【英语】2019届高考英语二轮复习增分技巧学案：专题一习题讲评课七 10页

‎ 主旨大意题增分点(三)——写作意图题 ‎[典例]　(2017·全国卷Ⅱ阅读B节选)‎ I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn’t want me for the film — it wanted somebody as well known as Paul — he stood up for me. I don’t know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.‎ The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV...‎ ‎...‎ I last saw him a few months ago. He’d been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn’t talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didn’t need a lot of words.‎ ‎27．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?‎ A．To show his love of films.‎ B．To remember a friend.‎ C．To introduce a new movie.‎ D．To share his acting experience.‎ ‎[解析]　选B　本文是按照时间顺序写的，从与保罗的最初相见，到友谊慢慢加深，以及几个月前去看生病的保罗。根据全文内容，尤其是第一段中的“I first met Paul Newman in ‎1968”‎以及最后一段中的“I last saw him a few months ago.”可知，作者写此文的意图是回忆一位朋友，故选B项。‎ ‎[干扰项分析]　A项断章取义，作者对电影的热爱不是写此文的目的；C项无中生有，文章并没有介绍一部新电影；D项断章取义，分享自己的表演经历在文中一笔带过，并没有重点写，不是写此文的目的。‎ ‎[增分技巧]　明确文章体裁，巧妙确定写作意图 写作意图题要求考生在理解文章主旨的基础上，根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图及应用某种写作手法的目的。题干中常有purpose, in order to等词。不同体裁的文章写作意图是不同的。‎ 体裁 写作意图 广告 推销某种产品或某种服务，或是通过对影片、电视节目、旅游景点等的介绍以吸引更多的观众、读者或游客等 说明文 向人们展示某物的用途或制作过程 研究报告 向人们展示某种研究结果 议论文 论述一个道理或表达一个观点 记叙文 向人们分享经历、叙述一件事情或表达感情等 解答写作意图题要通过文章中的文字表述、上下文的逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知信息，推断出作者没有直接表达出的态度和观点。注意总结性的提示词和转折词，特别要注意中心句。‎ 训练目标(一) ‎ 对点练——攻克失分短板 A(2018·浙江高考阅读A节选)‎ ‎...‎ How did Dickens get to the top？For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass.Some 60,000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to 1901；today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them.It’s partly true that Dickens’ style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life.It’s partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress.But it’s also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center.No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer.But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture — to understand how he made himself a lasting one.‎ ‎23．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?‎ A．To remember a great writer.‎ B．To introduce an English novel.‎ C．To encourage studies on culture.‎ D．To promote values of the Victorian age.‎ 解析：选A　根据本段对查尔斯·狄更斯及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的描写，和本段最后一句可知，本文是写于查尔斯·狄更斯诞辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文的意图是为了纪念这位伟大的作家。故选A。‎ B(2017·全国卷Ⅰ阅读A节选)‎ ‎...‎ ‎◆Support ‎Pacific‎ Science ‎Center Since 1962, Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion (热情) for discovery and lifelong learning in science, math and technology. Today, Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings inquirybased science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State.It’s an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations.Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific‎ Science ‎Center.‎ ‎23．What is the purpose of the last part of the text?‎ A．To encourage donations.‎ B．To advertise coming events.‎ C．To introduce special exhibits.‎ D．To tell about the Center’s history.‎ 解析：选A　根据本段小标题Support Pacific Science Center以及最后两句可知，太平洋科学中心(Pacific Science Center)的成长和发展离不开个人、企业和社会团体的慷慨解囊，因此本部分的写作意图是为了鼓励大家以各种方式支持太平洋科学中心，这其中当然包括捐助。‎ C(2016·北京高考阅读A节选)‎ December 15, 2014‎ Dear Alfred，‎ I want to tell you how important your help is to my life.‎ Growing up, I had people telling me I was too slow, though, with an IQ of 150＋ at 17, I’m anything but stupid. The fact was that I was found to have ADHD (注意力缺陷多动障碍). Anxious all the time, I was unable to keep focused for more than an hour at a time.‎ ‎...‎ Thank you. You’ve given me hope that I can follow my heart. For the first time, I feel good about myself because I’m doing something, not because someone told me I was doing good. I feel whole.‎ This is why you’re saving my life.‎ Yours，‎ Tanis ‎58．Tanis wrote this letter in order to .‎ A．explain why she was interested in the computer B．share the ideas she had for her profession C．show how grateful she was to the center D．describe the courses she had taken so far 解析：选C　根据第一段“I want to tell you how important your help is to my life.”