高考英语二轮复习专题三阅读理解第三节题组训练2科普知识 9页

只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。第三节题组训练2科普知识A(2017·河东区一模)Doyoueverwishforalittlemoretimetodoeverythingyouneedtodo？Well，onJuly1you’llbegettingit—butonlyonemoresecond.OnJuly1atexactly7：59：59a．m.Beijingtime(oronJune30at23：59：59UTC，CoordinatedUniversalTime)，theworld’satomic(原子的)clockswillpauseforasinglesecond，or，moreprecisely，changetotheunusualtimeof7：59：60，accordingtotheverge.com.Theadditionofaleapsecond(闰秒)，announcedbytheParisObservatory，istokeepourclocksintimewiththeslowingofEarth’srotation(旋转)andastronomicaltimeasmeasuredbythesun.Justoneextrasecondcouldcausebigproblemsandaffectthewaycomputersandwebsiteswork，however.Whenthelastleapsecondwasaddedbackin2012，morethanafewwebsiteshadsometrouble.AsreportedbyPhys.org，popularsiteslikethecommunitywebsiteRedditcrashedwhentheleapsecondwasadded.ForReddit，theproblemwaseventuallyfoundtobewithaLinuxsystemthatgotconfusedwhenitcheckedthenetworktimeandfoundanextrasecond.SpeakingtoWiredabouttheproblembackin2012，LinuxcreatorLinusTorvaldscommented：“Almosteverytimewehavealeapsecond，wefindsomething.It’sreallyannoying，becauseit’scode(代码)thatisalmostneverused，andthusnottestedbyusersundertheirnormalconditions.”Companieshavehadtothinkoftheirownsolutions，andGoogle’s“leapsmear”maybethebest-knownexample.AscompanyengineerChristopherPascoeexplainsinablogpost，companiesusuallytrytofixtheproblembyturningbacktheclocks9 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。byonesecondattheendofthedaysothattheyplaythatsecondagain.However，Pascoebelievesthiscreatesproblems.Heasked：“Whathappens？Doese-mailthatcomesinduringthatsecondgetstoredcorrectly？”Googlehasasolution：Cuttheextrasecondintomillisecondsandthenputthesetinyamountsoftimeintothesystemthroughouttheday.“Thismeansthatwhenitbecametimetoaddanextrasecondatmidnight，”saysPascoe.“Ourclockshavealreadytakenthisintoaccountoverthecourseoftheday.”FormanycompanieswithoutGoogle’smoney，however，theleapsecondwilllikelystillcausesomecrashes.Don’tworry，though—atleastitwon’tlastlong!语篇解读　本文主要介绍了“闰秒”带来的影响及其解决方案。1．Whydoweneedtoaddaleapsecond?A．Theworld’satomicclocksaresettodoso.B．Tokeepintimewiththeworld’scomputers.C．TokeepatomicclocksintimewiththeslowingofEarth’srotation.D．Torecordthechangestoastronomicaltime.答案　C解析　细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Theadditionofaleapsecond(闰秒)，announcedbytheParisObservatory，istokeepourclocksintimewiththeslowingofEarth’srotation(旋转)andastronomicaltimeasmeasuredbythesun.”可知，闰秒是由于地球自转变慢引起的，为了与由太阳测量的天文时间一致而增加一秒，故选C。2．WhathappenedtothewebsiteRedditwhentheleapsecondwasaddedin2012?A．Itcrashedbecauseofavirusattack.B．Itsnetworktimeaddedtwoextraseconds.C．AllofthecodeinitsLinuxsystemwentwrong.D．Oneofitssoftwaresystemsgotconfusedandthesitebrokedown.答案　D解析　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句和第四段中“theproblemwaseventuallyfoundtobewithaLinuxsystemthatgotconfusedwhenitcheckedthenetworktimeandfoundanextrasecond”可知，闰秒发生时，网站崩溃，运行系统混乱，故选D。3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“something”refertointhe5thparagraph?A．Thecodenotworkingproperly.B．Theextrasecond.C．Theproblem.9 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。D．Normalconditions.答案　A解析　代词指代题。根据文章第五段中“wefindsomething.It’sreallyannoying，becauseit’scode(代码)thatisalmostneverused，andthusnottestedbyusersundertheirnormalconditions”可知，something指代后文出现的一些从没使用过和测试过的代码，即代码不正常地工作，故选A。4．Howdocompaniesusuallydealwiththeproblemoftheextrasecond?A．Byshuttingdowncomputersattheendoftheday.B．