高考英语改错常见考点大剖析及经典习题 16页

高考英语改错常见考点大剖析及经典习题 ㈠ 高考短文改错命题焦点： 短文改错是全国统一高考中一种综合性很强的试题。短文改错的文章多采用记叙文，有时也 用说明文。在 100 词左右的短文中设有十个小题，该题的设计形式有四种： 1．该行错一个词，找出来并改正。 2．该行多一个词，找出来并去掉。 3．该行缺一个词，补上一词。 4．该行没错，不改动。 从近几年的高考题来看，这四种形式的考查情况大致为：多一词 1～2 处；缺一词 1～2 处； 正确 1 处；错一词 5～6 处。这种题说到底是考查用词、词的搭配、词法、句法及语篇中的行文 逻辑等各方面的水平。换句话说，这是一种比较全面的考查。我们在平时的学习中就要注意做到 词不离句，句不离篇，要特别注意词的用法、搭配和语法分析能力的培养。平时打好这种基础， 就为正确地解题准备了条件。 ㈡ 短文改错解题技巧： ⒈快速阅读掌握大意。 短文改错时应先从头到尾快速读一遍，了解其大意，这样有助于了解其中的逻辑关系，对时 态、人称等都心中有数。十行中一般有九行有错误，一行无错，如发现并纠正错误，首要的任务 是对全段文字有个整体的理解，阅读中注意句子的时态、语态、语气、非谓语动词或动词短语， 注意句子中的名词、数词，以及其他词性的语法要求，注意句子之间的逻辑关系，注意段落的主 旨内容，注意整篇短文的中心内容，这样才更加有效地完成改错。 ⒉ 在改错过程中， 要结合上下文语境来观察，不要只盯住一行。按照上述的原则，对语法、句法、逻辑词义、 搭配等诸方面进行综合考查分析并改正错误，应看上下文中有无逻辑关系上的错误，有无语法修 饰上的错误，有无惯用法方面的错误。如果没有发现明显错误，则分别检查时态、人称，单复数， 主谓一致等各项。 ⒊ 检查句与句之间的逻辑关系是否恰当。如有不妥之处，看看是否关联词有问题。 ⒋ 整 篇 做 完 后 ， 认 真 检 查 一 遍 ， 注 意 其 中 逻 辑 关 系 是 否 合 理 ， 时 态 人 称 等 是 否 一致。 ㈢ 短文改错常见考点： ⒈ 多一词： 抽象名词前多一冠词： 如： Modern people know more about the health.（去掉 the ） 专有名词前多一冠词： 如: the England(去掉 the ), the Hebei Province（去掉 the ）, the Beijing Airport（去掉 the ） 固定词组中名词前多一冠词： 如： go to the school（去掉 the ）, go to the prison（去掉 the ）,at the work（去掉 the ）, in the bed （去掉 the ）, go to the hospital（去掉 the ）, set a fire to sth （去掉 a）., at the first（去掉 the ）, the most of them（去掉 the ）,at the noon（去掉 the ）, make a rapid progress（去掉 a ），a plenty of（去掉 a ） 表示交通工具的和 by 连用的名词前多一冠词： 如： by the air（去掉 the ）, by the bus（去掉 the ）, by the ship（去掉 the ） 表示体育活动的名词前； 如： play the football（去掉 the ）, play the basketball（去掉 the ） 表示节日（常含有 Day）的名词前多一冠词： 如： the National Day（去掉 the ）, the May Day（去掉 the ） 表示“非常”意思的“most”前多一冠词： 如： He is the most hardworking. （去掉 the ） 某种让步状语从句中名词前面多一冠词： 如： A child as he is, he knows a lot. （去掉 a ） 在表示时间的“one/ this/ every + 名词”的时间状语前多一介词： 如： on one day（去掉 on ）, on that evening（去掉 on ）, in every week（去掉 in） 某些及物动词因混淆词义而多一介词或副词； 如： ①raise up one’s hand（去掉 up ） ②pick（摘）up apples（去掉 up ） ③return back(回来) （去掉 back） ④repeat again（去掉 again） ⑤play with them in the match（去掉 with ） ⑥marry with the man（去掉 with ） ⑦serve for the people（去掉 for ） ⑧enter into the room（去掉 into） ⑨I learn English every day to improve it better（去掉 better ）. 表示地点的副词前多一介词： 如： ①go to there（去掉 to ） ②drive to home（去掉 to） ③return to home（去掉 to ） 某些动词、连词、介词或副词后面多了一个介词： 如： ①because of his left leg was broken（去掉 of） ②instead of he developed his love for the theatre（去掉 of ） ③I looked at but could see nothing. （去掉 at） ④join in the army（去掉 in ） 状语从句和主句间多一并列连词： 如： ①Although he is very busy, but he often helps us with housework. （去掉 but ） ②As the weather was good, so I decided to go there yesterday. （去掉 so） 充当状语的分词和主句之间多了并列连词： 如： ①Her husband died, and leaving her three children. （去掉 and ） ②He sat under the tree and reading a magazine. （去掉 and ） 作定语的分词前多一代词： 如： ①The child who reading a book is her brother. （去掉 who） ②How I regretted the hours which wasted in the woods. （去掉 which ） 定语从句中多一代词： 如： ①The film that I saw it yesterday is good. （去掉 it ） ②This is the very book that I am looking for it. （去掉 it ） ③He is the man we talked about him. （去掉 him ） 在“连词+ 分词”结构中多一代词： 如： ①While I waiting for a bus, I found a wallet lying on the ground. （去掉 waiting 前的 I ） ②If it heated, ice turns to water. （去掉 it） 