可知，作者在文章开头直接说明写信的目的“我想要告诉你，你的帮助对我的人生是多么重要”；倒数第二段中的“Thank you.”再次表明本文的写作意图是：塔尼斯表达对这个学习中心的感激之情。故选C。‎ 训练目标(二) ‎ 综合练——提高解题速度 ‎(加★的题目为写作意图题)‎ A ‎“Sorry seems to be the hardest word” — that is one of Elton John’s most popular songs. But not every public figure seems to find it so tough to say that powerful fiveletter word.‎ In recent days public figures, from politicians to stars, have all publicly expressed remorse.But with so much remorse, how can we tell a forced apology from a heartfelt expression of remorse?‎ Specifically, saying sorry should be a realization that something you have said or done has hurt someone and you want to make amends (弥补), “People want the response to be personal to them.They want to feel that they’re being listened to and taken seriously，” says Martin Stone.‎ Firstly, it is important to show that you understand. It is vital that any group or a person making an apology understands the focus — is it sorry for the way it’s acted or is it sorry that the complainant feels the way they do?‎ Watch out for the speed of response.The quicker the apology comes, the better it indicates that the person making it has felt an immediate sense of guilt.‎ If sincere, the person making the apology will be looking for clues (线索) to see if he or she is being understood, such as eye contact and facial expressions.Performed apologies always have a sense of being “acted out”， and are often accompanied by too many unnatural gestures.‎ For a sincere apology, it is also important to avoid promises that can’t be kept.Don’t say that you’ll make sure that this will not happen again if you’re not confident that it won’t.It could come back to bite you.And do remember that the use of “but” can hugely change the tone (语气) of an apology.As Stone points out, “I’m sorry but ...” sounds like you are making excuses and aren’t actually taking any form of responsibility.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。如何辨别道歉是真心还是假意？文章给你提出了一些建议。‎ ‎★1.What is the purpose of the text?‎ A．To explain what a good apology is.‎ B．To discuss how to give a formal apology.‎ C．To show why we should apologize in life.‎ D．To teach us how to tell if an apology is sincere.‎ 解析：选D　写作意图题。通读全文，尤其根据第二段的第二句可知，本文主要告诉我们如何分辨一个人的道歉是真心还是假意。‎ ‎2．What does the underlined word “remorse” probably mean?‎ A．Pain.　　　　　 　 B．Worry.‎ C．Regret. D．Doubt.‎ 解析：选C　词义猜测题。结合第一段的“But not every public figure seems to find it so tough to say that powerful fiveletter word.”可知，最近一些公众人物公开致歉，也就是表达“懊悔”，对于他们来说道歉并不是那么难的事情。‎ ‎3．Which of the following indicates it’s a “performed” apology?‎ A．Swearing it will not happen again.‎ B．Avoiding eye contact with the listener.‎ C．Showing you understand his/her feelings.‎ D．Paying attention to the listener’s reaction.‎ 解析：选B　推理判断题。根据第六段的内容可知，如果一个人是真心表达歉意，他会关注道歉对象的反应，比如用眼神交流或者观察面部表情。假意的道歉则不会这么做。‎ ‎4．What is stressed in the last paragraph?‎ A．The attitude. B．The tone of voice.‎ C．The body language. D．The choice of language.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“avoid promises that can’t be kept” 和 “the use of ‘but’”可知，最后一段是针对道歉的语言选择给出了建议。‎ B I enter my family home one last time.It is the first and only house my family owned in Canada and it is about to be sold.I stand in the quiet living room.Everything is kept in its original state, until next week when the contents will be moved to make way for the new owners.‎ In the advertisement selling the house, the house agent described it as “a doll’s house”．A perfect description.As I wander through the little rooms, it still amazes me that the six of us coexisted here as well as we did.‎ I walk across to my parents’ bedroom: It is this room that will be the hardest to leave.It is where my mother and father played out their daily ritual (习惯) as she neared the end.While she slept my father sat at the foot of the bed, pretending to read, watchful of her ‎ every move.No matter how stealthily (偷偷地) he attempted to leave she would feel it.‎ ‎“Where are you going, James？” she would ask in her soft Scottish tones (语调)．‎ ‎“I’ll be back, Cathy，” he promised.‎ ‎“As long as I know you’re there，” she would say.