高考英语二轮复习与增分策略专题一阅读理解第三节题组练习2科普知识 10页

只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。科普知识A(2017·甘肃甘谷二中一模)Areyouanoptimist？Doyoulookatyourglassandseeitashalffull？Doyoubelievethateverycloudhasasilverliningandthatthingsgenerallyturnoutforthebest？Doyoubelievethatifsomethingismeanttobe，itwillbe？Ifyoureply“yes”toallofthesequestions，thenyouareanoptimist.Youprobablyareenthusiastic，cheerfulandoutgoing.Youmaybesuccessfulatworkandinlove.Butyoumaybemisguidedbecausethingsdon’tturnoutforthebest.Youmaybelievethatwhenonedoorclosesanotheroneopens(forexample，youmayfailtoobtainanewjob;anotherchancewillcomearoundsoon)．Wrong.Whenonedoorcloses，anotherdoorslams(砰然关上)inyourface.That’sbitterreality.Nowabookhasbeenpublishedwhichconfirmswhatpessimists(悲观者)havesuspectedallalong.It’scalledThePositivePowerofDefensivePessimism.Itsauthorarguesthatdefensivepessimismcanleadtopositiveresults.Defensivepessimismisastrategyusedtomanagefear，anxietyandworry.Defensivepessimistsprepareforthethingsbysettinglowoutcomesforthemselves.Theycarefullyconsidereverythingthatmaygowrongandplanforwaystohandletheseproblems.Andthisgivesthemasenseofcontrol.LawrenceSanno，apsychologyprofessor，says，“What’sinterestingaboutdefensivepessimistsisthattheytendtobeverysuccessfulpeople，sotheirlowopinionofthesituation’soutcomesisnotrealistic.Theyuseittomotivatethemselvestoperformbetter.”Sofar，sogood.Thisisnotrocketscience.Defensivepessimistspreparecarefullyandconsiderwhatmightgowrong，whetheratwork，ondateoreveninasports10 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。game.Itmakessensetohaveaback-upplan.TherearemanysayingsinEnglishurgingcaution.Forexample，“Don’tputallyoureggsinonebasket.”And“Don’tcountyourchickensuntiltheyhatch.”Tohaveaconfidentandoptimisticapproachtolife’sproblemsisgood.ButlistentowhatWoodyAlien，theAmericancomediansays，“Confidenceiswhatyouhavebeforeyouunderstandtheproblem.”Thereareprosandconstobeinganoptimistandapessimist.Don’tfeelbadifyouseetheglasshalfempty.Youarearealist.Butlightenupandhookupwithsomeonewhoseesthesameglasshalffull.语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，说明了防御性悲观的积极力量，防御性悲观主义是一种管理恐惧、焦虑和担心的策略。防御性悲观者为自己设定较低的结果，他们仔细考虑可能出现的问题并计划处理这些问题的办法，这给了他们一种控制感。1．What’sthepassagemainlyabout?A．Abookthathasrecentlybeenpublished.B．Howtobecomesuccessfulinlife.C．Thedangersofbeingtoooptimistic.D．Thebenefitsofdefensivepessimism.答案　D解析　主旨大意题。文章在第一段提出了人乐观一点会更好，接着主要讨论了要做一个防御性悲观者，因为这样的悲观者才会对以后的事情做好充分的准备，会有详细的计划和安排。那样才能有更好的结果。故D正确。2．TheunderlinedsentenceinPara.4means.A．it’snotadangerousthingtodoB．itisquitesimpletounderstandC．thecostisnotsohighD．thereisnorealproof答案　B解析　句意理解题。谚语“Thisisnotrocketscience.”中的rocketscience指困难的事情，难以理解的事情。本句话的意思就是指这很好理解。故B正确。3．WhichofthefollowingEnglishexpressionswouldadefensivepessimistbelieve?A．Don’tputallyoureggsinonebasket.B．Theglassishalffullnothalfempty.C．Whateverwillbe，willbe.D．Everycloudhasasilverlining.答案　A10 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。解析　细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“TherearemanysayingsinEnglishurgingcaution.Forexample，‘Don’tputallyoureggsinonebasket.’”可知该谚语表示做事要谨慎，与防御性悲观者观点一致，故A项符合。4．Thewriterwouldprobablydescribehimselfas.A．anoptimistB．adefeatistC．arealistD．ascientist答案　C解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“当上帝关上一扇门的时候，他会为你打开另外一扇门。但是实际上并不是总是如此。”再接合最后一段内容可知作者是个现实主义者。故C正确。10 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。