2017届高考英语（人教版）一轮教师文档讲义：专题一有提示词填空-第三讲-名词和主谓一致 10页

第三讲　名词和主谓一致 ‎ PartⅠ　真题变式体验 ‎1．[2015·江苏高考]—Go and say sorry to your Mom, Dave.‎ ‎—I'd like to, but I'm afraid she won't be happy with my ________ (apologize)．‎ 答案：apologies/apology　考查名词。根据句意可知，此处应填“道歉”的名词。句意：——Dave，去向你妈妈说对不起。——我想去，但我害怕她对我的道歉不满意。‎ ‎2．[2015·浙江高考]One of the most effective ways to reduce ________ (anxious) is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.‎ 答案：anxiety　考查名词。动词后填名词作宾语。句意：减少焦虑最有效的方法是和你信任的人谈论一下感受。‎ ‎3．[2015·湖南高考]It is important to remember that success________ (be) a sum of small efforts made each day and often________ (take) years to achieve.‎ 答案：is; takes　考查主谓一致。that引导的宾语从句的主语success为单数，两空是并列谓语，故都用单数。‎ ‎4．[2015·福建高考]China Daily attracts a worldwide readership, which ________ (show) that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.‎ 答案：shows　考查主谓一致。定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词的单复数形式一致，先行词China Daily为单数，故填shows。‎ ‎5．[2015·湖北高考]He gave himself a new name to hide his ________(identify) when he went to carry out the secret task.‎ 答案：identity　句意：当他去执行这项秘密任务时，他给自己取了个新名字以掩盖他的身份。由句意可知，空处应用名词identity表示“身份”。‎ ‎6．[2014·湖南高考]All we need ________ (be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.‎ 答案：is'根据题干可知all指代的是a small piece of land，所以谓语动词要用单数形式，整句话的语境为一般现在时，故填is。句意：我们所需要的就是一小片土地，我们可以在一年中播种的季节里在那儿种植各类果树。‎ ‎7．[2013·江苏高考]Generally, students' inner motivation with high expectations from others ________ (be) essential to their development.‎ 答案：is　根据句式结构，考查主谓一致。with作伴随状语时，谓语动词取决于with前面的词，故用单数is。句意：一般来说，学生们的内在动机多来自于他人的高期望值，这对他们的发展很重要。‎ ‎8．[2013·江西高考]Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with ________ (patient)．‎ 答案：patience　“介词＋名词”，故应填写patient的名词形式。句意：无论何时我犯错误，老师都会耐心地指出来。‎ ‎9．[2013·天津高考]While she was in Paris, she developed a ________ (tasty) for fine art.‎ 答案：‎ taste　考查名词构词法。空前是冠词，可知此处应填名词，故填taste。句意：在巴黎期间，她培养了对艺术的兴趣。‎ ‎10．[2013·湖南高考]The university estimates that living expenses for international students ________ (be) around $8,450 a year, which is a burden for some of them.‎ 答案：are　考查主谓一致。宾语从句的主语living expenses为复数，故谓语动词应用复数。整句用一般现在时，故填are。　‎ PartⅡ　语篇真题演练 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ ‎[2015·广东高考]Mr Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children. He owned __16__ farm, which looked almost abandoned. __17__ (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day. He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby __18__ other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what __19__(leave). The cow was their only means of support, in fact. One day, the cow was eating grass __20__ it began to rain heavily.‎ Step 1：通读全文，掌握主旨大意。‎ 本文讲述的是Johnson先生和家人住在树林中，他有一个看着几乎荒芜的农场，幸好他有一头奶牛。可是有一天牛死了，奶牛的死会给一家带来什么变化呢？‎ Step 2：逐题解答，确定答案。‎ ‎16．a。根据空格位置在动词与可数名词单数之间可知，考查冠词。‎ ‎17．Luckily。位于句首的空格用逗号隔开，可知考查副词修饰整个句子。‎ ‎18．for。从整句话分析，此处考查介词且与exchange构成固定搭配。‎ ‎19．was_left。连词后面没有谓语，故考查谓语，注意考虑时态语态和主谓一致。‎ ‎20．when。在两个句子中间的空格应考查连词用法，此处为固定句式。‎ ‎While making great efforts to run away, she __21__ (fall) over the hill and died. Then the Johnsons had to make a living __22__ the cow. In order to support his family, Mr Johnson began to plant herbs and vegetables. Since the plants took a while to grow, he started cutting down trees __23__ (sell) the wood. Thinking about his children's clothes, he started growing cotton too. When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market __24__ people from the towns met regularly. Now it occurred to__25__ that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.,21.fell。