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【考向解读】
高考短文改错主要考查考生在语篇中综合运用英语知识的准确性，着重考查考生的语言基本功，即：考查考生的词、句、篇和语法的综合水平。其设置的考点灵活多变，知识层次多，覆盖面广，涉及词汇、句法、语篇等方面的语言知识和语意逻辑的运用以及综合辨析能力，是一种在较高层次上考查考生对英语知识的掌握和语言综合运用能力的测试题型。它是针对考生平时学习英语过程中，尤其是写作中常犯的错误而设计的，所以在考生平时写作中常出现的错误是短文改错考查的重点。
【命题热点突破一】词法错误
词法错误类设错在短文改错题中占很大的比例，考生需要特别注意。对于这类题，考生要仔细分析句子成分，细心观察，并在平时学习过程中多积累语言知识。错误类型通常有以下几种：冠词使用不当，名词的单复数使用错误，形容词与副词的混用，代词的误用，介词的误用等。
1. 冠词使用不当
冠词错用在高考短文改错中极为常见。从高考英语短文改错题的命题角度来看，通常从以下几个方面设题：(1)不定冠词a和an的混用；(2)可数名词单数前遗漏不定冠词；(3)不可数名词或表示类别的复数名词前加不定冠词；(4)定冠词和不定冠词的混用；(5)某些习语或固定搭配中冠词的误用。
1. A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop.
答案：a—the
【特别提醒】
要识别这类错误，考生应注意以下几点：(1)分清名词的可数与不可数；(2)分清名词的泛指与特指；(3)熟悉特殊类别的名词前定冠词的用法；(4)熟记固定结构中冠词的使用情况。
2.名词的单复数使用错误
近几年高考短文改错对名词的考查主要是名词的单复数。通常从以下几个方面设题：(1) 可数名词单复数的混淆；(2)不可数名词错用了复数形式的情况；(3) 单复数同形的名词的误用；(4)名词的所有格误用。
2.One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent...his parents were missing.
解析：考查名词复数。由后面句中的“his parents were missing.”可知托尼是和爸爸妈妈一起去购物的，因此应用复数形式。
答案：parent—parents
【特别提醒】
(1)注意名词前表示数量概念的修饰语和名词后的谓语等线索，判断名词的单复数形式。(2)一般来说，单数可数名词前必须有冠词，否则就应该是复数形式。(3)熟悉常见的表示数量概念的短语，牢记其修饰的是可数名词还是不可数名词。常见的修饰可数名词的单词或短语有：many，few，a number of，a few；常见的修饰不可数名词的单词或短语有：much，little，an amount of，a great/good deal of；常见的既可以修饰可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词的短语有：a lot of/lots of，plenty of，a quantity/quantities of。
(4)熟悉名词两种名词所有格(’s所有格和of所有格)的用法。(5)熟悉双重所有格的用法。当a(n)，this，these，that，some，any，no ...等与名词所有格修饰同一名词时，两者不能同时放在该名词前面，要用双重所有格表示，即a(this，that ...)＋名词＋of＋名词所有格，如a daughter of Mrs.Brown’s。
3．形容词与副词的混用
此类题的错误设置一般包括以下几个方面：(1)形容词和副词的混用，是短文改错中常见的考点之一；(2)比较级和最高级的混用或误用；(3)比较级和最高级修饰语的误用。
3. Dad and I were terrible worried.” Tony promised her that this would never happen again.
解析：考查副词的用法。形容词worried之前要用副词来修饰。
答案：terrible—terribly
【特别提醒】
要识别这类错误，考生应注意以下几点：(1)搞清形容词或副词在句中充当的成分及其所修饰的词语，判断是否存在误用情况。形容词修饰名词，在句中充当定语、表语或补足语；副词修饰形容词、动词或整个句子，在句中充当状语。(2)熟悉某些特殊形式的比较级和最高级，比如good—better—best，little—less—least 等。(3)熟悉常见的比较结构，如as ...as 同级比较、the＋比较级 ...，the＋比较级 ...等。
4．代词的误用
此类题的错误设置一般包括以下几个方面：(1)代词指代的人或事物前后不一致的错误；(2) 代词的单复数误用等；(3)“it” 一词的不当使用(包括用于从句中作形式主语或形式宾语)；(4)不定代词或反身代词的误用。
4.Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them.
