2017届高考英语（人教版）一轮教师文档讲义：选修8+unit+2 12页

‎ [话题素材——克隆技术]‎ 好词 ‎1．drawback n. 缺点；不利条件 ‎2．experiment n. 实验 ‎3．explore vt. 探索 ‎4．ban n．& vt. 禁止 ‎5．argument n. 争论 ‎6．hot topic 热点话题 ‎7．heated discussion 热烈的讨论 ‎8．be worth considering 值得考虑 ‎9．in terms of 从……角度 ‎10．object to/be against 反对 ‎11．agree/be for 同意/支持 ‎12．a sound attitude 正确的态度 ‎13．turn out 结果是 ‎14．contribute to solving the problem of 有助于……问题的解决 ‎15．test out the theory by experiment 用实验检验理论 佳句 ‎1．Today's technology develops so quickly that many impossible things become true.‎ 如今的科技发展得如此快以致于许多不可能的事情都成为了现实。‎ ‎2．In my own opinion, I agree_to clone the endangered animal and disagree_with cloning human.‎ 以我的观点，我同意克隆濒危动物、不同意克隆人类。‎ ‎3．I think that we should use the clone to make_our_life_better_off.‎ 我想我们应该用克隆物使我们的生活变得更美好。‎ ‎ [精美语篇]‎ Cloning is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant. Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is a difficult task to undertake. From time to time people suggest that extinct animals should be brought back to life through cloning. Last Friday, we had a discussion about whether we should clone animals.‎ Some are in favour of it. Large quantities of commercial food can be produced. Besides, the extinct animals can be cloned, if their DNA is still in good condition. It can also be used to cure serious illnesses.‎ Others have a strong objection to it. They believe that cloned animals can't resist some diseases and tend to die earlier. Dolly lived six and a half years altogether, half of the length of the life of the original sheep. Above all, it is bound to disturb the balance of nature.‎ ‎ 高频单词 ‎1．differ (vi.) 不同；相异→difference (n.) 不同；差异→different (adj.) 不同的 ‎2．exact (adj.) 精确的；准确的→exactly (adv.) 精确地；准确地 ‎3．undertake (vt.) 着手；从事；承担→undertook (过去式)→undertaken (过去分词)‎ ‎4．regulation (n.) 规则；规章；法规→regular (adj.) 规则的；有规律的 ‎5．cast (vt.) 扔；投；掷→cast (过去式)→cast (过去分词)‎ ‎6．altogether (adv.) 总共；完全地 ‎7．object (vi.) 反对；不赞成→objection (n.) 不赞成；反对；异议 ‎8．moral (adj.) 道德(上)的，伦理的→morally (adv.) 道德上地，伦理上地 ‎9．accumulate (vt.) 积累，聚积→accumulation (n.) 积累，聚积 ‎10．assumption (n.) 假定；设想→assume (v.) 以为；设想 ‎11．shortly (adv.) 立刻；不久 ‎12．retire (vi.) 退休；离开→retirement (n.) 退休，退职；退役→retired (adj.) 退休的；离职的 ‎13．bother (vt.) 打扰(vi.) 操心 (n.) 烦扰 ‎14．resist (vt.) 抵抗；对抗→resistance (n.) 抵抗力；反抗→resistant (adj.) 有抵抗力的；耐……的 ‎15．obtain (vt.) 获得；赢得→obtainable (adj.) 可获得的；可得到的 ‎16．reason (n.) 理由；原因→reasonable (adj.) 合情理的；讲道理的；公道的→unreasonable (adj.) 不合情理的 ‎17．fair (adj.) 公平的；中等的，尚可的→fairness (n.) 公平→fairly (adv.) 公平地；相当地 ‎ 重点短语 ‎1．pay_off　　　　　　　　　得到好结果；取得成功；偿清 ‎2．cast_down 沮丧；不愉快 ‎3．have_a_great_impact_on 对……有重大影响 ‎4．object_to 反对 ‎5．in_favor_of 赞成；支持 ‎6．owe..._to_ 把……归功于……‎ ‎7．be_bound_to_do 一定或注定(做)……‎ ‎8．strike...into_one's_heart 使……刻骨铭心 ‎9．from_time_to_time 不时；偶尔 ‎10．bring...back_to_life 使复生；使复活 ‎11．in_vain 白费力气；枉费心机 ‎12．in_good/poor_condition 状况很好(坏)；情况很好(坏)‎ ‎13．forbid_sb._to_do_sth. 禁止某人做某事 ‎ 热点句型 ‎1．while 表“对比”关系，“然而，可是”‎ Cloning plants is straightforward while(然而) cloning animals is very complicated.(教材P11)‎ 克隆植物简单，但克隆动物就很复杂了。‎ ‎2．当时间副词now，then位于句首，谓语是come，appear等表示“出现”一类的动词时，主句用完全倒装语序。that 引导同位语从句 Then_came(传来) the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill. (教材P11)‎ 接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息。‎ ‎3．The advantage is that...