B(2017·吉林长春外国语学校期中)Showerscanberelaxing.Youcanhumasong，daydreamorthinkaboutnothing，leavingtherealworldbehindyou.Butdidyouknowthatshoweringcanalsobenefityourmind?AresearchbyScottBarryKaufman，apsychologistfromYaleUniversityintheUSinterviewedover3,000peoplearoundtheworld.Itturnedoutthatnearlytwo-thirdsoftheintervieweessaidtheyhadexperiencednewideasintheshowerandweremorelikelytohavethemintheshowerthanatwork.Sowhydoesasimpleshowerhavesuchmagicpower？Sciencecanexplainit.Showeringcanhelptoraiseourlevelofdopamine，ahormone(荷尔蒙)closelyrelatedtoourcreativity.“Peoplevaryintermsoftheirlevelofcreativityaccordingtotheactivityofdopamine，”explainedAliceFlaherty，afamousAmericanneuroscientist.“Takingawarmshowercanmakeusfeelrelaxedandthereforemakethedopaminelevelriseandbring‘Aha！’momenttous.”Besidesthechemicalchanges，showeringmaygiveyouabreakfromwhatyoufeelyouhavebeenstuckwith.Especiallywhenyouhavethoughthardalldayaboutaproblem，jumpingintotheshowercankeepyoufromtheoutsideworldsothatyoucanfocusonyourinnerfeelingsandmemories.Inthisway，accordingtoAmericanpsychologistShelleyH．Carson，authorofYourCreativeBrain，“ashoweringhourmayturnintoan‘incubation(孵化)period’foryourideas.”Showeringallowsustoenjoythecreativejuicesofourminds，butitneedn’tjustbethebathroomwhereyougetyourinspiration.Forinstance，GertrudeStein，afemaleAmericanwriterandpoet，gotnewideasbydrivingaroundafarmandstoppingatdifferentcowsuntilshefoundtheonethatmostinspiredher.Sotrytocreateyourownwaytofreeyourmind，whetherit’sawalkneartheocean，acountrydriveorreadingabookathome.语篇解读　一项科学实验证实了淋浴不仅能让我们感到放松，还能激发大脑的创造力。5．Accordingtothearticle，whatchangescanshoweringcause?A．Bringingtheterriblemomenttous.B．Increasingthelevelofdopamine.C．Leadingtoboredomortiredness.D．Settingtheconservativepartofthebrainfree.10 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。答案　B解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Showeringcanhelptoraiseourlevelofdopamine...”可知，淋浴能增加人体内多巴胺的水平。故选B。6．Ifonehasfocusedonsomethingallday，showeringcanhelp.A．turnone’sattentioninwardsB．drawone’sattentiontotheoutsideworldC．onemakeanimportantbreakthroughD．manychemicalchangestotakeplace答案　A解析　细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“Especiallywhenyouhavethoughthardalldayaboutaproblem，jumpingintotheshowercankeepyoufromtheoutsideworldsothatyoucanfocusonyourinnerfeelingsandmemories.”可知，A项正确。7．What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardstheopinionthatshoweringcanleadtocreativity?A．Positive.B．Negative.C．Neutral.D．Notmentioned.答案　A解析　观点态度题。根据最后一段中的“Showeringallowsustoenjoythecreativejuicesofourminds...”可判断出，作者认为淋浴能激发我们的创造力，即作者对“淋浴能激发人的创造力”这一观点持积极态度。故选A。8．TheexampleofGertrudeSteininthelastparagraphisusedto.A．encouragereaderstofindtheirownwaysofgettinginspirationB．pointouttoreadersthatit’shardtofindinspirationC．explainhowtolinkinspirationwithreaders’dailylivesD．showthatcreativityoftencomesfromstrangeplaces答案　A解析　推理判断题。最后一段开头作者指出淋浴能激发我们的创造力，但是并不一定非得在浴室淋浴获得灵感，后面就以GertrudeStein为例讲述其他方法也能激发我们的灵感。由此可判断出，作者以GertrudeStein为例是为了鼓励读者找到自己的获取灵感的方法。故选A。C(2017·第三次全国大联考)Feedingknowledgedirectlyintoyourbrain，justlikeinsci-ficlassicTheMatrix(《黑客帝国》)，couldsoontakeasmucheffortasfallingasleep，scientists10 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。believe.Researchersclaimtohavedevelopedasimulatorwhichcanfeedinformationdirectlyintoaperson’sbrainandteachthemnewskillsinashorteramountoftime，comparingitto“lifeimitatingart”．ResearchersfromHRLLaboratories，basedinCalifornia，saytheyhavefoundawaytoamplifylearning，onlyonamuchsmallerscalethanseenintheHollywoodfilm.Theystudiedtheelectricsignalsinthebrainofatrainedpilotandthenfedthedataintonovice(初学者)subjectsastheylearnedtopilotanairplaneinarealisticflightsimulator.Thestudy，publishedinthejournalFrontiersinHumanNeuroscience，foundthatsubjectswhoreceivedbrainstimulationviaelectrode-embeddedheadcapsimprovedtheirpilotingabilitiesandlearntthetask33percentbetterthanaplacebogroup.