Bystoppingreceivingemailsthatcomeinduringthatsecond.C．Byturningtheclocksbackbyonesecondattheendoftheday.D．Bycuttingtheextrasecondintomillisecondsthroughouttheday.答案　C解析　细节理解题。根据第六段中“companiesusuallytrytofixtheproblembyturningbacktheclocksbyonesecondattheendofthedaysothattheyplaythatsecondagain”可知，解决额外一秒的做法是在一天结束时将时钟往回调一秒，故选C。5．What’sChristopherPascoe’sattitudetowardGoogle’ssolutiontotheproblem?A．Unfavorable.B．Doubtful.C．Approving.D．Cautious.答案　C解析　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“‘Thismeansthatwhenitbecametimetoaddanextrasecondatmidnight，’saysPascoe.‘Ourclockshavealreadytakenthisintoaccountoverthecourseoftheday.’”可知，午夜时分多一秒时，时钟已经在白天将这一秒考虑在内了，所以Pascoe认同这个方法，故选C。B(2017·和平区一模)Soapingupyourhandsmaydomorethanjustgetridofgerms.Itmaywashawaytheinnerconfusionyoufeelrightafterbeingforcedtomakeachoicebetweentwoappealingchoices，accordingtoanewstudy.Thestudybuildsonpastresearchintoaphenomenonknownas“theMacbetheffect”．ItturnsoutthatShakespearewasreallyontosomethingwhenheimaginedLadyMacbethtryingtocleanherconscience(良心)byrubbinginvisiblebloodstainsfromherhands.Afewyearsago，scientistsaskedpeopletodescribeapastwrongact.Ifpeoplewerethengivenachancetocleantheirhands，theylaterexpressedlessguiltthanpeoplewhohadn’tcleaned.9 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。ThisfindingfascinatedW．S.Lee，aresearcher.“Anythingfromthepast，anykindofnegativeemotionalexperiences，mightbewashedaway，”saysLee.Hedecidedtotesthandwashing’seffectononekindofbadfeeling：thetensionwefeelafterbeingforcedtochoosebetweentwoattractivechoices，becausepickingonechoicemakesusfeelthatwe’velosttheother.Peopleusuallytrytocalmthisinnerconflictbylaterexaggerating(夸大)thepositiveaspectsoftheirchoice.Hehadstudentsrank10differentmusicCDs.ThenheofferedstudentsoneCDasagift.Somestudentsthenusedliquidsoap.Othersonlylookedatthesoaporsniffed(嗅)it.“Actually，youdonotneedwaterandsoap，”saysLee.Later，thestudentsagainhadtorankallthemusic.Peoplewhodidn’twashtheirhandshadthenormalresponse—theyscoredtheirtake-homeCDhigher，suggestingthattheynowsawitasevenmoreattractivethanbefore.Butthiswasn’ttrueforthehandwashers.Theyrankedthemusicaboutthesame.“Theyfeelnoneedatalltojustifythechoice，”saysLee.Buttheimplicationsofitjustaren’tclear.Schwarzsaysit’stoosoontoknowwhetherpeopleshouldheadforasinkaftermakingatoughchoice.Hesayswashingmayhelpdecision-makersbycleaningawaymentaldisorder，butperhapsiftheydon’tgothroughtheusualpost-decisionprocessofjustifyingtheirchoice，theymightfeelmoresorrowinthelongrun.语篇解读　本文主要讲述了用香皂洗手会帮助人们缓解作决定时的紧张与不安的情绪。6．TheMacbetheffectreferstothefactthat.A．peoplefeellessashamedafterwashingtheirhandsB．soapingupone’shandmayhelpwashawaytheinnerconfusionandmakeadecisionC．peoplefeellessguiltybygettingridofinvisiblegermsfromtheirhandsD．ShakespearedidscientificresearchbeforewritingMacbeth答案　A解析　推理判断题。由第二段内容可知，人们在洗手后会感到良心上的愧疚感减轻，故选A。7．AccordingtoLee，afterpeoplemakethechoice.A．theywilloverstatethegoodnessoftheirchosenchoiceB．theywillfeelregretfulfornotchoosinganotherC．theywillfeelfreeduetothefeelingoflosingtheotherchoiceD．theywillthinknothingoftheirchosenchoiceanymoretocalmtheirinnerconflict答案　A9 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。解析　细节理解题。由第四段内容可知，在做出两个选项的选择后，人们通常会紧张不安，以夸大自己所选择的事物的优点来使内心平静，故选A。8．AccordingtoLee，thosehandwashersconsiderjustifyingtheirchoice.A．morescientificB．unnecessaryC．alittleconvincingD．absolutelyuseless答案　B解析　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“‘Theyfeelnoneedatalltojustifythechoice，’saysLee.”可知选B。9．WhatdoesSchwarzneedtoresearchmore?A．