在主语之后，且该句无谓语，可知此题考查谓语动词，与died并列。‎ ‎22．without。根据空格的位置和语意，可知此处考查介词。‎ ‎23．to_sell。该句中已有谓语且无连词，可知此处填非谓语，根据语义可知此处表目的。‎ ‎24．where。空前后均是句子，故应填连词，且位于名词之后，可考虑定语从句的关联词。‎ ‎25．him。根据句式分析，此处考查固定句式“It occurs to sb. that...”。‎ Step 3：代入验证。‎ 需考虑语法结构正确且语义符合逻辑，语法结合语义才能确保万无一失。‎ 知识清单 ‎(1)名词常见后缀(第一讲)；(2)名词的数；(3)抽象名词具体化；(4)主谓一致的几种常见情况。‎ 学情分析 考生在名词和主谓一致的学习中存在以下几个问题：(1)名词的数是考生在运用语言时常被忽视的问题，需刻意提高“数”的意识；(2)主谓一致情况较多，造成部分学生在使用时混用，同时也忽视了主语核心词，造成主谓不一致；(3)语法规则能熟练记忆，但不能准确运用，缺少谓语与主语一致的意识。‎ 考点一　名词的数 ‎1名词的单复数 ‎(1)不可数名词 不可数名词一般没有复数形式，如果需要表示多少，通常要用“a/an＋表数量的词＋of＋名词”来表示。通常抽象名词与物质名词都是不可数名词。常见的不可数名词有：‎ ‎①物质名词：ice, coffee, soup, grass, cloth(布料), clothing, iron, food, bread等。‎ ‎②抽象名词：advice, experience(经验), courage, fun, childhood, knowledge等。‎ ‎(2)名词复数的变化 ‎①规则变化 ‎ ‎ ‎②不规则变化 ‎ ‎ ‎2特殊情况下名词复数的用法 有些名词在使用时总是用其复数形式，如：thanks，authorities(当局)，possessions(财产)，clothes，congratulations，goods(商品)，works(作品，著作)，shoes，trousers，manners(礼貌)等。‎ 有些固定短语要求用名词复数形式：‎ make preparations for为……做准备 take pains尽力，刻苦 make (both) ends meet使收支相抵 take turns轮流 be in high spirits兴致勃勃 make repairs修理 ‎3名词构词法(见第一讲)‎ ‎[典例1]　[2015·河北唐山模拟]He pushed and pulled with all his________(strong) to move the stone.‎ ‎[解析]　strength　根据空格前的his及语义可知此处应填名词，而strong的名词变化特殊，是strength。‎ ‎[典例2]　[2015·衡水模拟]To tell the truth, driving in crowded________(city) is far from being a pleasure.‎ ‎[解析]　cities　根据空格前crowded可判断此处需填名词，另city为可数名词，需加冠词或变为复数，故填cities。‎ 考点二　抽象名词具体化 ‎1抽象名词具体化 具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事，具体指特定的某一件事时，这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。‎ ‎(1)difficulty困难；a difficulty一件难事 ‎(2)failure失败；a failure一位失败者，一件失败的事 ‎(3)knowledge知识；a good knowledge of丰富的知识 ‎(4)success成功；a success一位成功者，一件成功的事 ‎(5)surprise惊奇；a surprise一件令人吃惊的事 ‎(6)honour荣誉；an honour一位(件)带来荣誉的人或事 另外常见的还有：pleasure, shock, comfort, attraction, beauty, danger, delight, feeling, preference等。‎ ‎2有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词 ‎ ‎ ‎－Would you like some coffee?‎ ‎－I would like a coffee and two beers.‎ ‎——你想喝点咖啡吗？‎ ‎——我想要一杯咖啡和两杯啤酒。‎ ‎[典例3]　[2015·浙江六校联考]The program Running Man in Zhejiang TV turned out success.(改错)‎ ‎[解析]　success前加a　此处success具体化，指“成功的事”‎ ‎，可数，故用不定冠词修饰，表泛指。‎ ‎[典例4]　[2015·陕西83中二模]She came in for ________ and told me the firecrackers kept her awake last night.(完成句子)‎ 她进来点了一杯咖啡，告诉我说那些鞭炮让她昨晚一直醒着。‎ ‎[答案]　a coffee 考点三　主谓一致 主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上和主语一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。做题时还要注意时态及其他语法及词义的正确性。‎ ‎1语法一致原则 ‎(1)主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition to等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。‎ ‎[典例5]　[2015·山西太原一模]Dr Smith, together with his wife and daughters, ________ (be) going to visit Beijing this summer.‎ ‎[解析]　is　根据语法一致原则，谓语与Dr Smith保持一致，故填is。‎ ‎(2)由lots of, a lot of, a number of, plenty of等修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词与所修饰的名词形式保持一致。‎ ‎①A great number of students who were invited to the party were from my school.‎ 很多被邀请来参加晚会的学生来自于我校。‎ ‎②A great deal of water was polluted year by year.‎ 每年大量的水被污染。‎ 但a quantity/an amount of和quantities/amounts of修饰名词时，谓语动词的单复数取决于quantity和amount的单复数。‎ ‎③Quantities of information are available on the Internet.‎ 在网上可得到大量的信息。‎ ‎(3)定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数由其修饰的名词的单复数来确定。‎ Those who were praised at the meeting could be sent to America to study further.‎ 在这次会议上被表扬的人将被派到美国深造。‎ ‎2就近一致原则 ‎(1)由or, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词常与最近的主语在单复数上保持一致。‎ ‎[典例6]　Either you or one of your students ________ the meeting that is due tomorrow.