“Oursystemisoneofthefirstofitskind.It’sabrainstimulationsystem，”explainedDrMatthewPhillips.“Itsoundskindofsci-fi，butthere’slargescientificbasisforthedevelopmentofoursystem.Thespecifictaskwewerelookingatwaspilotinganaircraft，whichrequiresacombinationofbothcognitiveandmotorperformance.Whenyoulearnsomething，yourbrainphysicallychanges.Connectionsaremadeandstrengthenedinaprocesscalledneuro-plasticity.Itturnsoutthatcertainfunctionsofthebrain，likespeechandmemory，arelocatedinveryspecificregionsofthebrain，aboutthesizeofyourpinky.”DrMatthewbelievesthatbrainstimulationcouldeventuallybeimplementedfortaskslikelearningtodrive，exampreparationandlanguagelearning.“Whatoursystemdoesisitactuallytargetsthosechangestospecificregionsofthebrainasyoulearn，”headded.“Themethoditselfisactuallyquiteold.Infact，theancientEgyptians4,000yearsagousedelectricfishtostimulateandreducepain.EvenBenFranklinappliedcurrentstohishead，buttherigorous，scientificinvestigationofthesemethodsstartedintheearly2000sandwe’rebuildingonthatresearchtotargetandpersonalizeastimulationinthemosteffectivewaypossible.Whatwefoundisbrainstimulationseemstobeparticularlyeffectiveatactuallyimprovinglearning.”语篇解读　美国休斯研究实验室的研究人员已经研发出一种帮助人脑快速学习的系统，他们声称该系统能够直接将新技能和新知识上传到你的大脑。10 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。9．Whatcanweknowabout“lifeimitatingart”？A．Knowledgecanbedirectlyputintoourbrain.B．Thereisnoneedforpeopletolearnnewknowledge.C．Asimulatorcanhelppeopleacquirewhattheywant.D．It’sjustakindofartthathasn’tbeenexplainedyet.答案　C解析　细节理解题。根据文章第二段的内容可知“lifeimitatingart”是借助一种模拟器在短时间内教会人类新技能的方法。故选C。10．WhichofthefollowingaboutthesystemstudiedisFALSEaccordingtoDrMatthew?A．It’snothingbutasystemrelatedtobrainstimulation.B．It’sbasedonenoughscientificfoundation.C．Itexpectstobefullyusedinallwalksoflife.D．Itfocusesonthechangestocertainregionsofbrain.答案　C解析　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“DrMatthewbelievesthatbrainstimulationcouldeventuallybeimplementedfortaskslikelearningtodrive，exampreparationandlanguagelearning.”可知C为正确答案。11．What’sthepurposeofwritingthepassage?A．Tointroducethetechnologyusedinaclassicfilm.B．Toillustrateanewstudyconnectedwithhumanbrain.C．Toshowhowtotrainpiloteffectively.D．Tostudythepeople’sphysicalresponsetoouterchanges.答案　B解析　写作目的题。文章主要阐述了一项对开发人类大脑的刺激系统的研究成果。故选B。D(2017·贵州遵义航天高级中学四模)Scientistsfoundthatsleepingconsiderablyimprovesourcreativity.Aftertakinganappeopleareabletothinkfasterandputmoreimaginationintotheirthinking.Besides，ifwedream，thethinkingabilitiesareimprovedevenmore.Researchersconsiderthatsleepingonaprobleminmostcasesleadstoelucidation(解释)．TheysaywhenapersonentersaphasecalledRapidEyeMovement(REM)duringsleep，itincreasestheeffect.Suchphasetakesplacerightbeforeweawakeandaccordingtoscientistsithelpsourbrainmakelinksbetweenunrelatedsubjects.10 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。Inthestudy，ledbyProfessorSaraMednick，scientistsmadeaconclusionthattheREMwas“importantforassimilating(消化)newinformationintopastexperience”inordertofindsolutionstocreativeproblems.Prof.MednickisapsychiatristattheUniversityofCalifornia.Herstudyinvolvedtheanalysisof77adults.Eachparticipantwasgivenseveralword-associatedcreativetasks.Alltasksweregiveninthemorning，withparticipantsbeingshownanumberofgroupsof3words，forexample：cookie，heartandsixteen.Theywereaskedtocomeupwithawordthatwouldbeassociatedwithallthreegiventerms—likesweet.Sometimelater，aftersomeparticipantswereallowedtosleep，theywereaskedtoperformthesametasksandsomenewones.Itisworthmentioningthatwhilesomepeopleslept，researchersusedbrainscanstoseethetypeofsleepeachparticipantentered.Whengiventhesametasks，participants，whotookanap，wereabletogivemorevariedsolutions，someofwhichweremuchbetterthantheygaveearlier.Butwhengivennewtasks，researchersfoundthatthosewhoenteredREMsleephada40percentbetterresultcomparedtotheperformancetheyshowedinthemorning.