专题25+完型填空——议论文+名师揭秘-2019年高考英语高频考点名师揭秘与仿真测试 11页

‎ ‎ ‎【考点解读】‎ 近年来，高考中完形填空出现单纯议论文的文章并不多见，原因是议论文比较抽象，与考生的认知水平不太接近，因此出现的概率很小。但是高考在改革，其体裁也会朝着这个方向靠近。例如2007年的山东高考的完形填空试题就打破了以往的文体模式，以议论文代替夹叙夹议文体。‎ 议论文是一种通过剖析事物或论述事理来提出主张或发表见解的文体。议论文分为两种，一种是夹叙夹议型，另一种是纯议论型。夹叙夹议型完形填空的基本模式是：作者首先叙述一件事，然后就此提出自己的见解或由此事引出一个深刻的社会问题。纯议论型完形填空的基本模式是：提出论点，列举论据，提出看法。‎ 一、议论型完形填空有以下特点： ‎ ‎1、首句制胜，论点明确 ‎ 议论型完形填空的首句常常是文章的主旨句。作者一般在文章的首段提出论点，然后在各段的首句提出分论点。 ‎ ‎2、结构清晰，脉络有序 ‎ 议论文的三要素为论点、论据和论证。论点和论据形成一体，相互印证。有时作者为了使文章脉络清楚，行文流畅，会使用一些连接词，如：on the contrary, all in all, in short, generally speaking, worse still, on the other hand, in conclusion, as a consequence等。‎ ‎3、按一定的方法论证 ‎ 议论型完形填空中的论点都是按一定的方法来论证的。常用的论证方法有：归纳法（分析个别事物，进而推断出这类事物的共同点，得出结论）；推理法（从原理出发，个别分析说明，得出结论）；对照法（正反对照，先分析说明，后得出结论）；驳论法 （阐述错误观点，逐条批驳，阐明观点）。‎ 二、议论型完形填空的应试技巧 ‎ ‎1、叙议有机结合 ‎ 对于夹叙夹议型的完形填空要把叙和议有机地结合起来。有的考生没有注意到这一点，他们只顾选某一部分的答案，而没有注意到事件与论点之间的关系。 ‎ ‎2、遵循狠抓首句原则 ‎ 对于议论型完形填空，在掌握全文主旨的情况下抓住每段的首句是做好试题的关键。一项调查表明，英语中60%到90%的议论文的主旨句都是段落的首句。抓住了每段的首句，再理解文章就容易多了。 ‎ ‎3、理清文章的论点、论据和结论 ‎ 议论型完形填空与记叙型完形填空相比，稍微难了一些。一般来说，记叙文是按时间的先后顺序进行描述的，我们只要把握事件发生和发展的过程，就能将文章脉络把握好。然而议论型完形填空就不那么简单了，如果我们不清楚文章的论点、论据和结论，就只能莽撞地答题了，其结果可想而知。所以理清文章的论点、论据和结论是做好议论型完形填空的关键。 ‎ ‎【真题分析】‎ ‎1.【2018年6月普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（浙江卷）】‎ We have all heard how time is more valuable than money, but is it ___36___ to have too much?‎ I___37___back in high school I spent most of my day at school since I also ___38___a team sport. By the time I got home, I only had a few hours to do my homework, and I had to do it ____39____‎ When I got into college, things ___40___. I suddenly found myself out of class before noon time. Because of all this ____41____ there was no sense of ____42____ to do my school work immediately. I was performing this action of waiting until it later became ___43___. Once that happened, I just kept___44___my studying further and further back in my day. Then I got to the point where I was_____45_____really late at night to get my work alone.‎ One day I _____46_____ a former classmate of mine who was _____47_____ a lot of money running a sideline(副业). Since his regular job was _____48_____, I asked him why he just didn't do his sideline full-time. He said without the job, he would _____49_____ have too much time ‎ and would just do what I did back in _____50_____. He said that if he _____51_____the job, he would lose his _____52_____ to work and succeed.‎ So, try _____53_____ your time with other work. This is why there is a _____54_____ that if you want something done, ask a _____55_____person to do it.‎ ‎36. A. true B. fair C. strange D. possible ‎37. A. remember B. admit C. understand D. expect ‎38. A. watched B. loved. C. coached D. played ‎39. A. at last B. right away C. of course D. mattered ‎40. A. happened B. repeated C. changed D. mattered ‎41. A. extra B. difficult C. valuable D. limited ‎42. A. duty B. achievement C. urgency D. direction ‎43. A. burden B. relief C. risk D. habit ‎44. A. pushing B. taking C. setting D. calling ‎45. A. hanging out B. staying up C. jogging round D. showing off ‎46. A. met B. helped C. treated D. hired ‎47. A. raising B. wasting C. demanding D. making ‎48. A. safe B. important C. boring D. rewarding ‎49. A. luckily B. hardly C. hopefully D. simply ‎50. A. childhood B. college C. town D. business ‎51. A. quit B. found C. accepted D. kept ‎52. A. heart B. chance C. drive D. way ‎53. A. saving B. filling up C. giving up D. trading ‎54. A. message B. story C. saying D. fact ‎55. A. careful B. busy C. reliable D. kind ‎【文章大意】‎ 作者通过亲身经历告诉我们：拥有太多时间就会拖延做事情，时间紧迫反而能合理安排时间把事情做好。