解析：考查代词的错用。代替前面的单数名词a beautiful park要用it。
答案：them—it
【特别提醒】
要识别这类错误，考生应注意以下几点：(1)掌握各类代词的基本用法，包括人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词以及代词的各种格，如主格、宾格等。(2)明确代词在文中所指代的对象，不受各种插入语干扰。(3)记住一些特殊用法的代词，如it可作形式主语或形式宾语；one，that和those可以用来代替前面提到的名词等。
5．介词的误用
介词在句中不能单独使用，而必须和另外的词放在一起构成短语后才可以充当独立的句子成分。此类改错题主要考查介词的意义、用法及固定搭配。介词的误用主要有以下几种情况：(1)介词与其他各类词的搭配错误；(2)涉及动词时，如果动词是及物动词，其后直接接宾语，不需要介词，如果其后有介词，那这个介词就是多余的；(3)而不及物动词不可以直接接宾语，如果接宾语需借助于恰当的介词，如果缺少了这个介词，就会出现错误。
5.My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made from glass.
答案：from→of
【特别提醒】
要识别这类错误，考生应注意以下几点：(1)平时多积累、总结介词的用法；(2)注意动词与介词、名词与介词、形容词与介词等习惯搭配中的介词；(3)注意介词短语、动词短语等固定短语中的介词；(4)不同的介词与动词搭配构成的动词短语含义不同；(5)不及物动词后面不能直接跟宾语，若跟宾语，后面必须加上相应的介词。
例1、【2018·全国I】短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（Λ），并在其下面写出该加的次。
删除：把多余的用斜线（）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：(1).每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
(2).只允许修改10处，多者（从第l1处起）不计分。
71. During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a change there. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals. Last winter when I went here again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. They also Iwent here again,they had a big separnte house to raise dozens of chicken.They also had a small pond,which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. I felt happily that their life had improved. At
the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, but he agreed.
【答案】During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I a change there. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and animals. Last winter when I went again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of . They also had a small pond they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by the fish. I felt that their life had improved. At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return every two years, he agreed.
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在去年寒假期间和父亲去乡下拜访爷爷奶奶过程中的所见所闻，由此讲述了乡下的巨大变化。
3. another改成other 考查形容词的用法。他们住在一个小房子里，院子里有狗、鸭子和其他牲畜。根据句意可知，将another改成other。
4. here改成there 考查副词及语意理解。去年冬天我又一次去了那里。故将here改成there。
5. chicken改成chickens 考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dozens of可知，其后用名词复数形式。
6. which前加in或改为where 考查定语从句的关系词。他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处a small pond是先行词，其在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故用in which或where。
7. sell改成selling 考查动名词。去年夏天他们通过卖鱼挣了一大笔钱。此处介词by后用动名词，故用selling。
8. happily改成happy 考查形容词作表语。他们的生活有了很大提高，我感到很高兴。此处形容词作表语，故将happily改成happy。
9. 删除for 考查介词的用法。时间名词有every，each，last等词修饰时，其前不用介词。故删除for。
10. but改成and 考查并列连词的用法。我计划每两年回来一次，他同意了。此处是并列关系，故将but改成and。
【变式探究】(2017·全国Ⅰ)
In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday，I took driving lessons.I still remember how hard first day was.Before getting into the car，I thought I had learned the instructor's orders，so once I started the car，my mind goes blank.I forgot what he had said to me altogether.The instructor kept repeating the word，“Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning left！” I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left.A few minutes late，the instructor asked me to stop the car.It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle on the road.