在某些固定结构中多了“to”， 如： ①I would rather stay at home than to go to the cinema with you. （去掉第一个 to） ②Why not to take a holiday for a good rest? （去掉 to ） ③She said she would rather not to discuss it right now. （去掉 to ） ④You had better not to go there. （去掉 to ） ⑤I made them to do the cleaning. （去掉 to ） ⑥I had him to clean the room. （去掉 to ） ⑦We noticed him to walk out of the garden. （去掉 to ） ⑧I often hear her to sing the song. （去掉 to ） ⒉ 缺一词： 表一类事物的单数可数名词前缺冠词： 如： A/The ∧horse is a useful animal. 单数可数名词前缺少表示“一”的不定冠词， 如： ①There is a∧ library in every town in Britain. ②Good health is a∧ person’s most valuable possession. 特指名词前缺定冠词 the , 如： ①Have you read the∧ books by Mark Twain? ②The book on the∧ desk is mine. 作状语的动词不定式缺 “to”， 如： ①David and I want to go off to∧ find help… ②…and other organizations are working to∧ improve health all over the world. 形容词最高级前缺定冠词 the , 如： one of the∧ earliest kinds of money such 或 so 与单数名词连用时不可缺少冠词， 如： ① This is such a∧ good book that I like it. ② He is so good a∧ student that all the teachers like him. 姓氏复数形式（表示一家人或夫妇二人）前面缺一冠词， 如： The∧ Turners are watching TV. 表示世纪的某个年代前面缺一冠词， 如： In the∧ 1870s, when Marx was already in his fifties, he found it important to study the situation in Russia. 表示“一个名叫…的人”前缺一冠词， 如： A∧ Miss Lee is waiting for you outside. “形容词比较级+ of the two”前缺一冠词， 如： He is the∧ taller of the two. 某些固定短语中缺一冠词， 如： in the∧ end, go to the∧ cinema, in the∧ daytime, on the∧ right 抽象名词具体化时前面缺一冠词， 如： ①The meeting held yesterday was a∧ success. ②It is a∧ famous Chinese tea. ③The experiment turned out to be a∧ failure. 作定语的不定式后缺少必要的介词， 如： ①He is looking for a room to live in∧. ②There is nothing to worry about∧. ③I need a pen to write with∧. 一些固定短语或习惯搭配中缺介词， 如： ①He didn’t reply to∧ my letter. ②Are you sure about∧ it? ③Thousands and thousands of∧ people like watching TV. ④Dr Wang started to operate on∧ them at once. ⑤He grasped my hands and asked for∧ my name and address. ⑥Just then a man came to me and asked what I was looking for∧. 并列句缺并列连词， 如： ①He was tired and∧ it was getting dark. ②He asked me to go, so∧ I went. ③He is old, but∧ he is still strong. 名词性从句中缺少必要的连接词， 如： ①That∧ he will come is certain. ②It is uncertain whether∧ he can come or not. ③We all know the truth that∧ the earth goes round the sun. ④They expressed the hope that∧ they would come over to visit China again. 定语从句中缺少必要的关系代词， 如： ①The police have found the knife with which∧ the man killed his wife. ②The changes that/ which∧ have taken place are great. ③Is this the boy who∧ did the good deed? 缺少为避免重复而使用的替代词“that 或 those”， 如： ①The population is much larger than that∧ of Canada. ②The weather of Beijing is as good as that∧ of Shijiazhuang. ③The bikes made in Shanghai are better than those∧ made in Beijing. “make, let, have, see, hear, notice, observe, watch”等动词变成被动语态时缺少“to”， 如： ①They were made to∧ work fourteen hours a day by the landlord. ②He was noticed to∧ cross the street. 为避免重复而使用的不定式省略形式缺少了 to, 如： ①If you don’t want to do it, you don’t need to∧. ②I wanted to go out, but my mother told me not to∧. ③Don’t leave the room unless I tell you to∧. ⒊ 错一词： 名词的单复数错误， 如： ①Different people speak different language. (language →languages) ②We have been to Europe many time.