“其优点是……”；that引导表语从句 The_advantage_is_that(优点是) if there is a new illness some of these animals may die, but others will survive and pass on the ability to resist that disease to the next generation.(教材P15)‎ 其优点是如果有一种新的疾病使得这些动物中的一部分死掉，但是余下的将会存活下来并且将抵制这种疾病的能力传递给下一代。‎ ‎4．based on...“建立在……的基础之上”，过去分词做状语 Based_on(建立在……基础之上) what we know now, you can not clone animals that have been extinct longer than 10,000 years.(教材P15)‎ ‎ 教材复现 在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ ‎1．The fact is ________ these are both examples of natural clones.‎ 答案：that　表语从句中不缺少句子成分，句意完整，故填that，在句中不作成分，但也不能省略。‎ ‎2．It is a way of ________ (make) an exact copy of another animal or plant.‎ 答案：making　a way of doing sth.“做某事的方法”。‎ ‎3．But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid ________ in 1996 with a breakthrough.‎ 答案：off　pay off“获得成功”。‎ ‎4．The fact ________ she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging.‎ 答案：that　该句为同位语从句，解释说明fact的内容。从句中不缺句子成分，故填that。‎ ‎5．Cloning scientists were cast ________ to find ________ Dolly's illnesses were more appropriate to a much older animal.‎ 答案：down; that　cast down“沮丧”，为固定短语；第二空为宾语从句，从句中不缺少句子成分，只需连词，故填that。‎ ‎6．Newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves ________ (attain) their ambitions.‎ 答案：to attain　不定式作目的状语。‎ ‎7．Dolly's death, like her birth, was bound ________ (raise) worries.‎ 答案：to raise　be bound to do“一定或注定(做)……”。‎ ‎8．All efforts of cloning an animal will be ________ vain if there is not enough diversity in the group to overcome illnesses.‎ 答案：in　in vain“白费力气”。‎ ‎9．Diversity in a group means having animals with their genes ________ (arrange) in different ways.‎ 答案：arranged　genes与arrange为被动关系，故应填过去分词arranged。‎ ‎10．The initial requirment is ________ you need perfect DNA.‎ 答案：that　系动词后为表语从句，句子中不缺成分且句意完整，故填that。‎ ‎1　　undertake　vt.着手；从事；承担；保证；答应 It is a difficult task to undertake.(P11)‎ 它是一项很难完成的任务。‎ ‎ ‎①[2015·课标全国卷Ⅰ]Miranda has_undertaken a review of all of them.‎ Miranda已对它们进行了回顾。‎ ‎②Most schools undertake programs of group or individual educational support.‎ 大多数学校都承担了为团体或个人提供教育支持的项目。‎ ‎③I can undertake that you'll enjoy the trip.‎ 我保证你会喜欢这次旅行。‎ ‎2　　objection　n．不赞成；反对；异议 On the other hand, Dolly's appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination.(P12)‎ 另一方面，多莉的出现引起了一阵强烈的反对，对媒体和公众的想象力也产生了极大的影响。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎(1)raise an objection to sth. 对某事提出异议 make/take/have an objection to (doing) sth. 反对(做)某事 ‎(2)object n. 物体；目标　vi. 反对；不赞成 object to sb./sth. 反对某人/某事 object to doing sth. 反对做某事 object that... 反对……‎ ‎(3)objective adj.真实的；客观的，无偏见的 ‎①[朗文词典]His father raised_no_objections when John told him that he wanted to become a dancer.‎ 约翰告诉父亲他想当舞蹈演员，父亲没有反对。‎ ‎②[2015·安徽高考]First of all, it is now easier to replace an object than to spend time and money to repair it.‎ 首先，更换一个东西比花费时间和金钱去修理它更容易。‎ ‎③Most students object_to charging for parking.‎ 大多数学生反对停车收费。‎ ‎3　　forbid　vt.(forbade/forbad, forbidden)禁止；不准 Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning.(P12)‎ 有些政府开始改革他们的法律制度，禁止进行克隆人的研究。‎ ‎ ‎①[2014·重庆高考]In some Middle Eastern countries, exposing your flesh is forbidden,_especially if you're a woman.‎ 在一些中东国家，暴露皮肤是被禁止的，尤其是女性。‎ ‎②[朗文词典]He was_forbidden_to_leave the house.‎ 他被禁止离开家。‎ ‎③The new law forbids_smoking in offices.‎ 这项新法律禁止办公场所吸烟。‎ ‎4　　owe　vt.欠(钱、账、人情等)；归功于；应感谢 You owe the lady an apology.(P13)‎ 你必须向这位女士道歉。