答案：
In the summer holiday following my birthday，I took driving lessons.I still remember how hard first day was.Before getting into the car，I thought I had learned the instructor's orders， once I started the car，my mind blank.I forgot what he had said to me altogether.The instructor kept repeating the ，“Speed up！” “Slow down！” “ left！” I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left.A few minutes ，the instructor asked me to stop the car.It was a relief and I came to a stop just in the middle the road.
3. 解析：so改为but或yet。考查上下文的逻辑关系。根据语境可知，前后两句之间为转折关系，故把so改为but或yet。
4. 解析：goes改为went。考查时态。本文讲述作者18岁生日后的那个暑假发生的事情，且通篇以过去时为主。此处应用一般过去时，故把goes改为went。
5. 解析：word改为words。考查名词的数。根据下文可知，教练发出了很多指令，故用word的复数形式words。
6. 解析：Turning改为Turn。考查谓语动词。此处为祈使句，并和上文中的“Speed up”和“Slow down”并列，故改为动词原形Turn。
7. 解析：删除so后的much。考查固定句型。此处含有“so...that...”引导的结果状语从句，句中的much多余，故删除。
【命题热点突破二】 句法错误
高考英语短文改错常见的句法错误有动词的时态、语态错误，非谓语动词使用错误，主谓一致错误，名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句等三大从句出现的错误以及句子成分的赘余等。还有语气的误用，主要体现在虚拟语气的误用、主从句语气不一致等。这些错误通常与句子成分的分析紧密相关，所以难度较大。
1．动词的时态、语态错误
近几年短文改错题涉及时态的考查点通常为：
(1)一般现在时和一般过去时的混用；
(2)短文中时态的使用前后不一致；
(3)在特定语境条件下时态的误用(含有状语从句的复合句，主句用将来时态，而从句中则用一般现在时态)；
(4)有时也涉及对其他时态的考查。
语态错误主要包括：
(1)主动语态与被动语态的误用；
(2) 被动语态中be动词的遗漏；
(3)不及物动词用了被动语态。
一般来说，在高考短文改错中必有一个时态错误。
1.As I tell you last time，I made three new friends here.
解析：由后面的last time以及主句时态可知要用一般过去时态，故此处的tell改为told。
答案：tell—told
【特别提醒】
要识别这类错误，应注意以下几点：(1)通读全文，搞清文中动词的主体时态。然后根据上下文所用时态判断句子时态是否正确；(2)找到谓语动词的主语，弄清楚它们之间是主动还是被动关系；(3)看谓语动词后面是否有宾语，如果有宾语，则多半应为主动语态。
2．非谓语动词使用错误
非谓语动词使用错误在短文改错中较为常见。该类错误主要体现在以下几个方面：(1)动词不定式的符号to 赘余或残缺；(2)过去分词和现在分词的混用等；(3) 非谓语动词不同的时态和语态相混淆；(4)非谓语动词同谓语动词相混淆。
2.I enjoyed sit close to the windows and looking at the view.
答案：sit—sitting
【特别提醒】
要识别这类错误，考生要注意以下几点：(1)识别动词作谓语还是非谓语，如果简单句中已经有谓语动词，则要考虑是否应用非谓语动词；(2)掌握三种非谓语动词的基本用法；(3)注意三种非谓语动词用法的差别；(4)注意非谓语动词的时态和语态。
3．主谓一致错误
主谓一致错误是指谓语动词的形式跟主语不一致。其错误类型表现为：(1)主谓在人称或单复数上不一致；(2)在含有定语从句或强调结构中的主谓不一致方面的错误；(3)非谓语动词短语作主语或主语从句作主语时主谓不一致方面的错误。主谓一致错误也是考生在书面表达中常犯的错误，考生也通常忽略这方面的问题。
3.Suddenly the arrows was flying down at us from the sky—they looked like rain!