Whetherpeopleneedtojustifytheirchoice.B．Whetherpeoplefeelmoresorrowafterwashinghands.C．Whetherwashinghandshelpoveralongperiodoftime.D．Whetherwashinghandsishelpfultomakeachoice.答案　C解析　细节理解题。通过最后一段内容可知，洗手从长远看是否有作用还需要更多的研究，故选C。10．Whatmightbethemostsuitabletitleforthepassage?A．IsWashingHandsNecessarytoDefeatTension?B．WashingHandsWashesOurMindC．WashingHandsHelpsMakeaBetterChoiceD．WashingHandsReducestheStressofDecision答案　D解析　标题归纳题。根据第一段内容以及整篇文章的介绍可知，本文主要讲洗手能够减轻作决定的压力，故选D。C(2017·南开区三模)Youknowthesaying“You’reasyoungasyoufeel”．Well，theremaybesometruthinthat，accordingtoresearchersatHarvardandtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.EllenLanger，aHarvardpsychologistwhostudieshowthemindinfluencesthebody，andhercolleaguesreviewedthescientificliteratureforevidencethataperson’sperceptionoftheiragemightinfluencetheirhealth.TheypublishedtheirresultsinthejournalPerspectivesonPsychologicalScience.InonestudythatLangerled,47womenhadtheirhairdone.Thewomenwhothought9 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。theirnewhairdos(发型)madethemlookyoungerdidlookyoungertoobjectiveobservers，whowereshownbefore-and-afterpictures.Thewomenwhothoughttheylookedyoungeralsoshowedadropinbloodpressure.Anotherstudyinvolving4,421menfoundthatthosewhobecamebald(秃顶)atarelativelyyoungageweremorelikelytogetcancerandheartdiseasethanmenwhodidnot.Similarly，anotherstudyinvolving2,017menfoundthatthosewholosttheirhairearlyweremorelikelytodevelopheartdisease.“Webelievethatthefeelingsassociatedwithbeingolderthanone’srealageaccountforsomeofthesehealthoutcomes，”theresearcherswrote.Theresearchersalsodescribedstudieswhichfoundthatwomenwhohadchildrenlaterinlifeweremorelikelytobehealthierandlivelongerthanthosewhohadchildrenearly，whichtheyattributedtothefactthatthesemotherstendtospendmoretimewithyoungerwomen.Similarly，peoplewhomarryyoungerpartnerstendtolivelongerthanthosewhomarryolderpartners，accordingtootherstudies.Takentogether，theresearchsupportsthegeneralmind-bodyhypothesis(假说)thatwhenayoungermindisprepared，ayoungerbodycanaccompanyit.Whilethemechanism(机制)remainsunclear，theresearchersfiguredthatsuggestionsassociatedwithagingcanmakeoneunconsciouslyorconsciouslyawareofoldageandsetinmotionaseriesofphysiologicalprocessesthatcanhaverealeffectsonshort-termandlong-termhealth.语篇解读　本文为说明文，题材为科普知识类。觉得自己更年轻的人更健康也活得更长。11．Theunderlinedword“perception”inParagraph2means“”．A．viewB．appearanceC．influenceD．creation答案　A解析　词义猜测题。由第一段第一句中的“You’reasyoungasyoufeel”及第二段第一句中的“howthemindinfluencesthebody”可推测出答案。12．WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtoParagraph3?A．Bloodpressureiscloselyrelatedtohairdos.B．Feelingolderthanone’srealagemaybetiedtohealthproblems.C．Gettingcancerorheartdiseaseisthecauseofhairlosing.D．Thewomenwholovehairdoslookyoungerthanthosewhodon’t.答案　B解析　细节理解题。由第三段列举的三项研究的结果及最后一句话的总结可知选B。9 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。13．ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph4that.A．ayoungermotherismorelikelytolivelongerB．theyoungeroneofacouplelivesmuchlongerC．oftenstayingwithyoungerpeoplecanbenefitpeople’shealthD．peoplewhowanttolivelongerneedtomarryyoung答案　C解析　推理判断题。由该段中举的例子可推知选C。14．Thepassagemainlytellsusthat.A．gettingbaldtooearlyisnotgoodforhealthB．womenhadbettergivebirthlaterintheirlifeC．peoplewhomarryyoungerpartnerstendtolivelongerD．people’sviewoftheiragemayhaveaneffectontheirownhealth答案　D解析　主旨大意题。由第一段第一句中的“You’reasyoungasyoufeel”和最后一段第一句中的“theresearchsupportsthegeneralmind-bodyhypothesis(假说)thatwhenayoungermindisprepared，ayoungerbodycanaccompanyit”可知，人们对自己年龄的认知可能会影响健康，故选D。