( time→times) ③His word were a great encouragement to me. (word→words) ④There are branch library in many villages. (library→libraries) 动词时态、语态的错误， 如： ①Last Saturday police cars hurry to the tallest building in New York.( hurry →hurried) ②Today it is much easier to be healthy than it is in the past.( is →was) ③Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrow them. (cost→costs) 形容词、副词混用错误（修饰行为动词、形容词、过去分词、整个句子应用副词，修饰系动 词、名词应用形容词）及其他词性错误， 如： ①I’m sure we’ll have a wonderfully time together. (wonderfully →wonderful) ②A player’s native language is not importance. (importance→important) ③Also, the sport teaches us the important of obedience. ( important→importance) ④Unfortunate, there are too many people…(Unfortunate→Unfortunately) 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词的错误， 如： ①The game speaks for themselves. ( themselves →itself) ②The Blacks did his best to make me feel at home. ( his→their) 非谓语动词使用错误， 如： ①I was often a little tired after a day’s work and watch TV demands very little effort. ( watch →watching 动名词短语作主语) ②I am looking forward to seeing you and enjoy the talk. (enjoy→enjoying, 与 seeing 是平行结构) ③He always went there to have his hair cut and wash. (wash→washed,与 cut 是 平行结构，采用的是 have sth done 结构) 同义词、近义词、形似词错误， 如： across 与 through, among 与 between, except 与 besides, like 与 as, ago 与 before, accept 与 receive, living 与 alive, let 与 allow, lonely 与 alone, too 与 either, cost 、spend 、pay 与 take, hard 与 hardly, worth 与 worthy, raise 与 rise, likely 与 possible, near 与 nearly, lend 与 borrow, job 与 work, deep 与 deeply, answer 与 reply, high 与 highly, sit 与 seat, wide 与 widely, try 与 manage, neither 与 either, so 与 such, every day 与 everyday, all 与 both, every 与 each, find 与 found（建 立）, lie（躺）、lie（撒谎）与 lay（放置、生产）, hang（挂）与 hang（绞死）sound 与 voice, place 与 room, forget 与 leave, hope 与 wish, call on 与 call at 如： ①I raised my sound so that I could be heard. (sound→voice, voice 表示人的嗓音) ②There isn’t any place for me in the bus. (place→room, room 为不可数名词表示“空间”) ③I forgot my umbrella in the classroom. (forgot→left, leave 表示“剩留，把某物忘在某地”) ④I hope you to come earlier next time. (hope→wish, hope 后面不能跟“宾语+动词不定式”的复合结构) ⑤He made such much progress that he was praised by the teacher. (such→so, 当 many/ much/few/little 表示“多或少”的含义时，前面常用 so) ⑥I received an invitation but I didn’t receive it. (receive→accept, accept 表示“主观接受”) ⑦You should rise your hand before asking the question. (rise→raise, rise 是不及物动词，raise 是及物动词) 关系词用错， 如： ①I also enjoyed the evenings when we spent together. (when→that,先行词在定语从句中作宾语) ②I’ll never forget the day that I went abroad myself. (that→when, 先行词在定语从句中作时间状语) ③The tool with that he is working is called a saw. (that→which, 介词后面的关系代词不能用 that ) ④If he will come to the ball has nothing to do with me. (If→Whether, if 不能引导主语从句) ⑤ The fact which water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen is undeniable. (which→that, that 引导同位语从句只起连接作用，不做句子成分) 连词使用错误， 如： if 与 unless, because 与 for, when 与 while ①We tried to fix it and there was nothing we could do. ( and→but) ②If packages of food could be dropped from planes, the people might get hungry. (If→Unless) ③He was walking by the sea while he heard a voice for help. (while→when, 此时，when 不译作“当…的时候”，而表示“正在…时，这时另一件事发生了”。) 