解析：由于句子的主语为the arrows，故谓语动词要用复数形式，且此处表示过去的动作，故用were。
答案：was—were
【特别提醒】
要识别这类错误，考生要注意以下几点：(1)做题时要有全局观念，前后联系；(2)搞清句子结构，分析句子成分；(3)全面掌握有关主谓一致方面的规则。
4．主从句连接词误用
三大从句在短文改错中经常考查，它们的出题点常有以下几个方面：(1)三大从句之间引导词的误用；(2)定语从句引导词的误用；(3)名词性从句引导词的误用；(4)状语从句引导词的误用。
4.My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor after I was packing them up.
解析：用when/while引导时间状语从句，表示“当我打包时掉在了地上一些”，而不是在“我”打包后掉在了地上。
答案：after—when/while
【特别提醒】
在解题时要注意以下几点：(1)熟悉各种从句常用引导词的特点及用法。(2)了解不同从句的特点：①定语从句是形容词性从句，相当于形容词的用法，其功能是修饰先行词，对其性质、特征进行描述；②状语从句是副词性从句，相当于副词的用法，其功能是在复合句中作状语；③名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，一般在句子中充当主语、表语、宾语或同位语。(3)注意容易混淆的引导词的区别。
例2、【2018·全国II】短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文，文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处，每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删改或修改。
例3、 【2018·全国III】假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文，文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处，每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删改或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（Λ），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin. Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud. Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity, others were nervous and anxious. I had done myself homework but I was shy. I was afraid that to speak in front of a larger group of people. At that moment, I remembered that my father once said, "The classroom is a place for learning and that include leaning from textbooks, and mistake as well." Immediate, I raised my hand.
【答案】
【解析】本文为记叙文。文章主要介绍了写作课上作者克服恐惧心理主动回答问题的故事。
第二处：考查非谓语动词。根据句子成分分析，本句有谓语为was，而且没有连词，与主语是主动关系，所以wait 要用非谓语waiting，表伴随。
第三处：考查连词。句意：每个人都沉默了，等着看谁会被要求朗读他或她的段落。一次只能叫一个人，男女两者是选择关系，故把and改为or。
第四处：考查固定搭配。be eager to do sth渴望做某事，故eager后加to。
第八处：考查主谓一致。that作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数includes。
第九处：考查名词单复数。错误不是一个，所以要用复数。
第十处：考查副词。此处要用副词在句中做状语修饰整个句子，故把immediate改为immediately。
【变式探究】(2017·全国Ⅲ)
When I look at this picture of myself，I realize of how fast time flies.I had grown not only physically，and also mentally in the past few years.About one month after this photo was took，I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.I enjoyed studying difference kings of cars and planes，playing pop music，and collecting the late music albums.This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days.
答案：
When I look at this picture of myself，I realize of how fast time flies.I grown not only physically， also mentally in the past few years.About one month after this photo was ，I entered my second year of high school and a new member of the school music club.Around me in picture are the things were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.I enjoyed studying kinds of cars and planes，playing pop music，and collecting the music albums.This picture often brings
back to me many happy memories of high school days.