‎ My father died suddenly one year after losing my mom.A week before it happened，he said，“Sing no sad songs for me, girl.I lived the life I wanted.” I think of those words now as his last and most precious gift to me.‎ It is time to go. I do another quick check through the rooms and lock the door.As I drive down the street, out of habit I glance in my rearview mirror and can almost see my mother, standing at the bottom of the driveway seeing me off.‎ ‎“Love you, baby，” she would call after me in her sweet Scots accent, waving her arm until I was out of her sight.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者最后一次回到一家人曾一起生活过的小屋，重温他们在那里度过的美好时光。‎ ‎5．Why was the author’s house called “a doll’s house”？‎ A．It was small in size.‎ B．It was filled with dolls.‎ C．It was designed by girls.‎ D．It was beautifully decorated.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，作者走进他们一家人曾住过的小房子里，感叹他们六个人怎么能挤在这么小的房子里还过得那么开心。此处的little是提示词。a doll’s house用比喻的手法形容作者家的房子小得像是给玩偶住的。‎ ‎6．What did the ritual of the author’s parents show?‎ A．They were wellbehaved.‎ B．They distrusted each other.‎ C．They lacked communication.‎ D．They held deep affection for each other.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句及下文作者父母间的对话可知，他们的一举一动都流露出对彼此深深的爱。‎ ‎7．What was the final present the author received from her father?‎ A．A song for her.　　　 B．A sincere goodbye.‎ C．His appreciative words. D．His attitude towards life.‎ 解析：‎ 选D　推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中父亲的话可知他过上了自己想要的生活，所以让女儿不要为他的离开而感到难过。父亲在临终前将自己对生活的态度分享给了作者，这对作者来说是弥足珍贵的礼物。‎ ‎★8.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?‎ A．To advertise her house.‎ B．To remember her family.‎ C．To show her love for Canada.‎ D．To share her childhood experiences.‎ 解析：选B　写作意图题。通读全文可知，作者最后一次回到曾经跟家人生活过的小屋，触景生情，想起父母曾经每天“上演”一遍的老规矩及临别时母亲在她身后挥手告别的场景，由此可推出作者写这篇文章的意图是为了怀念她的家人。‎ C Many schools have adopted a policy requiring high school students to take at least one arts class (music, theater, dance, visual arts, etc.) in order to graduate. Some people think that this is a good rule because high school students would benefit from exposure to the arts.Other people think such a policy would not be appropriate because graduation requirements should only reflect core (核心的) academic subjects.What’s your opinion? Should high schools require that students take at least one fine arts class in order to graduate?‎ Some people argue an arts requirement would punish students who are not interested in the arts.True, many students who are not good at the arts may be worried they will be punished by receiving a low grade.But math class punishes kids who are not interested in math.However, everyone still has to take that.‎ Often, artsrelated subjects have a broader appeal than one might realize.Art class doesn’t just mean painting — we could be doing graphic design on computers, and learning skills that we can use in later life just as often as some of the other academics.For example, an engineer will use physics, but he might also use a graphics computer program to help him design the next great bridge or tall building.‎ Moreover, fine arts classes are good for teenagers.I know there have been many studies about how learning music makes you good at other things too. It exercises a certain part of your brain, and you get better at learning or thinking about complex ideas.Even if it didn’t make you smarter, a music or art class would still mellow you out.High school is a stressful time, and having 40 minutes a day to paint or play the guitar might calm everybody down a little.Plus, taking up art or music as a hobby might occupy a student’s time outside of school, so they are less likely to get involved with things like drugs.‎ So I hope you’ll agree there is no reason to fear the arts requirement in high school.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。对于高中生必须通过一门艺术课考试才能毕业的规定，人们褒贬不一，作者给出了自己的观点和理由。‎ ‎9．What is a reason why some people are against the arts requirement?‎ A．Not all students have a talent for the arts.‎ B．Students have no time to spare to do the arts.‎ C．Students doing the arts may fail core subjects.‎ D．Not all students will need fine arts in the future.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。由第二段内容可知，很多人认为必须通过艺术课的考试才能毕业的规定对于不擅长艺术的孩子不公平，因此他们反对艺术课考试。