‎ ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎36. D。考查形容词。A. true真实的；B. fair公平的；C. strange奇怪的；D. possible可能的。句意：我们都听说过时间比金钱更有价值，但是拥有的时间太多可能会把事情做好吗?表示“可能的”，表示作者的疑问，故选D。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎39. B。考查固定短语。A. at last最后；B. right away立刻，马上；C. of course当然；D. mattered有关系，要紧。因为在校时间多，在家做作业的时间就少了，所以在家时必须马上写作业。下文do my school work immediately给了提示，故选B。‎ ‎40. C。考查动词。A. happened发生；B. repeated重复；C. changed改变；D. mattered要紧。大学生活和高中生活不一样，所以说发生了改变。根据常识选C。‎ ‎41. A。考查形容词。A. extra额外的；B. difficult困难的；C. valuable有价值的；D. limited有限的。此处指大学里有许多额外的时间，故选A。‎ ‎42. C。考查名词。A. duty责任；B. achievement成就；C. urgency紧急；D. direction方向。大学里没有马上做作业的紧迫感，与高中时抓紧时间做作业形成对比，故选C。‎ ‎43. D。考查名词。A. burden负担；B. relief救济；C. risk冒险；D. habit习惯。由于不急着写作业，所以后来就形成了等的习惯。故选D。‎ ‎44. A。考查动词。A. pushing推；B. taking拿；C. setting放置；D. calling呼唤。与上文的waiting呼应，指形成等的习惯后，我就不断地把学习往后推，越推越远。根据常识也可知答案，故选A。‎ ‎45. B。考查动词短语。A. hanging out挂出，常去某处；B. staying up熬夜；C. jogging round慢跑；D. showing off炫耀。根据late at night可知，是熬夜，此处指作业等到最后熬夜完成，故选B。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎49. D。考查副词。A. luckily幸运地；B. hardly几乎不；C. hopefully有希望地；D. simply简单地。朋友说如果没有这个工作，很简单他就会有太多无聊的时间。根据语境故选D。‎ ‎50. B。考查名词。A. childhood童年时期；B. college大学；C. town城镇；D. business商业。他就会像我大学时一样因为有太多的时间而不忙着做事，与上文内容呼应，故选B。‎ ‎51. A。考查动词。A. quit放弃；B. found发现；C. accepted接受；D. kept保持。如果他放弃工作，就会失去工作和成功的动力。与作者的建议呼应，故选A。‎ ‎52. C。考查名词。A. heart心脏；B. chance机会；C. drive驱动力；D. way方法。此处指如果他放弃工作，就失去了紧迫感，就会失去工作和成功的动力。表示“动力”，故选C。‎ ‎53. B。考查动词。A. saving节约；B. filling up装满；C. giving up放弃；D. trading交易。句意：试着用其他工作装满你的时间，使自己忙起来。故选B。‎ ‎54. C。考查名词。A. message消息；B. story故事；C. saying谚语；D. fact事实。此处指if you want something done, ask a 55 person to do it.这句谚语，故选C。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2.【2016年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（广东卷）】‎ How long can human beings live? Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is ___1___ to live no longer than 120 years. However, 110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live —— if he or she is ___2___ healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce ___3___. They wear out, and as a result, we get old and ___4___ die.‎ Even though we can’t live forever, we are living a ___5___ life than ever before. In 1900, the average American life span (寿命) was only 47 years, but today it is 75 years!‎ When does old age begin then? Sixty-five may be out-of-date as the ___6___ line between middle age and old age. After all, many older people don’t begin to experience physical and mental ___7___ until after age 75.‎ People are living longer because more people ___8___ childhood. Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature, many children died of common childhood ___9___. Now that the chances of dying ___10___ are much lower, the chances of living long are much higher due to better diets and health care.