感叹词用错：what 和 how 其他情况：介词使用错误，情态动词使用错误，冠词使用错误等。 ㈣ 短文改错典型习题： Ⅰ This is a extraordinary animal in every way. He is not 1._________ a fish, as people might think, but a mammal. 2._________ Off all the animals this brain comes closest to the 3._________ human brain in all shape and size. He is able to 4._________ send out and imitate(模仿)sounds, so some scientist 5._________ declare that they can actually teach them to speak. The 6._________ dolphin(海豚)is the only animal which is fond of man’s 7._________ company. There are a great deal old stories of a dolphin 8._________ saving human beings or guide ships away from dangerous 9._________ sand banks. He is a creature at many gifts. He also gives 10.________ pleasure to seamen during their off-duty hours by jumping and racing about in the water. 答案与详解： 1. a→an 在以元音开头的单词前应用不定冠词 an。 2.正确。 3. off→of 由…comes closest…可知这里副词 close 的最高级。短语 of all…常用在最高级中表示范围。 句中意为“在所有的动物中…与…最接近”。副词 off 不能表达此意。 4. all→both 连词词组 both…and…用于连接两个对等的成分，即 shape 和 size. “in both shape and size”意 为：在形状与大小两个方面，故 all 应改为 both。 5.scientist→scientists some 后面的可数名词应加 s 构成复数形式。 6.them→him 由文中 He is …和 The dolphin is…可判断，此处用第三人称单数的宾格形式，即 him。 7.which→that 注意 animal 前的修饰词 only. 定语从句中，如先行词前有 only 修饰，其关系代词用 that。 8.deal→many 句中 stories 为一可数名词，应由 a great many 来修饰。短语 a great deal of 通常用来修饰不可 数名词。 9.guide→guiding 连词 or 常用来连接两个相等的成分，前者是 saving，因此 guide 须改成 guiding。or 常译作“或 者”、“还是”。 10. at→of 根据句意，应改 at 为 of。of many gifts 在句中作定语，修饰 a creature, 意为“具有天赋的动 物”。介词 at 不能表达此意。 Ⅱ What did we use to do after there was television? 1.________ We used to have hobbies, and going outside for our 2.________ amusements. We even used to read book and listen to 3._______ music and broadcast talks occasionally. All which 4._______ belongs to the past. Now all our free time are controlled 5._______ by the “box”. We rush home or gulp( 吞 )down 6._______ our meals to be in time for this and that programme. 7._______ We have even given up sit at table and having a leisurely(从容地) 8._______ evening meal, exchanging a news of the day. 9._______ If any member of the family dare to open 10._______ his mouth during a programme, he is quickly silenced. 答案与详解： 1.after→before 根据上下文可判断，此句的意思为：在没有电视之前我们干些什么呢？ 2.going→go and 连结语法作用相同的单词、短语或句子，前面 have 是动词原形，后面 go 也要用动词原 形。 3.book→books book 是可数名词，此处泛指我们过去有时也读书。应用作复数形式。 4.which→that that 是指示代词，它一般用在 all, the only, the same, no 或形容词 的最高级后面。 5.are→is time 作“时间”讲时是一个不可数名词。 6.正确。 7.and→or or 此句意为“我们囫囵吞下我们的饭，为的是及时去观看这个或那个节目”。此处为选择的意 思，不是并列关系。 8.sit→sitting 动词短语 give up 后应跟名词或名词性的短语，故应用 sit 的动名词形式。 9.a→the news 是一个不可数名词，故不可用 a 修饰。此处指互相交换当天的情况，所以用定冠词。 10.dare→dares 此处 dare 实意动词，它的主语为单数。 Ⅲ By midday the sun was such strong that Jim could 1._________ not go any further. There were no tree near the path, 2._________ so he took a shelter under a big rock. After drink 3._________ the rest of his water, he took off his shirt and rolled them 4._________ into a pillow. Then he lied down and went to sleep. 5._________ It was late in the afternoon when he awoke. He was 6._________ about to sit up when he felt something move near his feet. 7.