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎(1)owe sb. sth./owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物 owe...to... 把……归功于……；应感激 owe it to sb. that 多亏某人……‎ ‎(2)owing adj. 欠着的；未付的 owing to＝because of＝on account of＝due to 因为；由于 ‎①[2015·北京高考]I think maybe we owe_you_an_apology.‎ 我认为我们应向你道歉。‎ ‎②[牛津词典]She still owes ￡3,000 to her father.‎ 她还欠她父亲3000英镑。‎ ‎③Owing_to the rain, the match was cancelled.‎ 由于大雨，比赛被取消了。‎ ‎5　　strike　vt.(struck, struck)撞击；敲；打中；忽然想起；给人深刻印象；侵袭；罢工　n．罢工 ‎...proves how the idea struck a mixture of fear and excitement into people's hearts.(P15)‎ ‎……证明了这一想法使人们感到既兴奋又恐惧。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎(1)strike...into one's heart 使……刻骨铭心 be struck by/with 被……击中/打动/感动 It strikes/hits/occurs to sb. that... 某人突然想起……‎ sth. strikes/hits/occurs to sb. 某人突然想起……‎ ‎(2)go on strike 罢工 ‎①[2014·山东高考]One day, Ashley's wife tried to strike Mumbet's sister with a spade.‎ 一天，Ashley的妻子试图用铁锹打Mumbet的妹妹。‎ ‎②[2013·重庆高考]What struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for his son.‎ 电影里最感动我的是父亲对儿子的深深的爱。‎ 过关演练 单句语法填空 在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式 ‎1．My main ________ (object) to the plan is that it costs too much.‎ 答案：objection　句意：我不赞成这项计划主要是花费太多。由句意及my一词可知应填名词形式objection。‎ ‎2．[2015·课标全国卷Ⅱ]It ________ (strike) me that playing against the other team was a ‎ great learning moment for all the girls on the team.‎ 答案：struck　It strikes/struck sb. that...“某人突然想起……”。‎ ‎3．[2013·江西高考]The United Nations Organization (UNO) could undertake ________ (direct) the distribution of aid.‎ 答案：to direct　句意：联合国组织承担指导救助品的分配。undertake to do sth.“承担/保证做某事”。‎ ‎4．[2013·天津高考]Please note that food and fruit ________ (forbid) in the library, but you are allowed to have drinks and sweets with you.‎ 答案：are forbidden　句意：请注意食物和水果在图书馆中是禁止的，但是随身携带饮料和糖果是被允许的。由句意可知应用被动语态。‎ ‎5．[2014·课标全国卷Ⅱ]Over the years, I have come to realise how much of my success I owe ________ my acceptance of those words as my values.‎ 答案：to　句意：经过这些年，我意识到我的成功很大程度上归功于我把那些话作为我的价值观。owe...to...“把……归功于……；应感激……”。‎ ‎6．Although they're twins, they ________ (difference) greatly in their tastes.‎ 答案：differ　本句中缺少谓语动词，故应填differ。‎ ‎7．[2014·辽宁高考]Although we've been delighted to have you as neighbours, we're hoping to settle something that ________ (bother) us.‎ 答案：bothers　对应主语为something，且结合we're知用一般现在时。‎ ‎8．She is overweight, but she can't ________ (resistance) eating more delicious food.‎ 答案：resist　resist动词“抵抗，抵制”，且情态动词后应用动词原形，故填resist。‎ ‎9．Honey, look at your mistake in spelling this word, or you ________ (obtain) full marks in this exam.‎ 答案：will obtain　该句为“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”句式，且该陈述句中常用will＋动词原形，故应填will obtain。‎ ‎10．Liu Lei insisted that he merely did what everybody would have done and strongly objected ________ being called a hero.‎ 答案：to　object to doing...“反对做……”。‎ ‎1　　pay off 得到好结果；取得成功；偿清 But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough－the cloning of Dolly the sheep.(P11)‎ 但是决心和耐心使科学家们最终在1996年收获了突破性的结果——克隆羊“多莉”。‎ ‎ ‎ pay sth. off 全部偿还；偿清(债务)‎ pay for sth. 付钱(买)；支付；为某事吃苦头或受惩罚 pay sb. for sth. 付钱给某人买……‎ pay back 还钱；偿还；报复 ‎①[2015·福建高考]Hard work pays_off.‎ 努力工作获得了回报。‎ ‎②[2013·山东高考]These efforts paid_off,_and Sparrow soon became one of the most successful fastfood chains in the regions where it operated.‎ 努力没有白费，Sparrow成为它经营地区最成功的连锁快餐店之一。