15．Fromwhichpageofanewspaperisthepassagemostprobablytakenfrom?A．Entertainment.B．Health.C．Economy.D．Politics.答案　B解析　文章出处题。本文是关于健康的，故最有可能出自报纸上的健康专栏。故选B。D(2017·河西区二模)Whenyouwanttothrowsomethingoutas“junk”，bettertakeasecondthoughtasitmaybeofgreatvalue.Infact，scientistsmadethesamemistakewithDNAyearsago，andnowtheyaretryingtogetitright.WeoftensaythatDNAisakindofacidthatcontainsourgenes.Butthetruthisthatgenesonlymakeup1to2percentofourDNA，whichcausedscientiststobelievethattherestofitisuseless.Nevertheless，insteadofdoingnothing，junkDNA，asitiscalled，turnedouttobeplayinganimportantpartinourbody.Ifgenesarelikelightbulbs，thenjunkDNAactsasswitches.Theycontrolwhichgenesareusedinacellandhowactivetheyare.Forexample，they9 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。candeterminewhetheracellbecomesalungcelloraneuron(神经元)．Thestudy，publishedinthejournalNatureonSeptember5，startedin2003，and442scientistsfrom30labsaroundtheworldwereinvolved，accordingtoReuters.Itisconsideredthebiggestbreakthroughingenomics(基因学)inadecadebecauseitmighthelpscientistsfindthecauseofcertaindiseases.Ithaslongbeenknownthatmanycomplicateddiseases，suchascancer，arecausedbytinychangesinDNA.Butnowscientistsrealizethatmostofthechangesoccurnotinthegenesthemselves，butinthe“junk”partoftheDNA.Theyareabletokeeptrackofhowandwhytheswitcheschangeandthenfigureoutnewtreatmentsanddrugs.“OurformerunderstandingofDNAwaslikegettingapictureofEarthfromspace，”EricLanderfromtheBroadInstitute，US，toldTheNewYorkTimes.“Youknowtheplanetisthere，butyoucannotseeexactlywhatit’slikeonthesurface.”Butnowwiththenewstudyresult“youcanfollowtheroadsandseethetrafficcirculation.That’sexactlythesamewaywewillusethisdataincancerresearch，”explainedMarkRubinfromWeillCornellMedicalCollegeinNewYork.16．Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．DNA—TheCauseofCancerB．WhatIsDNA?C．ANewDiscoveryfor“JunkDNA”D．AMisunderstandingofGenes答案　C解析　标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了垃圾DNA其实在我们的身体中也扮演着重要的角色，这是医学上的一个新发现，故选C。17．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“getitright”inthefirstparagraphreferto?A．DiscoveringnewtypesofDNA.B．RecognizingtheimportanceofjunkDNA.C．UnderstandingtherolegenesplayinDNA.D．TellingusefulDNAfromuselessone.答案　B解析　词义猜测题。根据上文中的“多年前科学家对于垃圾DNA也犯了同样的错误”可推知，他们现在正在纠正，也就是认识到垃圾DNA的重要性。故选B。18．TheauthorexplainshowdifferentpartsofDNAworkby.9 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。a．introducingageneraltheoryb．makingametaphor(比喻)c．givingexamplesd．displayingresearchdataA．a，cB．b，cC．a，dD．c，d答案　B解析　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“Ifgenesarelikelightbulbs，thenjunkDNAactsasswitches.”可知，作者使用比喻来解释DNA的作用；根据第四段内容可知，作者具体举出了例子，故选B。19．Theresultsofthestudymentionedinthearticleshowthat.A．canceriscausedbytinychangesingenesthemselvesB．thestudyofjunkDNAislessimportantthanthestudyofgenesC．changesinjunkDNAdonotaffectgenesD．junkDNAisveryimportantforthefunctioningofourcells答案　D解析　细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“Theycontrolwhichgenesareusedinacellandhowactivetheyare.”可知，垃圾DNA对于我们细胞的正常功能是非常重要的，故选D。20．WhichofthefollowingstatementsmightMarkRubinagreewith?A．Thefindingsofourgenesareenoughtofightagainstcancer.B．Thebattleagainstcancerwillbewonwithintwoyears.C．ThefindingsofjunkDNAthrowlightonhowwemightcurecancer.D．ThenewtreatmentsanddrugswillchangejunkDNAquickly.答案　C解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“That’sexactlythesamewaywewillusethisdataincancerresearch...”可知，研究垃圾DNA得出的数据将运用到癌症治疗的研究中，故选C。9