________ He looked up. A long snake was about to crawl across his 8.________ legs. Jim watched, too terrified not to do anything. The 9.________ snake moved across his legs, then crawled and disappear under the rock. 10._______ 答案与详解： 1.such→so so + 形容词/副词 + that-clause, such + a(an) + 名词+that-clause 2.tree→trees 主语谓语在数上应一致。no trees 相当于 not any trees。 3.drink→drinking drinking 为动名词，其后的 the rest of his water 为 drink 的宾语。 4.them→it 此处应用代词 it 代替 his shirt。 5.lied→lay 此处为动词形式误用，应特别注意形近词。如：lie(躺)-lay-lain, lying; lay(放、产卵) –laid- laid -laying; lie(撒谎) -lied –lied- lying。 6.正确。 7.move→moving moving 为现在分词做宾补，强调“感觉到有什么东西正在动”。 8.up→down 此处为逻辑错误，句意为：低头看脚下之物。 9.去掉 not too…to…意为：太…而不能…。注意英语惯用法不可受汉语影响。 10.disappear→disappeared 此句中 moved, crawled 和 disappeared 为三个并列谓语，故用过去式。 Ⅳ John jumped into the river to save a drowning man with no thought for his own safety. When I reached them, John was very tired. He 1.________ was so tired that all of them might have 2._______ drowned if I didn’t come with the boat. 3._______ Together, we got the man to shore, holding on to the boat with one hand and swam with 4.________ another. The man looked dead, but his heart 5.________ was beating. John did all what he could 6.________ save the man while I ran to the nearest house 7.________ to call a doctor. At the time the doctor came, 8.________ the man was able to sit up, as he looked very 9._______ sick. The doctor brought him to the hospital, and 10.______ when we called up last night to ask about him, they told us he would be well in a day or two. 答案与详解： 1.正确。 2.all→both them 包括 John 和溺水的人两名。由于 both 用于两人和物，而 all 用于三者以上的人或物。 3.didn’t→hadn’t 由于是与过去事实相反虚拟语气，因此变 didn’t 为 hadn’t。 4.swam→swimming and 连接的应是同等成分。由于 and 前是分词短语，后 swam 变为 swimming。 5.another→the other 因为前面是 one hand,因此“另一只手”应用 the other. one…the other 用于范围为二者时， one…another 用于范围为三者以上。 6.去掉 all 或去掉 what what= all that 7.在 save 前加 to 动词不定式做目的状语。 8.At→By By the time“到…的时候”。At the time of “在…的时候”。 9.as→but 前后句子为转折关系。 10.brought→took bring 意为“带来”，take 意为“带去”。 Ⅴ If you take care notice in some places, you will 1.________ see the fact most smokers are young people and even 2._________ some are middle school students. It is said that 3._________ in China the number of the people smoked is about 4._________ 45 percent. Why is so many people smoke? Some 5._________ think that smoking is pleasure, some believe that 6.________ they can refresh himself by smoking. In fact, 7._________ smoking is a bad habit, that does great harm to 8._________ people’s healthy. The study of smoking suggests that 9.________ many kinds of diseases have nothing to do with smoking. 10._______ 答案与详解： 1.去掉 care take notice“注意、留神”，相当于 pay attention;而 take care of “留心、照料”,相当于 look after。 2.在 fact 后加 that that 在这里引导一同位语从句，作 the fact 的同位语。 3.正确 4.smoked→smoking the people 是 smoke 动作的执行者，故应用现在分词做定语。 5.is→do 6.在 is 后加 a pleasure 作“愉快、快乐、享受、乐意”讲时是不可数名词，作“使人愉快的事情、乐趣”讲时 是可数名词，这里指：有些人认为吸烟是人生之一大乐趣。 7.himself→themselves 此句的主语是 they。 8.that→which which 在此引导非限制性定语从句。 9.healthy→health do harm to one’s health“对某人的健康有害”，health 为名词，heathy 为形容词。 10.nothing→something have nothing to do with“与…无关”，have something to do with“与…有关”，根据语境此处应表 示“与…有关”。