‎ ‎③Right, I'll pay_for the food and you pay for the drinks.‎ 好吧，我付饭菜钱，你付酒水费。‎ ‎2　　in good/poor condition 状况好/坏；情况良好/坏 The dodo became extinct fairly recently so its DNA is still in good condition. (P17)‎ 渡渡鸟是近期才灭绝的动物，因此它的DNA保存完好。‎ ‎(1)out_of condition 健康状况欠佳 working/living/studying conditions 工作/生活/学习环境 on condition (that)．.. 在……条件下；条件是……；倘若；只要 on no condition 决不(位于句首时需部分倒装)‎ ‎(2)conditional adj. 含有条件的；依赖某事物的 ‎①[2014·安徽高考]In fact, it's many young people's ambition to set up programmes or buninesses that improve social_conditions.‎ 事实上，创立能改善社会地位的项目或企业是许多年轻人的抱负。‎ ‎②[2013·天津高考]In the teenage years, the concept of happiness changes. Suddenly it is conditional on such things as excitement, love and popularity.‎ 到了青少年时期，幸福观发生了改变，取决于诸如激情、爱和受欢迎等条件。‎ ‎③Teenagers can surf the Internet through mobile phones on_condition_that they can make good use of it.‎ 只要青少年学生能够很好的利用，那么他们就可以使用手机上网。‎ 过关演练 选词填空 in favour of； cast down； be bound to； bring...back to life； in vain； from time to time； in good condition； pay off ‎ ‎1．[2014·课标全国卷Ⅰ]Finally that hard work ________ and now the water in the river is cleaner than ever.‎ 答案：paid off ‎2．All the doctors did was ________， and the patient died after three day's treatment.‎ 答案：in vain ‎3．I still see her ________ though we live far from each other.‎ 答案：from time to time ‎4．I bought the bicycle ten years ago. It still stays ________.‎ 答案：in good condition ‎5．He seemed quite ________ when he knew the result.‎ 答案：cast down ‎6．We're all ________ equal pay for equal work.‎ 答案：in favour of ‎7．You've done so much work and you ________ pass the exam.‎ 答案：are bound to ‎8．He happened to be saved by a kind man and was ________ again.‎ 答案：brought back to life ‎1　　The_advantage_is_that if there is a new illness some of these animals may die, but others will survive and pass on the ability to resist that disease to the next generation.(P15)‎ 其优势是如果发生一种新的疾病，这些动物中的一些可能会死掉，但是另外一些却能存活下来，并将这种抵抗能力传给下一代。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 语境助记 ‎①[2014·辽宁高考]The good news is that millions of children now can have yearly eye exams and following treatment, including eyeglasses.‎ 好消息是上百万的儿童现在可以每年进行眼睛检测并且跟着后续治疗，包括眼镜在内。‎ ‎②[2014·安徽高考]A final point to bear in mind is that the term “classical music” is used to refer to a great variety of music.‎ 需牢记的最后一点是，术语“古典乐”被用来指各种各样的音乐。‎ ‎③The_advantage_is_that we have a good command of English.‎ 优势是我们很好地掌握了英语。‎ ‎2　　Based_on what we know now, you cannot clone animals that have been extinct ‎ longer than 10,000 years.(P15)‎ 就我们现在所知，你不可能克隆那些灭绝了一万年以上的动物。‎ based on是过去分词短语作状语。类似短语还有worried/concerned about对……感到担忧；satisfied with对……感到满意；surrounded by被……包围；faced with面对……；compared with与……比较 语境助记 ‎①[2014·北京高考]His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based_on input but had no effect on output.‎ 他的主要发现是，激励建立在输入基础上时会增加成就，而建立在输出基础上则不起作用。‎ ‎②[2013·上海高考]The judges gave no hint of what they thought, so I left the room really worried.‎ 法官一点也没有给出关于他们想法的提示，因此我忧心忡忡地离开了房间。‎ ‎③Satisfied_with what he did, the teacher praised him in class.‎ 老师对他所做的事情很满意，于是在班上表扬了他。 ‎ 过关演练 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式 ‎1．When ________ (compare) with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.‎ 答案：compared　compared with...“与……比较；与……相比”。‎ ‎2．[2014·天津高考]________ (face) with difficult decisions, she used to tell me, you wouldn't know whether you made the right choice.