‎ On the whole, our population is getting older. The ___11___ in our population will have lasting effects on our social development and our way of life. Some people fear such changes will be for the worse, while some see ___12___, not disaster, many men and women in their “golden years” are healthy, still active, and young in ___13___ if not in age.‎ As the society grows old, we need the ___14___ of our older citizens. With long lives ahead of them, they need to ___15___ active and devoted.‎ ‎1. A. designed B. selected C. improved D. discovered ‎2. A. completely B. generally C. apparently D. extremely ‎3. A. rapidly B. harmlessly C. endlessly D. separately ‎4. A. eventually B. hopelessly C. automatically D. desperately ‎5. A. busier B. longer C. richer D. happier ‎6. A. finishing B. guiding C. waiting D. dividing ‎7. A. stress B. damage C. decline D. failure ‎8. A. survive B. enjoy C. remember D. value ‎9. A. problems B. fears C. worries D. diseases ‎10. A. poor B. young C. sick D. quiet ‎11. A. changes B. recovery C. safety D. increases ‎12. A. dreams B. chances C. strengths D. choices ‎13. A. mind B. appearance C. voice D. movement ‎14. A. protection B. suggestions C. contributions D. permission ‎15. A. sound B. appear C. turn D. stay ‎【文章大意】‎ 这篇短文讲述的是人的寿命是有限的，但是随着社会的发展，生活水平的提高，人们的寿命比以前更长了，而且老龄化已经成为了社会的一个趋势。我们的社会需要这些老年人们继续保持积极的心态，为社会做贡献。‎ ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎3. C。考查副词及语境的理解。句意：然而我们的细胞不会一直无止境的再生。rapidly ‎ 快速地；harmlessly 无害地；endlessly 无止境的；separately 分离地，分开地。根据文意可知，因为人体的细胞不会无止境的再生，因此人的寿命是有限的。因此应选C。‎ ‎4. A。考查副词及语境的理解。句意：他们（细胞）慢慢消耗尽，结果我们就会变老最终死亡。eventually 最终；hopelessly 没有希望地；automatically 自动地；desperately绝望地，自暴自弃地。根据句意可知选A。‎ ‎5. B。考查形容词及语境的理解。句意：尽管我们不能永久的活着，我们的寿命比以前是更长了。busier 更忙的；longer 更长的；richer 更富有的；happier更开心的。根据这一段的内容可知，现在人的寿命比以前更长了。故选B。‎ ‎6. D。考查形容词及语境的理解。句意:作为中年和老年的分界线,65岁可能已经过时了。 finishing完成;‎ guiding指导，指引; waiting等待; dividing划分。根据文意可知，把65岁当做中年和老年的分界线，这已经不适合现在的形势了。dividing line分界线，故选D。‎ ‎7. C。考查名词及语境的理解。句意:毕竟,很多老年人直到乃5岁之后才开始经历身体和精神的衰落。sres压力，压迫; damage损坏; decline衰落,衰弱; failure失败。根据句意可知，现在很多老年人是在75岁之 后身体和精神才开始衰弱的,故选C。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎9. D。考查名词及语境的理解。句意：在现代医学改变了自然的法则之前，很多孩子死于常见的儿童疾病。problems 问题；fears 恐惧，害怕；worries 担心；diseases 疾病。根据句意可知，以前的人们因为很多普遍的儿童疾病而死，所以导致平均寿命比较低。故选D。‎ ‎10. B。考查形容词及语境的理解。句意：既然年少夭折的可能性更低了，那么活得更长的机会就更高了，因为有了更好的饮食和医学护理。poor 穷的；young 年轻的；sick 病的；quiet 安静的。根据这一段的意思可知，以前人们在小的时候就因为生病死去了，dying young就是年少死去。故选B。‎ ‎11. A。考查名词及语境的理解。句意：人口结构的改变会对我们社会的发展和我们的生活方式有持续的影响。changes 改变；recovery 恢复；safety 安全；increases ‎ 增长，增加。根据下文中Some people fear such changes will…可知，我们现在的人口结构改变了，故选A。‎ ‎12. B。考查名词及语境的理解。句意：一些人担心这个改变将会带来一些坏处，然而还有一些人看到的是机会，而不是灾难。dreams 梦想；chances 机会；strengths 力量；choices 选择。根据句意可知，这句话中的while 表示对比，即跟前一种人不一样的看法，故选B。‎ ‎13. A。考查名词及语境的理解。句意：现在，很多处在“黄金年龄”的男士和女士，身体都非常健康，仍然积极，心态也很年轻。mind 心态；appearance 外表；voice 声音；movement移动。根据句意可知，这里应该是说虽然年龄老了，但是心态依然年轻，故选A。‎ ‎14. C。考查名词及语境的理解。句意:随着我们的社会老龄化,我们需要这些老年公民们的贡献。 protection保护; suggestions建议; contributions贡献; permission允许。根据文意可知，现在的社会逐渐老龄化，因此老年人也要继续给我们的社会做贡献，故选C。‎ ‎15. D。考査动词及语境的理解。句意:前面还有很长的寿命,他们需要保持积极的心态和奉献的精神。sound 听起来；appear好像；出现；turn转，变成；stay保持。根据文意可知,现在人们的寿命更长了，因此老年人也要继续卖保持积极心态,为我们的社会做贡献。故应选D。‎ ‎3.【2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（福建卷）】‎ ‎0ne of the easiest things in the world is to become a faultfinder. However, life can be 36 when you are not busy finding fault with it.