语篇解读　研究发现睡眠能提升人的创造性。如果在睡觉时做梦，人的思维能力会得到更大提升。12．Whatdoes“it”refertointhesecondparagraph?A．Theeffect.B．REM.C．Sleep.D．Aproblem.答案　B解析　代词指代题。根据画线词前面的“TheysaywhenapersonentersaphasecalledRapidEyeMovement(REM)duringsleep”可知it指代REM。故选B。13．WhydotheresearchersstudytheREM?A．BecauseREMtakesplacejustafteryousleep.B．BecauseREMcanstoremoreinformation.C．BecauseREMcanhelpfindcreativesolutions.D．BecauseREMcanmakeacreativeinvention.答案　C解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“scientistsmadeaconclusionthattheREMwas‘importantforassimilating(消化)newinformationintopastexperience’inordertofindsolutionstocreativeproblems”可知答案为C。10 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。14．Whatcanweknowfromthispassage?A．Takingashortnapisgoodforyourthinkingduringtheday.B．Sleepinghasthreeprocesseswhichisgoodforcreativity.C．Eachadultwasallowedtosleepafterthetaskwasgiven.D．REMisaprocesstakingplacerightafterweawakewhenwenap.答案　A解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段首句“Whengiventhesametasks，participants，whotookanap，wereabletogivemorevariedsolutions，someofwhichweremuchbetterthantheygaveearlier.”可知小睡一会会让人有更好的表现。故选A。15．Theimportantstageinthestudyis.A．tothinkofacreativewordB．toshowagroupof3wordsC．togiveparticipantstimetothinkD．toletsomeparticipantssleepforawhile答案　D解析　推理判断题。由最后两段可知这次研究的过程为：先让测试者进行测试，然后让其中一些测试者睡一会儿，之后再进行测试，从而对比两次测试的结果。由此可推断让一些测试者睡一会儿是本次研究的关键。故选D。Ⅰ.单词梳理1．Heaimstobeasuccessful(success)writer.2．Agoodcrywouldprobably(probable)makeyoufeelbetter.3．Freshairisbeneficial(benefit)toourhealth.4．Thecityisfamousforitsvarious(vary)bridges.5．Londonwasdifferent(difference)frommostEuropeancapitals.6．Pleaseputthereceiver(receive)backaftercalling.7．Today’sweatherisanimprovement(improve)onyesterday’s.8．Heisphysically(physical)unfitforthiskindofwork.9．Creativity(create)isthekeytoabrighterfuture.10．Shecanfindnosolution(solve)toherfinancialproblems.Ⅱ.短语提炼A．英汉互译1．lookat　　　　　　　　看；考虑；着眼于10 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。2．turnout最后是；结果是3．preparefor为……做准备4．intermsof按照；在……方面5．导致leadto6．与……有关relateto7．阻止某人(做)某事keepsb.from(doing)sth.8．把……比作；与……相比compare...toB．运用上述短语完成下列句子1．Toomuchworkandtoolittlerestcanleadtoillness.2．Thefilmturnedouttobeagreatsuccess.3．Allthesequestionsrelatetophilosophy.4．Youmustkeepthedogfromenteringourclassroom.5．Teachersareoftencomparedtoburningcandles.6．Thesechildrenlookedattheirnewteacherincuriosity.7．Thisproducthasstrongcompetitioninthemarketintermsofprice.8．FathersaysImayenterauniversity，soIthinkIwillpreparefortheentranceexamination.Ⅲ.翻译与仿写1．Nowabookhasbeenpublishedwhichconfirmswhatpessimists(悲观者)havesuspectedallalong.句式分析　句中的“whatpessimists(悲观者)havesuspectedallalong”为what引导的宾语从句，作confirms的宾语。翻译　现在一本书已经出版，证实了悲观主义者一直怀疑的东西。仿写　我想知道他是做什么工作的。Iwonderwhathedoes.2．Alltasksweregiveninthemorning，withparticipantsbeingshownanumberofgroupsof3words，forexample：cookie，heartandsixteen.句式分析　句中的“withparticipantsbeingshownanumberofgroupsof3words”为介词with的复合结构，在句中作状语。翻译　所有任务都是在早上布置的，展示给参与者许多组单词，每组三个字，例如：饼干、心脏和16。仿写　那男孩躺在草地上，眼睛望着天空。Theboylayonthegrasswithhiseyesfixedonthesky.10