‎ 答案：Faced　be faced with“面对……”，此处省略be动词作状语。‎ ‎3．The advantage is ________ smiling can not only make us happy, but also please others.‎ 答案：that　that在该句中引导表语从句。‎ ‎4．The trouble is ________ I have lost his address.‎ 答案：that　句意：麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。that引导表语从句，不作句子成分但也不能省略。‎ ‎5．________ (leave) alone at home, the little boy didn't feel afraid at all.‎ 答案：Left　主语the little boy与leave(留下)之间为被动关系，故填过去分词。句意：尽管独自被留在家里，小男孩一点儿也不感到害怕。‎ Ⅱ.句型转换 The teacher entered the classroom, and he was followed by some students.‎ ‎→The teacher entered the classroom, ____________.‎ 答案：followed by some students Ⅲ.翻译句子 ‎1．由于受到了很好的照料，这位老人生活很幸福。‎ ‎________________________________________________________‎ 答案：Taken good care of, the old man is living a happy life.‎ ‎2．我的想法是我们在看电视之前应完成作业。‎ ‎________________________________________________________‎ 答案：My idea is that we should finish our homework before watching TV.‎ 复习同位语 概念 同位语是句子成分的一种，位于名词、代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况，它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。‎ The program is attractive. The program is Where Are We Going, Dad.‎ ‎→The program, Where Are We Going, Dad, is attractive.‎ 同位语的表现形式 ‎　同位语除可以直接位于所修饰的名词、代词后外，也可以用such as, that is, of, or等词引导。‎ The freezing temperature is the temperature at which water freezes under ordinary pressure. Freezing point is that too.‎ ‎→The freezing temperature, or freezing point, is the temperature at which water freezes under ordinary pressure.‎ 同位语从句 ‎1．概念：一个句子在复合句中起到同位语的作用，对前面的名词进行解释说明。这个句子被称为同位语从句。‎ He told me the news and he would come home from abroad soon.‎ ‎→He told me the news that he would come home from abroad soon.‎ ‎2．用法：同位语从句一般位于fact, news, idea, truth, hope, belief, thought, doubt, question, promise, information 等抽象名词后，解释前面名词的具体含义。‎ When will he come back? I have no idea.‎ ‎→I've no idea when he will come back.‎ ‎3．同位语从句连接词有that, whether, who, which, what, when, where, why, how等。‎ Should we continue to do the experiment?‎ The problem has not been solved.‎ ‎→The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has not been solved.‎ ‎4．同位语从句与定语从句的区分：同位语从句所修饰的名词在从句中不作成分；定语从句所修饰的名词在从句中充当一定的成分。‎ ‎①Where were they to get the machine needed?‎ Then he raised the question.‎ ‎→Then he raised the question where they were to get the machine needed.(同位语从句)‎ ‎②Do you know the place? He was born in the place.‎ ‎→Do you know the place where he was born？(定语从句)‎ 过关演练 单句语法填空 在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)‎ ‎1．[2013·浙江高考]The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ________ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.‎ 答案：that　分析句子结构可知，此处是由that引导的同位语从句，说明belief的具体内容，该从句中不缺少成分，故填that。‎ ‎2．[2014·重庆高考]—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?‎ ‎—Yeah, but I have no idea ________ he did it; that's one of his favorite universities.‎ 答案：why　why在此处引导同位语从句，说明idea的内容。‎ ‎3．The question ________ will take his place is still not clear.‎ 答案：who　who引导同位语从句，说明question的内容，且who在从句中充当主语。‎ ‎4．We haven't yet settled the question ________ we are going to spend our summer vacation.‎ 答案：where　句意：到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。where引导同位语从句。‎ ‎5．[2013·上海高考]I have no idea ________ that cell phone isn't working, so could you fix it for me?‎ 答案：why　句意：我不知道为什么手机不能正常工作了，你能为我修理一下吗？why引导同位语从句。‎