‎ Several years ago I ‎37 a letter from seventeen-year-old Kerry, who described herself as a world-class fault-finder, almost always 38 by things. People were always doing things that annoyed her, and 39 was ever good enough. She was highly self-critical and also found fault with her friends. She became a really 40 person.‎ Unfortunately, it took a horrible accident to change her 41 Her best friend was seriously hurt in a car crash. What made it almost 42 to deal with was that the day before the 43 , Kerry had visited her friend and had spent the whole time criticizing her 44 of boyfriends, the way she was living, the way she related to her mother, and various other things she felt she needed to 45 It wasn’t until her friend was badly hurt that Kerry became 46 her habit of finding fault. Very quickly, she learned to appreciate life rather than to 47 everything so harshly (刻薄) . She was able to transfer her new wisdom to other parts of her 48 as well.‎ Perhaps most of us aren’t as extreme at fault-finding, 49 when we’re honest, we can be sharply 50 of the world. I’m not suggesting you 51 problems, or that you pretend things are 52 than they are, but simply that you learn to allow things to be as they are— 53 most of the time, and especially when it's not a really big 54 .‎ Train yourself to “bite your tongue” , and with a little 55 , you’ll get really good at letting things go. And when you do, you’ll get back your enthusiasm and love for life.‎ ‎36. A. lonely B. great C. quite D. uneasy ‎37. A. received B. answered C. expected D. rejected ‎38. A. threatened B. interrupted C. bothered D. spoiled ‎39. A. anything B. everything C. something D. nothing ‎40. A. caring B. boring C. interesting D. surprising ‎41. A. attitude B. plan C. measure D. explanation ‎42. A. urgent B. unnecessary C. certain D. impossible ‎43. A. occasion B. event C. accident D. adventure ‎44. A. memory B. notice C. evidence D. choice ‎45. A. hear B. contribute C. express D. admit ‎46. A. aware of B. afraid of C. curious about D. confused about ‎47. A. discuss B. realize C. judge D. settle ‎48. A. family B. life C. career D. education ‎49. A. so B. or C. but D. for ‎50. A. proud B. sure C. hopeful D. critical ‎51. A. face B. create C. solve D. ignore ‎52. A. rarer B. better C. stranger D. worse ‎53. A. at least B. at last C. by far D. so far ‎54. A. task B. deal C. result D. duty ‎55. A. practice B. speech C. rest D. pity ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎36. B。从下文内容可知¸本文作者不赞同人们老是挑毛病¸所以用great表示当你不忙于挑毛病时生活会很精彩。‎ ‎37. A。receive a letter from sb “收到某人的来信”。‎ ‎38. C。根据下文的“People were always doing things that annoyed her”（人们做的事总是惹她生气）可知¸此处用bother表示“使（某人）烦恼”。 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎42. D。事故发生前一天Kerry拜访了她的这个朋友并一直挑朋友的毛病。据此可知¸这使得事情几乎无法应对。‎ ‎43. C。根据上文的“it took a humble accident”可知¸此处选C。‎ ‎44. D。Kerry批评她的朋友对男朋友的选择。 Choice“选择”。‎ ‎45. C。 空处所在的句子是定语从句¸various other things是先行词¸关系词that/which代替先行词在从句中作宾语¸所以用express“表达”。‎ ‎46. A 。直到她的朋友严重受伤Kerry才意识到她挑毛病的习惯。aware of“意识到”；afraid of“害怕”；curious about“好奇”¸confused about“感到困惑”。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎53. A。至少大多数时候是这样的。at least“至少”。‎ ‎54. B。a big deal是固定搭配¸含义为“重要的事情”。‎ ‎55. A。根据上下文可知¸要做到这一点需要的是少量的训练。practice“练习”。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