1. 解析：删除of。考查介词。realize后接宾语从句，介词of多余。
2. 解析：had改为have。考查时态。由时间状语“in the past few years”可知，此处强调的是发生在过去的动作对现在的影响，故应用现在完成时。
3. 解析：and改为but。考查连词。not only...but also...是固定搭配。
4. 解析：took改为taken。考查语态。photo与take为被动关系，故应用被动语态。take的过去分词是taken。
7. 解析：they改为that或which。考查定语从句。things是个名词，后面接了一个定语从句，修饰先行词things，既可以用that也可以用which作关系代词。
8. 解析：difference改为different。考查形容词。名词kinds前需要形容词来修饰，因此把名词difference改为形容词different。
9. 解析：late改为latest。考查形近词辨析。结合句意，这里表示收集最新的音乐专辑，故将late改为latest。
10. 解析：your改为my。考查人称指代一致。全文介绍的是“我”的故事，因此这里应该是“我”高中时期的回忆。
【特别提醒】
在解题时要注意以下几点：(1)依据短文中的逻辑关系，准确把握词与词，句与句或段与段之间的关系；(2)分析句子结构，确定句子的类型(简单句，并列句，复合句)；(3)排除汉语影响，识别although...but或because...so 等错误。
【高考真题解读】
【2018·全国I】短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（Λ），并在其下面写出该加的次。
删除：把多余的用斜线（）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：(1).每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
(2).只允许修改10处，多者（从第l1处起）不计分。
71. During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a change there. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals. Last winter when I went here again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. They also Iwent here again,they had a big separnte house to raise dozens of chicken.They also had a small pond,which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. I felt happily that their life had improved. At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, but he agreed.
【答案】During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I a change there. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and animals. Last winter when I went again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of . They also had a small pond they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by the fish. I felt that their life had improved. At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return every two years, he agreed.
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在去年寒假期间和父亲去乡下拜访爷爷奶奶过程中的所见所闻，由此讲述了乡下的巨大变化。
3. another改成other 考查形容词的用法。他们住在一个小房子里，院子里有狗、鸭子和其他牲畜。根据句意可知，将another改成other。
4. here改成there 考查副词及语意理解。去年冬天我又一次去了那里。故将here改成there。
5. chicken改成chickens 考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dozens of可知，其后用名词复数形式。
6. which前加in或改为where 考查定语从句的关系词。他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处a small pond是先行词，其在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故用in which或where。
7. sell改成selling 考查动名词。去年夏天他们通过卖鱼挣了一大笔钱。此处介词by后用动名词，故用selling。
【2018·全国II】短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文，文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处，每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删改或修改。
2.【2017·新课标II】短文改错（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处；每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2.只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Mr. and Mrs.Zhang all work in our school.They live far from the school,and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.In their spare time,they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden,that is on the rooftop of their house. They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together.They have also bought for some gardening tools.beside,they often get some useful informations from the internet.When summer came,they will invite their students pick the vegetables！
【解析】考查记叙文，本文主要讲了张先生和张太太的日常工作和生活。
3.interesting改为interested：考查形容词，由于此句的主语是人，而interesting的主语是物，故将interesting改为interested.
4.that改为which:考查非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句需要用which引导，故将that改为which.
5.earlier改为early：考查副词，earlier是形容词比较级，不能修饰动词get up, 故将earlier改为early.
6.将for去掉：考查动词，bought是及物动词，后无需跟介词，故将for去掉.
7.beside改为besides：考查连接词，beside是介词，“在……旁边”，而这里需要一个连接词，故将beside改为besides.
3.【2017·新课标III】短文改错(共10小题；每小题l分，满分10分)
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(＼)划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
When I look at this picture of myself. I realize of how fast time flies. I had grown not only physically.and also mentally in the past few years. About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club. Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time,car magazines and musical instruments. I enjoyed studying difference kings of cars and planes,playing pop music, and collecting the late music albums. This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days.
【答案及其解析】
74. 答案 took→taken 考查动词。根据句意可知此处表示被动含义，故把took改为taken。
75. 答案 become →became考查动词时态。根据and前面的动词entered判断该句应该用一般过去时。
76. 答案 the/ this∧picture 考查限定词的用法。单数可数名词前应该有限定词，根据句意可知在picture前加the或者this
77.答案 they→ that/which考查定语从句。 They不引导定语从句，因为指代thing，所以把they改为that或者which。
78. difference→different 考查形容词。修饰名词kinds应该用形容词形式。
79. late →latest考查形容词最高级。
根据句意可知此处指最新的音乐唱片，故把late改为latest。
80. your→my 考查代词 。
根据句意可知此处是我高中时代生活的美好回忆，故把your改为my。
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