do next, I heard the sound of a mother’s love. Ma Shwe had crossed the river and got up the bank and was making her way back as fast as she could, roaring （吼叫） all the time but to her calf it was music. ● What can be the best title for the text?______ A . Mother’s Love B. A Brave Act C. A Deadly River D. A Matter of Life and Death A