‎ ‎10．Why is the example of the engineer given?‎ A．To stress the importance of physics.‎ B．To show the usefulness of art class.‎ C．To describe computers’ great influence.‎ D．To prove the difficulties with graphic design.‎ 解析：选B　推理判断题。第三段中提到了“and learning skills that we can use in later life just as often as some of the other academics”，然后作者列举了一个工程师的例子论证上面的观点，目的就是用来说明艺术课可能会在将来用得上，即说明了艺术课是有用的。‎ ‎11．What does the underlined part “mellow you out” in Paragraph 4 mean?‎ A．Get you involved.　　　 B．Make you relaxed.‎ C．Earn you popularity. D．Bring you good luck.‎ 解析：选B　词义猜测题。由画线词后面的解释“High school is a stressful time, and having 40 minutes a day to paint or play the guitar might calm everybody down a little.”可知，此处是说艺术可以使人放松。mellow out意为“悠然自得”。‎ ‎★12.What is the purpose of the text?‎ A．To encourage students to take arts classes.‎ B．To explain the development of the arts.‎ C．To introduce artsrelated subjects.‎ D．To defend the finearts policy.‎ 解析：选D　写作意图题。由最后一段“So I hope you’ll agree there is no reason to fear the arts requirement in high school.”和文中作者阐述的理由可知，作者强烈支持高中生必须通过一门艺术课考试才能毕业的规定。‎ D ‎(2018·石家庄模拟考试)You don’t have to be a fan of math to get excited about Pi (“π”) Day.While the event may start with some calculations, it is more than likely to conclude with a slice or two of delicious pie.The holiday is held ‎ every March 14, because “π” is widely recognized as 3.14.‎ The tradition of honoring “π” began at San Francisco’s Exploratorium museum.On March 14, 1988, physicist Larry Shaw convinced his colleagues to mark the day by marching around one of the museum’s circular spaces and consuming fruit pies.The celebration was made official in 2009 when the U．S.House of Representatives set aside March 14 as Pi Day.‎ Today, Pi Day is observed in many creative ways.‎ Students at the California Institute of Technology in Los Angeles host a pieeating event, which begins at 1：‎59 a．m.and features 26 pies, each of five different flavors.Though that might seem random, the date (3.14), time (159), number of pies (26), and number of varieties (5) recreate the first nine digits of “π”：3.14159265!‎ Students applying for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge eagerly wait for the day every year to find out if they have been accepted.However, instead of sending out the offers at 3：14 p．m., the institution waits till 6：28 p．m.6.28 is referred to as “tau”， which is “π” multiplied by 2.The number is believed to be much more reliable than “π” by some experts and even has its own celebration on June 28.Since 2017, MIT has also used Pi Day as a fundraiser to support its students, departments and programs.‎ This day is also Albert Einstein’s birthday, so the town of Princeton, New Jersey, where Einstein lived until his death in 1955, celebrates the occasion with multiday festivities that end on March 14.Visitors can participate in concerts, shows, as well as pieeating, pirecitation, and Einsteinlookalike contests.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了圆周率日的起源、发展和各地的庆贺活动。‎ ‎13．Where was Pi Day originally celebrated?‎ A．In San Francisco. B．In Los Angeles.‎ C．In Cambridge. D．In Princeton.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“The tradition of honoring ‘π’ began at San Francisco’s Exploratorium museum.”可知，该传统开始于美国旧金山探索馆，故A项正确。‎ ‎14．When was Pi Day made an official holiday?‎ A．In 1955. B．In 1988.‎ C．In 2009. D．In 2017.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“The celebration was made official in 2009 when the U．S.House of Representatives set aside March 14 as Pi Day.”可知，2009年，美国众议院正式将‎3月14日定为圆周率日，故C项正确。‎ ‎15．What does MIT do on Pi Day according to the passage?‎ A．Inform applicants of application results.‎ B．Conduct a calculating test.‎ C．Organize a march around the campus.‎ D．Make desserts of different flavors.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据第五段第一句可知，每一年申请麻省理工学院(MIT)的学生们急切地等待着这一天，想要知道他们是否被录取。据此可知，麻省理工学院在这一天告知申请者申请结果，故A项正确。‎ ‎★16.What’s the author’s purpose in writing the text?‎ A．To advise.‎ B．To make an introduction.‎ C．To argue.‎ D．To give an explanation.‎ 解析：选B　写作意图题。通读全文可知，本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了圆周率日的起源、发展和各地的庆贺活动。故B项正确。‎