专题15 热点话题（真题训练）-备战2018年高考英语阅读理解话题分类解读与训练 13页

专题15 热点话题 真题训练 Passage 1（2017年·新课标卷II）‎ 题型 体裁 话题 难度 建议时间 ‎ 阅读理解 ‎ 说明文 会飞的汽车 ‎ ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎6分钟 Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle —named the Transition – has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.‎ Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost $279,000.And it won’t help if you’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.‎ ‎ Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.‎ Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia ‎ says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.‎ ‎28. What is the first paragraph mainly about?‎ A. The basic data of the Transition. B. The advantages of flying cars.‎ C. The potential market for flying cars. C. The designers of the Transition.‎ ‎29. Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?‎ A. It causers traffic jams. B. It is difficult to operate.‎ C. It is very expensive. D. It burns too much fuel.‎ ‎30. What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car?‎ A. Cautious B. Favorable.‎ C. Ambiguous. D. Disapproving.‎ ‎31. What is the best title for the text?‎ A. Flying Car at Auto Show B. The Transition’s First Flight C.Pilots’ Dream Coming True D. Flying Car Closer to Reality ‎【话题解读】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Terrafugia公司研制出了飞车，试飞成功，预计将于明年进行销售。本文主要对飞车的历史由来及其构架进行了介绍。‎ ‎28.A 【解析】段落大意题。根据“The vehicle-named the Transition – has two seats wheels and wings that fold up ‎ so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.”可知选A。‎ ‎29.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据“But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost ‎ ‎$279,000”可知，因为Transition 的价格较高，所以不太可能在太多的马路上出现。故选C。‎ ‎31.D 【解析】标题归纳题。浏览全文，主要从飞车的试飞成功、飞车的构架以及多年以前人们对飞车的 设想至今成为现实展开说明。故选D。‎ Passage 2（2017年·北京卷 ）‎ 题型 体裁 话题 难度 建议时间 阅读理解 ‎ ‎ 说明文 ‎ ‎ 人工智能 ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎7分钟 ‎ Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论）, put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”‎ ‎ A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard. ‎ ‎ The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of ‎ computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.‎ ‎ Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.‎ ‎67. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may .‎ A. run out of human control B. satisfy human’s real desires C. command armies of killer robots D. work faster than a mathematician ‎68. Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to .‎ A. prevent themselves from being destroyed B. achieve their original goals independently C. do anything successfully with given orders D. beat humans in international chess matches ‎69. According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to .‎ A. help super intelligent machines work better B. be secure against evil human beings C. keep machines from being harmed D. avoid robots’ affecting the world ‎70. What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?‎ A. It will disappear with the development of AI.‎ B. It will get worse with human interference.‎ C. It will be solved but with difficulty.‎ D. It will stay for a decade. ‎ ‎【话题解读】本文主要介绍了人工智能及它给我们的生活带来的影响。‎ ‎67.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want.可知人工智能可能会出现的真正问题是AI会非常擅长取得某个成就而不是我们真正想要的东西，也就是说AI可能会超出人的控制去做一些事情，故选A。‎ ‎69.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.可知可以用防火墙来回答那些困难的问题但是却永远不要让他们影响这个真正的现实世界，故选D。‎ ‎70.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.‎ 可知作者认为解决人工智能机器的安全问题是可能的，但是并不容易，也就是很困难，故选C。‎ Passage 3（2017年·江苏卷 ）‎ 题型 体裁 话题 难度 建议时间 阅读理解 ‎ ‎ 说明文 ‎ 应对气候变暖的新途径 ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎5分钟 ‎ Old Problem, New Approaches ‎ While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life, global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions（排放）peak. So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today, we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.‎ ‎ When it comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least, the US National Climate Assessment says that: ＂There is no ‘one-size fits all’ adaptation.＂ Nevertheless, there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.‎ ‎ Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poor countries. Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries, schools, and health clinics, and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity（连体） to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds prevent starvation during the wet season.‎ Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel lives in ‎ a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers(冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphel’s inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200, 000 m3 of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norphel’s ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.‎ Increasing Earth’s reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses (which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.‎ In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear. But the World Bank has included the project on its of "100 ideas to save the planet＂.