(完成句子)‎ 要么是你或者你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。‎ ‎[答案]　is to attend ‎(2)由there，here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的单复数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。‎ ‎[典例7]　There are a pencil and two pens in the pencilbox.(改错)‎ ‎[解析]　are→is　There be结构使用就近原则，可知应与a pencil一致，故将are改为is。‎ ‎3意义一致原则 ‎(1)由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎[典例8]　The writer and teacher Smith ________ millions of ups and downs since he moved to Sydney.(完成句子)‎ 既是作家又是教师的史密斯自从搬到悉尼经历了无数的成败。‎ ‎[答案]　has gone through ‎(2)“no/each/every/many a＋单数名词＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎[典例9]　Every man and every woman ____________ to be proud of the work done by their fathers.(完成句子)‎ 每一个人都很有理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。‎ ‎[答案]　has a good reason ‎(3)非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎[典例10]　To go to bed early and to rise early________________.(完成句子)‎ 早睡早起是一个好习惯。‎ ‎[答案]　is a good habit ‎(4)含修饰语的名词作主语的特殊情况。‎ ‎①many a/more than one＋单数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎[典例11]　Many a parent ________________ go through this same painful process.(完成句子)‎ 很多父母都被迫经历了这一段痛苦的过程。‎ ‎[答案]　was forced to ‎②the rest, the remaining/part...，plenty of等＋主语，谓语动词应根据所表达的单复数意义而定。‎ ‎[典例12]　The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining ________________.(完成句子)‎ 讲座的前半部分很生动，但后半部分非常枯燥。‎ ‎[答案]　was very boring ‎③分数、百分数指代或修饰名词时，谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所表示的意义。‎ About one third of the books are worth reading.‎ 这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。‎ ‎[典例13]　Only 60 percent of the work ________________ yesterday.(完成句子)‎ 昨天只干了60%的活。‎ ‎[答案]　was finished 但population由分数或百分数修饰时，谓语动词用复数。‎ Twothirds of population have been killed in the accident.‎ 在这次事故中2/3的人丧生。‎ NO.1解题步骤　　‎ ‎1.根据空格所处的位置判断考点是什么。‎ ‎2．联系相关考点，结合相关知识，填写单词的正确形式。‎ NO.2 解题技巧　　‎ ‎1.名词的考查 语法填空题对名词的考查包括根据语境填适当的名词，特别是固定搭配中的名词(不给提示词)和用所给词的名词形式填空(给出动词、形容词等提示词)。‎ ‎(1)根据名词的功能来判断是否需要填名词。‎ 名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语、宾语补足语等。做题时可以根据提示词在句中所作的成分判断空格处是否需要填名词。‎ ‎(2)根据语境来判断是否需要填名词。‎ 名词通常出现在及物动词、形容词、介词以及限定词之后，做题时可以据此判断空格处是否需要填名词。‎ 常见的限定词包括冠词(a, an, the)、形容词性物主代词(my, your等)、不定代词(no, one, some, any, each, many, all, both, another, other等)、疑问词(whose, what, which等)等。‎ ‎(3)有时要求根据固定搭配填适当的名词。‎ ‎(4)填名词时，一定要注意单复数及拼写。‎ ‎[典例14]　[2015·辽宁沈阳模拟]It is acknowledged that students should be evaluated in terms of the overall ________ (perform) at school.‎ ‎[解析]　performance　本题考查动词与名词的转换。根据前面的限定词the及形容词overall可知，填名词performance。‎ ‎[典例15]　[2015·河北邯郸质检一]Seeing the sunlight, ________ (passerby) or trees outside might make you more aware of how you look.‎ ‎[解析]　passersby　句子中缺少主语，且与trees并列，故用名词复数形式。‎ ‎2．主谓一致的考查 考查主谓一致时，往往提示的为动词，句子中不缺少主语。(1)抓住主语的核心词是正确解题的关键。(2)掌握基本的主谓一致三大原则是正确解答的基础。(3)注意时态与全文时态保持一致。‎ ‎[典例16]　[2015·安徽合肥质检二]So far, almost every possible means ________ (try) to provide accommodation and medical rescue for the people in the floodstriken area.‎ ‎[解析]　has been tried　根据意义一致原则，every possible means表示单数概念，由so far可知应该使用现在完成时态，且try与means之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故填has been tried。‎ ‎[典例17]　[2015·大连模拟]The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which ________ (save) for other purposes.‎ ‎[解析]　were saved　根据句子结构来判断“the rest of which”指剩余的35%的原料，是复数概念，故谓语用复数，且主句是一般过去时态，“save”与“raw materials”之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故填were saved。‎ ‎1.名词注意构词法的变化规则以及单复数形式的变化。‎ ‎2．主谓一致的关键是找出句子的主语，并兼顾语境的时态和语态。‎