‎ More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this—either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense. But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we’ve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it’s a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.‎ Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.‎ ‎65. The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies ____________.‎ A. adaptation is an ever-changing process B. the cost of adaptation varies with time C. global warming affects adaptation forms D. adaptation to climate change is challenging ‎66. What is special with regard to Rezwan’s project?‎ A. The project receives government support.‎ B. Different organizations work with each other.‎ C. His organization makes the best of a bad situation.‎ D. The project connects flooded roads and highways.‎ ‎67. What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming?‎ A. Storing ice for future use.‎ B. Protecting the glaciers from melting.‎ C. Changing the irrigation time.‎ D. Postponing the melting of the glaciers.‎ ‎68. What do we learn from the Peru example?‎ A. White paint is usually safe for buildings.‎ B. The global warming tread cannot be stopped.‎ C. This country is heating up too quickly.‎ D. Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming.‎ ‎69. According to the author, polluting industries should ____________.‎ A. adapt to carbon pollution B. plant highly profitable crops C. leave carbon emission alone D. fight against carbon pollution ‎70. What’s the author’s preferred solution to global warming?‎ A. Setting up a new standard. B. Reducing carbon emission.‎ C. Adapting to climate change. D. Monitoring polluting industries.‎ ‎【话题解读文章关注的是我们熟悉的话题——气候变暖，不同的是，文章给出了一些应对气候变暖的新途径。‎ ‎65. A【解析】one-size fit all意为＂通用的，万全之策＂，句意：不存在通用的适应性方法。下句Nevertheless表转折，再根据＂there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost＂可知，没有放之四海而皆准的方法，即适应是需要根据情况不断做出调整，而非一成不变的。‎ ‎66. C【解析】根据第三段中的＂Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster.＂可知，Rezwan会从危机中看到机遇，会充分利用现有条件。‎ ‎68. D【解析】根据倒数第四段中的＂By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.＂和倒数第三段中的＂painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice＂可知，将墙壁涂成白色是利用了光的反射原理，这样可以缓解气候变暖。‎ ‎69. D【解析】根据倒数第二段中的＂When the polluting industries argue that we’ve lost the ‎ battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it’s a nonsense...＂可知，作者不赞成＂我们已经在与碳污染的斗争中失败了＂这样的说法，说明作者建议污染企业行动起来。‎ ‎70. B【解析】根据最后一段中的＂But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution.＂可知，作者认为，最合理的方法仍然是减少二氧化碳的排放。‎ Passage 4（2016年·北京卷 ）‎ 题型 体裁 话题 难度 建议时间 阅读理解 ‎ 说明文 ‎ 通过电击和药物治疗拯救加州兀鹰 ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎6分钟 California Condor’s Shocking Recovery California condors are North America’s largest birds, with wind-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒) nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.‎ In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild to be bred(繁殖). Since 1992, there have been multiple reintroductions to the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico.‎ Electrical lines have been killing them off. “As they go in to rest for the night, they just don’t see the power lines,” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.‎ So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed birds died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.‎ ‎ Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011. ‎ ‎ Rideout’s team thinks that the California condors’ average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years. “Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now,” he says. “They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them. ”‎ ‎63. California condors attract researchers’ interest because they _________.‎ A. are active at night B. had to be bred in the wild C. are found only in California D. almost died out in the 1980s ‎64. Researchers have found electrical lines are _________.‎ A. blocking condors’ journey home ‎ B. big killers of California condors C. rest places for condors at night D. used to keep condors away ‎65. According to Paragraph 5, lead poisoning _________.‎ A. makes condors too nervous to fly ‎ B. has little effect on condors’ kidneys C. can hardly be gotten rid of from condors’ blood D. makes it difficult for condors to produce baby birds ‎66. This passage shows that _________.‎ A. the average survival time of condors is satisfactory B. Rideout’s research interest lies in electric engineering C. the efforts to protect condors have brought good results D. researchers have found the final answers to the problem ‎【话题解读】加州兀鹰是北美最大的鸟类，翼展可达3米。20世纪80年代，由于触电和铅中毒，加州兀鹰几乎绝迹。现在，正通过电击和药物治疗拯救加州兀鹰。‎ ‎63.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段“As they go in to rest for the night”排除A；根据第二段“In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild to be bred(繁殖)”可知，condors一直生活在野外，排除B；根据第二段“more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico”可知，不止加利福尼亚州有condors，排除C，故选D。‎ ‎65.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据“This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death”可知，摄入大量铅会刺激兀鹰的神经系统，影响它们的生育能力，导致肾衰竭和死亡，故选D。‎